Yaphumelela Kangakanani Impi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula? Ubufakazi Bomphumela We-Backlash

by I-Peace Science Digest, Agasti 24, 2021

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufingqa futhi kuveze ucwaningo olulandelayo: Kattelman, KT (2020). Ukuhlola impumelelo ye-Global War on Terror: Imvamisa yokuhlasela kwamaphekula nomphumela we-backlash. Amandla Okungqubuzana Okungalingani, 13(1), i-67-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1650384

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kungokwesibili ochungechungeni olunezigaba ezine lokukhumbula iminyaka engama-20 kaSepthemba 11, 2001. Ekuqhakambiseni umsebenzi wakamuva wezifundo ngemiphumela eyinhlekelele yezimpi zase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kanye ne-Global War on Terror (GWOT) ngokubanzi, sihlose ukuthi lolu chungechunge luvuse ukucabanga okubucayi kwempendulo yase-US ebuphekula nokuvula ingxoxo ngezindlela ezingekho zobudlova ezikhona zempi nodlame lwezepolitiki.

Amaphuzu okukhuluma

• Ku-Global War on Terror (GWOT), amazwe abumbene athunyelwe ezempi e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ahlangabezana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okuziphindiselela kuzakhamizi zawo njengokuhlaselwa.
• Ukuhlukumezeka kokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuziphindiselela okwenzeka emazweni omfelandawonye kukhombisa ukuthi iMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula ayizange ihlangabezane nenhloso yayo ebalulekile yokugcina izakhamizi ziphephile ebuphekuleni.

Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Kokujwayeza Ukwazisa

• Ukuvumelana okuvelayo mayelana nokwehluleka kweMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula (GWOT) kufanele kukhuthaze ukuhlolwa kabusha kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US kanye nokushintshela kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle eqhubekayo, engenza okuningi ukugcina izakhamizi zivikelekile ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula angamazwe omhlaba.

Isifinyezo

UKyle T. Kattelman uphenya ukuthi isenzo samasosha, ikakhulukazi amabhuzu phansi, sinciphise imvamisa yokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe yi-Al-Qaeda nezinhlangano zayo ezilwa namazwe omfelandawonye ngesikhathi seMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula (GWOT). Uthatha indlela eqondene nezwe ukuhlola ukuthi isenzo samasosha siphumelele yini ekufezeni enye yezinjongo ezibalulekile ze-GWOT-ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kubantu baseMelika naseNtshonalanga kabanzi.

I-Al-Qaeda yaba nesandla ekuhlaseleni izitimela ezine zabagibeli eMadrid, eSpain, nangoJulayi 2004 eLondon, e-UK. Olunye ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zigameko kwaba ukuphindisela kwamaphekula. I-Al-Qaeda ibheke la mazwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo oqhubekayo wezempi eGWOT. Lezi zibonelo ezimbili zikhombisa ukuthi iminikelo yezempi kwi-GWOT ingahle ibe nomthelela muni, okungahle kuqubule ukuhlasela kwamaphekula okuziphindiselela kwabomakhelwane bezwe.

Ucwaningo lukaKattelman lugxile ekungeneleleni kwezempi, noma emasosheni aphansi, ngoba "ayizinhliziyo zanoma ikuphi ukuphikisana okuphumelelayo" futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-hegemons entando yeningi yenkululeko asentshonalanga azoqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa, naphezu kokuphikisana nomphakathi, ukufeza izinhloso zawo zomhlaba wonke. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa nobufakazi bokuhlaselwa kokuziphindiselela esimweni sokungenelela kwamasosha nemisebenzi. Kodwa-ke, ijwayele ukugxila ohlotsheni lokuhlaselwa, hhayi iqembu elibhekene nalo. Ekuhlanganiseni idatha ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula okwenzeka emazweni omhlaba, izingqondo ezahlukahlukene, ubuhlanga, ezenhlalo, noma inkolo yamaqembu amaphekula ngamanye azinakwa.

Ukwakha emibonweni yangaphambilini yokubuyela emuva, umbhali uphakamisa imodeli yakhe egxile emandleni nasekwenzeni ukuqonda ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha ezweni kunamthelela muni ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula. Empini engalingani, amazwe azoba namandla amakhulu empi maqondana nezinhlangano zamaphekula okungenzeka zilwa nazo, futhi womabili amazwe nezinhlangano zamaphekula zizoba namazinga ahlukahlukene okugqugquzela ukuhlasela. Ku-GWOT, amazwe omfelandawonye anikele kwezombusazwe nangaphandle kwezempi kwizindlela ezihlukile. Inkuthazo ye-Al-Qaeda yokuhlasela amalungu omfelandawonye ngale kwe-United States yehlukene. Ngokunjalo, umlobi ucabanga ukuthi lapho iqhaza elikhulu lempi lelungu le-GWOT, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe yi-Al-Qaeda, njengoba umsebenzi wayo wezempi uzokwenyusa umdlandla we-Al-Qaeda wokuyihlasela.

Kulolu cwaningo, imininingwane ithathwa emininingwaneni ehlukahlukene elandelela imisebenzi yamaphekula kanye neminikelo yamasosha e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq phakathi konyaka we-1998 nowe-2003. ukuthola ushintsho kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho, kwezenkolo noma kwezenhlalo ngokwesaba, ukuphoqwa noma ukwesatshiswa ”okushiwo yi-Al-Qaeda nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwayo. Ukukhipha ukuhlaselwa “emoyeni 'wokulwa'” kusampula, umbhali uhlole izehlakalo "ezizimele ngokuvukela umbuso noma ezinye izinhlobo zempi."

Lokhu okutholakele kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu omfelandawonye anikela ngamasosha e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ku-GWOT abone ukwanda kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenzeka emazweni omhlaba kuzakhamizi zawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokunikela eliphakeme, elilinganiswa ngenani eliphelele lamasosha, likhula kakhulu imvamisa yokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula emazweni. Lokhu bekuyiqiniso emazweni ayishumi wobumbano ngokuthunyelwa kwamasosha ngobukhulu obukhulu. Emazweni ayishumi aphezulu, kunabaningana abahlangabezana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okumbalwa noma okungekho kwamazwe omhlaba ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwamabutho kodwa abese ehlangabezana nokuhlaselwa okukhulu ngemuva kwalokho. Ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha kuphindwe kabili amathuba okuthi izwe lingahlangabezana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe yi-Al-Qaeda. Eqinisweni, kukho konke ukwanda kweyunithi eyodwa kokunikelwa kwamasosha kube nokwanda okungu-11.7% kumvamisa wokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula emazweni e-Al-Qaeda ezweni elibambe iqhaza. Kuze kube manje, i-US inikele ngamasosha amaningi kakhulu (i-118,918) futhi yabhekana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwedlula amazwe e-Al-Qaeda (61). Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ayiqhutshwa yi-US kuphela, umbhali wenze ezinye izivivinyo futhi waphetha ngokuthi alukho ushintsho olukhulu emiphumeleni ngokususwa kwe-US kusampula.

Ngamanye amagama, kwaba nokuhlehla, ngendlela yokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuziphindiselela, ngokumelene nokuthunyelwa kwamasosha ku-GWOT. Amaphethini obudlova akhonjisiwe kulolu cwaningo asikisela umbono wokuthi ubuphekula obenziwa emazweni omhlaba abuhlangene nodlame. Esikhundleni salokho, abalingisi "abanengqondo" bangasebenzisa izindlela zobuphekula zomhlaba wonke ngamasu. Isinqumo sezwe sokubamba iqhaza ebudloveni bezempi obuphikisana nenhlangano yamaphekula singakhuphula umdlandla weqembu lamaphekula, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula okuziphindiselela kuzakhamizi zakulelozwe. Ngamafuphi, umbhali uphetha ngokuthi i-GWOT ayiphumelelanga ekwenzeni izakhamizi zamalungu omfelandawonye ziphephe kubuphekula bomhlaba wonke.

Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba

Ngaphandle kokugxila okuncane kwalolu cwaningo ngokuthunyelwa kwezempi kanye nomthelela walo ebhizinisini elilodwa lamaphekula, okutholakele kungafundisa kakhulu inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa ubukhona bomphumela obusabekayo ekungeneleleni kwamasosha ekulweni nobuphekula obudlulela kwamanye amazwe. Uma inhloso ukugcina izakhamizi ziphephile, njengoba kwenzeka nge-GWOT, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukungenelela kwamasosha kungaphazamisa kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GWOT ibize ngaphezulu kwama- $ 6 trillion, futhi bangaphezu kuka-800,000 335,000 abantu abashonile ngenxa yalokhu, okuhlanganisa nezakhamizi ezingama-XNUMX, ngokusho kwe-Costs of War Project. Ukubeka lokhu engqondweni, ukusungulwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US kufanele ibheke kabusha ukuthembela kwayo emabuthweni ezempi. Kepha-ke, maye, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ejwayelekile iqinisekisa ukuthembela ngokuqhubekayo embuthweni "njengesixazululo" sezinsongo zakwamanye amazwe, okukhomba isidingo sokuthi i-US icabangele ukwamukela inqubomgomo yezangaphandle eqhubekayo.

Ngaphakathi kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, izixazululo zenqubomgomo ezigcizelela isenzo samasosha zikhona. Esinye sezibonelo ezinjalo yi- isu lempi lokungenelela elinezingxenye ezine ukubhekana nobushokobezi bamazwe omhlaba. Okokuqala nokuphambili, leli su lincoma ukuvimbela ukuvela kwenhlangano yamaphekula kwasekuqaleni. Ukuqinisa amandla empi kanye nokuguqulwa komkhakha wezokuphepha kungahle kuholele ekunqotshweni ngokushesha kwenhlangano yamaphekula kepha ngeke kuvimbele leli qembu ukuthi liphinde lizenze kabusha ngokuzayo. Okwesibili, kufanele kusetshenziswe isu lenqubomgomo yesikhathi eside kanye neyemikhakha ehlukahlukene, kubandakanya izinto zamasosha nezingezona ezempi, ezinjengokuqiniswa kanye nentuthuko yangemva kwempi. Okwesithathu, isenzo samasosha kufanele sibe yisinyathelo sokugcina. Ekugcineni, wonke amaqembu afanele kufanele afakwe ezingxoxweni zokuqeda udlame kanye nezingxabano.

Yize kudunyiswa, isixazululo senqubomgomo esingenhla sisadinga ukuthi ezempi zibambe iqhaza ezingeni elithile — futhi alithathi ngokungathi sína iqiniso lokuthi isenzo samasosha singakhulisa, kunokuba sinciphise ubuthakathaka bomuntu bokuhlaselwa. Njengoba abanye bephikisile, ngisho nokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US okuhloswe kahle kakhulu kungaholela ekubi isimo. Lolu cwaningo kanye nokuvumelana okuvelayo mayelana nokwehluleka kwe-GWOT kufanele kukhuthaze ukuhlolwa kabusha kohlaka lwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ebanzi. Ukuvela ngale kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ejwayelekile, inqubomgomo eqhubekayo yamazwe angaphandle izobandakanya ukuziphendulela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezimbi zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, ukuqaphela ukusebenzisana nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, ukulwa nempi, ukuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwenqubomgomo yasekhaya neyangaphandle, nokunciphisa isabelomali sezempi. Ukufaka isicelo kokutholakele kwalolu cwaningo kungasho ukuyeka ukuya empini kubashokobezi bamazwe. Esikhundleni sokusabisa ngokwedlulele nokusongela ngokweqile izinsongo zamaphekula zamazwe omhlaba njengesizathu sokwenza isenzo samasosha, uhulumeni wase-US kufanele abheke izinsongo ezikhona kwezokuphepha futhi abheke ukuthi lezo zinsongo zibamba iqhaza kanjani ekuvukeni kobuphekula obudlulela kwamanye amazwe. Kwezinye izimo, njengoba kushiwo ocwaningweni olungenhla, ukungenelela kwamasosha ukulwa nobushokobezi bamazwe kungakhuphula ubungozi bezakhamizi. Ukunciphisa ukungalingani komhlaba wonke, ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, nokuvimba usizo kohulumeni abenza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngenkani kuzokwenza okuningi ukuvikela abaseMelika kubuphekula bomhlaba wonke kunokungenelela kwamasosha. [KH]

Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda

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Amagama abalulekile: Impi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula; ubuphekula obenziwa emazweni omhlaba; I-Al-Qaeda; ukulwa nobuphekula; I-Iraq; Afghanistan