Indlela Ukusebenza Kwezempi eSomalia Iminyaka Engu-25 Yenza Imisebenzi E-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria naseYemen Namuhla

Ngu-Ann Wright, u-Agasti 21, i-2018.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, intatheli yangithinta mayelana nememorandamu enesihloko esithi "Izici zezomthetho nezamalungelo abantu zokusebenza kwamasosha e-UNOSOM" engangizibhale ku-1993, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngangiyinduna yeJustice Division of the United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM). Ngangithunyelwe eMnyangweni Wezwe waseMelika ukuthi ngisebenze esikhundleni seZizwe Ezihlangene eSomalia ngokuya ngomsebenzi wami wangaphambili ngoJanuwari 1993 namasosha aseMelika wokuvuselela uhlelo lwamaphoyisa aseSomalia ezweni elingenahulumeni.

Uphenyo lwentatheli lukhumbuze amaqhinga aphikisayo ezempi kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuphatha ezisetshenziswe ekuphathweni kukaClinton, uBush, u-Obama kanye noTrump okwenzeka emuva ekusebenzeni kwe-US / UN eSomalia eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule.

NgoDisemba 9,1992, okuyinyanga yokugcina yokugcina yobumongameli, uGeorge HW Bush wathumela amaMarines aseMelika angama-30,000 1993 eSomalia ukuba ayovula abantu baseSomalia ababulawa yindlala izintambo zokudla ezazilawulwa ngamasosha aseSomalia ayedale indlala enkulu nokufa ezweni lonke. NgoFebhuwari 5,000, abaphathi abasha bakaClinton baphendulela umsebenzi wobuntu ezandleni zeZizwe Ezihlangene namasosha aseMelika ahoxiswa ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi, i-UN ikwazile ukuthola amazwe ambalwa kuphela ukuthi anikele ngamabutho empi kumbutho we-UN. Amaqembu amasosha aseSomalia aqaphe lezi zikhumulo zezindiza kanye namachweba futhi anquma ukuthi i-UN ibinamasosha angaphansi kuka-1993 XNUMX njengoba bebala inani lamabhanoyi athatha amasosha futhi ekhipha amasosha eSomalia. Izinduna zempi zinqume ukuhlasela amabutho e-UN ngesikhathi esenamandla ngemizamo yokuphoqa umkhankaso we-UN ukuba ushiye iSomalia. Ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha aseSomalia kwanda ngesikhathi seNtwasahlobo ka-XNUMX.

Ngenkathi ukusebenza kwamasosha ase-US / UN ngokumelene nempi yamasosha kuqhubeka ngoJuni, kwaba nokukhathazeka okukhulayo phakathi kwabasebenzi be-UN ngokushintshwa kwezinsizakusebenza ezivela enkambisweni yezabasebenzi yokulwa nezimpi kanye nokulimala kwabantu abahlukunyezwa eSomalia phakathi nalemisebenzi yezempi.

Umholi wamasosha ovelele waseSomalia kwakunguGeneral Mohamed Farah Aidid. U-Aidid wayekade eyisikhulu jikelele futhi engusomaqhuzu kuhulumeni waseSomalia, engusihlalo we-United Somali Congress the futhi kamuva wahola iSomali National Alliance (SNA). Kanye namanye amaqembu aphikisayo ahlomile, amasosha kaGeneral Aidid asize ukuxosha uMashiqela uMongameli Mohamed Siad Barre ngesikhathi sempi yombango yaseSomalia ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990.

Ngemuva kokuthi amabutho e-US / UN ezame ukuvala isiteshi somsakazo saseSomalia, ngoJuni 5, 1993, uGeneral Aidid andise kakhulu ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha e-UN ngesikhathi amabutho akhe egasela amasosha asePakistan abeyingxenye yalawo Umsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula we-UN, ngokubulala i-24 kanye nokulimaza i-44.

UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN uphendule ekuhlaselweni kwamasosha e-UN neSolution Council Resolution 837 egunyaze "zonke izindlela ezidingekayo" zokubamba labo ababhekene nokuhlaselwa kwamasosha asePakistan. Induna yenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene eSomalia, u-Admiral wase-US osethathe umhlalaphansi uJonathan Howe, wabeka isizumbulu semali engu- $ 25,000 kuGeneral Aided, okwakuqala ngqa ukuthi lesi sipho sisetshenziswe yiNhlangano Yezizwe.

Imemorandamu ebengiyibhalile iphume esinqumweni sokuthi izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zamasosha aseMelika ziqhume ibhilidi lihlukanise ibhilidi elaziwa nge-Abdi House eMogadishu, eSomalia ngesikhathi kuthungathwa uGeneral Aidid. NgoJulayi 12, ukusebenza kwamasosha aseMelika ngazimbili emelene noGeneral Aidid kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-60 baseSomalia, iningi labo okungabadala ababehlangana ukuxoxa ngezindlela zokuqeda ubutha phakathi kwamasosha namabutho e-US / UN. Izintatheli ezine uDan Elton, uHos Maina, uHansi Kraus no-Anthony Macharia abebehambele indawo yesehlakalo bezobika ngesenzo samasosha aseMelika esenzeka eduze kwehhotela labo babulawa yizixuku zaseSomalia ezahlangana zathola ukuthi abadala bazo abahlonishwayo bashonile.

Ngokusho the umlando we-1^st Battalion we-22^nd Izinsana ezazihlasela, “ngamahora ayi-1018 ngoJuni 12, ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwalokhu obekuhlosiwe, izibhamu eziyisithupha ze-Cobra ezinophephela emhlane zadubula imicibisholo eyi-TOW eyishumi nesithupha e-Abdi House; Kusetshenziswe nomphumela omuhle izibhamu ezingama-30-millimeter chain. Cobras ngayinye iqhubekile nokudubula i-TOW nokufaka isibhamu endlini kuze kube cishe amahora ayi-1022. ” Ekupheleni kwemizuzu emine, okungenani imicibisholo eyi-16 TOW anti-tank kanye nezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yezibhamu engu-20mm sekudutshuliwe kulesi sakhiwo. Amasosha aseMelika agcina ngokuthi ayenobuhlakani obuvela kubantu ababekhokhela ukuthi u-Aidid uzohambela lo mhlangano.

Ngo-1982-1984, ngangingu-US Army Major umfundisi woMthetho Wezomhlaba kanye neMihlangano YaseGeneva eJFK Center for Special Warfare, eFort Bragg, eNyakatho Carolina lapho abafundi bami kwakungamabutho akhethekile ase-US kanye namanye amabutho weSpecial Operations. Ngokwesipiliyoni sami sokufundisa imithetho yamazwe omhlaba mayelana nokulwa kwempi, bengikhathazeke kakhulu ngemiphumela yezomthetho yokusebenza kwezempi e-Abdi House kanye nemiphumela yokuziphatha kwayo njengoba ngithola imininingwane eminingi yokusebenza.

NjengeNduna yoPhiko Lwezobulungiswa lwe-UNOSOM, ubhale imemorandamu ezwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwami ​​kwisikhulu esiphezulu se-UN eSomalia, omele uNobhala Jikelele we-UN uJonathan Howe. Ngabhala: “Lokhu kusebenza kwamasosha e-UNOSOM kuphakamisa izingqinamba ezibalulekile zamalungelo nezomthetho ngokombono we-UN. Le nkinga ibhekele ekutheni ngabe isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha senza isinqumo (kulandela ukubulawa kwamasosha asePakistan ngamasosha ka-Aidid) egunyaza i-UNOSOM ukuthi 'ithathe zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo' kulabo ababhekene nokuhlaselwa kwamabutho e-UNOSOM enzelwe ukuthi i-UNOSOM isebenzise amandla abulalayo kubo bonke abantu abangenakho ukuzinikela kunoma yiliphi ibhilidi okusolwa noma elaziwa njengezikhungo ze-SNA / Aidid, noma ngabe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uvumele lowo muntu okusolwa ukuthi ubhekene nokuhlaselwa kwamabutho e-UNOSOM bazoba nethuba lokuboshwa ngamabutho e-UNOSOM futhi achaze ubukhona babo isikhungo se-SNA / Aidid bese behlulelwa enkantolo yomthetho engathathi hlangothi ukunquma ukuthi ngabe banesibopho yini sokuhlaselwa kwamabutho e-UNOSOM noma bekungabahlali nje (besikhashana noma banomphela) besakhiwo, okusolwa noma abaziwa njengesikhungo se-SNA / Aidid. ”

Ngabuza ukuthi ngabe iZizwe Ezihlangene kufanele yini zibhekise kubantu abathile nokuthi “ngabe iZizwe Ezihlangene kufanele zibambelele yini ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha ezisezingeni eliphakeme kulokho okwakuwumsebenzi wokusiza ukuvikela ukudla eSomalia? ' Ngibhalile, “Sikholelwa ukuthi njengenqubomgomo, kufanele kunikezwe isaziso esifushane ngaphambi kokucekelwa phansi kwesakhiwo esinabantu ngaphakathi. Ngokombono wezomthetho, wokuziphatha kanye nowamalungelo esintu, siyaluleka ngokungahambisani nemisebenzi yamasosha enganiki saziso ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu abahlala ezakhiweni. ”

Njengoba umuntu engase asole, imemorandamu ebuza ukuba semthethweni nokuziphatha komsebenzi wezempi ayihambanga kahle enhlokweni yophiko lwe-UN. Eqinisweni, u-Admiral Howe akazange akhulume nami futhi ngesikhathi sami esisele ne-UNOSOM.

Kodwa-ke, abaningi ezinhlanganweni zosizo kanye nohlelo lwe-UN babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthi ukunamathisela izindiza ezinophephela emhlane kwakuwukusetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile kwamandla futhi kwaguqula i-UN yaba yiqembu elihlaselayo empini yombango yaseSomalia. Iningi labasebenzi abaphezulu be-UNOSOM bajabule kakhulu ukuthi ngibhale imemo futhi omunye wayo wayifaka eWashington Post lapho yathengiswa ngayo ngo-Agasti 4, embhalweni we1993, "Umbiko we-UN Ugxeka Amasu Wempi Wezomkhosi Wezokuthula waseSomalia. "

Kamuva, uma ngibheka emuva, umbiko womlando wamasosha we-1^st Ibhethoni ye-22^nd I-Infantry yavuma ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kukaJulayi 12 esakhiweni sase-Abdi nokulahleka okukhulu kwabantu okususelwa ekuhlakanipheni okuyiphutha kwakuyimbangela yentukuthelo yaseSomalia eyaholela ekulahlekelweni ngempilo okukhulu kwamasosha aseMelika ngo-Okthoba 1993. kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuwutshani bokugcina oholela ekuqamekelweni kwebutho leRanger ngo-Okthoba ka-1993. Njengoba umholi weSNA elandisa ngokuhlaselwa kwango-12 kuJulayi eBowden Black Hawk Down: “Kwakungokunye ukuthi umhlaba ungenelele ukondla ababulawa yindlala, ngisho nokuthi i-UN isize iSomalia yakhe uhulumeni onokuthula. Kodwa leli bhizinisi lokuthumela amaRanger aseMelika langena lashona edolobheni labo libulala futhi lathumba abaholi babo, lokhu kwakukukhulu nje ”.

I-1995 Human Rights Watch umbiko ngeSomalia kuphawule ukuhlaselwa kwendlu yakwa-Abdi njengokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nephutha elikhulu lezepolitiki elenziwa yi-UN. “Ngaphezu kokuba kube ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho wezenhlalakahle, ukuhlaselwa kwendlu yakwa-Abdi bekuyiphutha elibi kwezepolitiki. Kuthathwa kabanzi njengabantu abathi babanga izisulu zomphakathi, phakathi kwabo bekugqugquzela ukubuyisana, ukuhlaselwa kwendlu yase-Abdi kwaba luphawu lokulahleka kwe-UN eSomalia. Kusuka kumpetha wobuntu, i-UN uqobo lwayo yayisethekwini lokuthi yini kumuntu obukele nje okwakubukeka njengokubulawa kwabantu abaningi. IZizwe Ezihlangene, ikakhulukazi amabutho ayo aseMelika, zalahlekelwa okuningi okusele endaweni yazo ephakeme yokuziphatha. Yize umbiko wesigameko se-United Nations Justice Division ukhuze i-UNOSOM ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamasosha empi emenyezelwe nokulwa okuvulekile emisebenzini yayo yokusiza, lo mbiko awukaze ushicilelwe. Njengokwenqena kwawo ukwenza amalungelo abantu abe yingxenye yokusebenzelana kwakhe nabaholi bezempi, abagcini bokuthula bazimisele ukugwema ukuhlolwa okusobala nokwesidlangalaleni kwerekhodi labo ngokumelene nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezihlosiwe. ”

Futhi, izimpi phakathi kwamasosha e-UN / US zaphetha emcimbini owawuqeda nya intando yezepolitiki yabaphathi bakaClinton ukuthi baqhubeke nokuzibandakanya eSomalia futhi bangibuyisela eSomalia ezinyangeni zokugcina zokuba khona kwe-US eSomalia.

Ngangibuya eSomalia ngaya e-US ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi 1993. Ngilungiselela isabelo eKyrgyzstan e-Asia Ephakathi, ngangisesifundweni sesiRashiya e-Arlington, eVirginia ngo-Okthoba 4, 1993 lapho inhloko yesikole solimi soMnyango Wombuso ingena ikilasi lami libuza ukuthi, “Ngubani kini u-Ann Wright?” Ngenkathi ngiziveza, wangitshela ukuthi uRichard Clarke, umqondisi we-Global Affairs yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke ushayele ucingo wangicela ukuthi ngize masinyane eWhite House ukuzokhuluma naye ngokuthile okwenzekile eSomalia. Umqondisi wabe esebuza ukuthi ngabe ngizizwile yini izindaba zokulimala kwabantu abaningi baseMelika eSomalia namuhla. Ngangingenalo.

Ngo-Okthoba 3, abakwa-1993 base-US Ranger kanye neMikhosi Eyisipesheli bathunyelwa ukuba bayobamba abasizi ababili abadala be-Aidid eduze kwe-Olimpiki Ihhotela eMogadishu. Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezimbili zaseMelika zidutshulwe phansi ngamasosha amabutho kwathi enye yezindiza enophephela emhlane yadilika lapho ibuyela esimeni sayo. Kwathunyelwa umhlangano wokusiza e-US ukusiza abazothatha izindiza enophephela emhlane futhi waqothuka wafuna ukuthi kubuyiswe iqembu lesibili lezimoto ezinezikhali eziqhutshwa ngamabutho e-UN angaziswanga ngawo ngalo msebenzi wokuqala. Amasosha ase-US ayisishiyagalombili ashonile ngo-Okthoba 3, usuku lokushona kwezibi okwenzeka ngosuku olulodwa olwatholwa yi-US Army kusukela ngempi yaseVietnam.

Ngathelelela eWhite House futhi ngahlangana noClarke nomsebenzi omncane we-NSC uSusan Rice. Ezinyangeni eziyi-18 kamuva uRice waqokwa njengoMsizi kaNobhala Wezindaba Zase-Afrika eMnyangweni Wezwe kwathi ngo-2009 waqokwa nguMongameli Obama njengeNxusa laseMelika kwiNhlangano Yezizwe kwathi ngo-2013, waba nguMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke ka-Obama.

UClarke wangitshela ngokufa kwamasosha aseMelika ayishumi nesishiyagalombili eMogadishu nokuthi abaphathi bakaClinton bathathe isinqumo sokuqeda ukuzibandakanya kwabo eSomalia — futhi ukwenza lokho, i-US yayidinga isu lokuphuma. Akudingekanga ukuthi angikhumbuze ukuthi ngenkathi ngifika ehhovisi lakhe ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi lapho ngibuya eSomalia, ngangimtshele ukuthi i-US ayikaze inikeze imali egcwele yezinhlelo zohlelo lwe-UNOSOM Justice Programme nokuthi imali yokuxhasa abaseSomalia Uhlelo lwamaphoyisa lungasetshenziswa ngempumelelo enkulu engxenyeni yezokuphepha engeyona eyempi eSomalia.

UClkeke wabe esengitshela ukuthi uMnyango Wezwe usuvumile ukumisa okwesikhashana ulimi lwami lwaseRussia nokuthi ngizothatha iqembu eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa Nokuqeqeshwa Kwamanye Amazwe eMnyangweni WezobulungiswaI-ICITAP) ngibuyele eSomalia ngisebenzise esinye sezincomo ezingxoxweni zami naye — ukusungulwa kwesikhungo sokuqeqesha amaphoyisa eSomalia. Uthe sizoba namadola ayizigidi eziyi-15 zamaRandi kulolu hlelo — futhi ngidinga ukuba neqembu eSomalia ekuqaleni kwesonto elizayo.

Futhi-ke senze-ngeviki elilandelayo, besineqembu labantu abangu-6 abavela e-ICITAP eMogadishu. futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-1993, kwavulwa isikole samaphoyisa. I-US yaqeda ukuzibandakanya kwayo eSomalia maphakathi no-1994.

Yiziphi izifundo ezazivela eSomalia? Ngeshwa, ziyizifundo ezingalalelwa emisebenzini yamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria nase Yemen.

Okokuqala, umvuzo owanikezwa uGeneral Aidid waba yisibonelo sohlelo lokupha olwasetshenziswa amabutho empi ase-US ngo-2001 nango-2002 e-Afghanistan nasePakistan kubasebenzi be-Al Qaeda. Iningi labantu abagcina ejele laseMelika eGuantanamo lathengwa yi-US ngalolu hlelo futhi yishumi kuphela kwabangu-10 ababoshiwe eGuantanamo abashushisiwe. Abanye abashushiswanga futhi ngemuva kwalokho badedelwa emazweni abo noma emazweni wesithathu ngoba babengahlangene ne-Al Qaeda futhi babethengiswe yizitha ukuze benze imali.

Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa okungalingani kwamandla okuphoqa isakhiwo sonke ukubulala abantu ababhekiswe kuye kwaba yisisekelo sohlelo lokubulala i-US drone. Izakhiwo, amaphathi amakhulu omshado, kanye nohide lwezimoto kuqedwe yimicibisholo yomlilo wesihogo yama-assassin drones. Umthetho Wezimpi Zomhlaba kanye neMihlangano YaseGeneva kwephulwa njalo e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria nase-Yemen.

Okwesithathu, ungalokothi uvumele ukuhlakanipha okubi kumise ukusebenza kwezempi. Vele, umbutho wezempi uzothi bebengazi ukuthi ubuhlakani bebubi, kepha umuntu kufanele asolise kakhulu ngalezo zizathu. “Besicabanga ukuthi kunezikhali zokubhujiswa kwabantu abaningi e-Iraq” - bekungekhona ukuhlakanipha okubi kepha ukwenziwa kobuhlakani obunenjongo ukusekela noma ngabe yini inhloso yalo msebenzi.

Ukungazinaki izifundo zaseSomalia kudale umbono, futhi empeleni, amasosha ase-US ukuthi ukusebenza kwamasosha akunamphumela wezomthetho. E-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSyria kanye nase-Yemen amaqembu ezakhamizi ayahlaselwa abulawe kungabi ndaba zalutho kanti ubuholi obuphakeme bamasosha benza uphenyo lokuthi ngabe imisebenzi iyahambisana yini nomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngokumangazayo, kubonakala sengathi kulahlekile kubenzi bezinqubomgomo eziphezulu ukuthi ukungabi nesibopho sokuphendula ngemisebenzi yamasosha ase-US kubeka abezempi base-US nezikhungo zase-US ezinjengamanxusa ase-US ezihlalweni eziphambene zalabo abafisa impindiselo yale misebenzi.

Mayelana noMlobi: U-Ann Wright usebenze iminyaka engama-29 e-US Army / Army Reserves futhi ethathe umhlalaphansi njengoColonel. Wayengusomaqhinga waseMelika eNicaragua, eGrenada, eSomalia, e-Uzbekistan, eKyrgyzstan, eSierra Leone, eMicronesia, e-Afghanistan naseMongolia. Ushiye phansi uhulumeni wase-US ngoMashi 2003 ephikisana nempi eyayise-Iraq. Ungumbhali obambisene naye we- "Dissent: Voices of Conscience."