Zingaki Izigidi Eziye Zabulawa Kuma-Post Post-9 / 11 Izimpi? Ingxenye 3: I-Libya, iSiriya, iSomalia neYemen

Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yochungechunge lwakhe, uNicolas JS Davies uphenya inani labashonile ezimpini zase-US eziyimfihlo nezizimele eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen futhi ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezifundo eziphelele zokufa kwempi.

NguNicolas JS Davies, April 25, 2108, Izindaba ze-Consortium.

Ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokuqala zalo mbiko, ngilinganisele ukuthi cishe Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.4 babulewe ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-Iraq yi-US, ngesikhathi cishe Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.2 babulewe e-Afghanistan nasePakistan ngenxa yempi eholwa yi-US e-Afghanistan. Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yalo mbiko, ngizolinganisela ukuthi bangaki abantu ababulewe ngenxa yokungenelela kwezempi zase-US kanye ne-CIA eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen.

Kumazwe i-US eye yawahlasela futhi yawaphazamisa kusukela ngo-2001, yi-Iraq kuphela ebilokhu icwaningwa ngokufa okubanzi “okusebenzayo” okungaveza ukufa okungabikwanga. Ucwaningo “lokufa okusebenzayo” luyilolo oluhlola “imindeni” ukuthola ukufa okungakaze kubikwe yimibiko yezindaba noma eminye imithombo eshicilelwe.

Lezi zifundo zivame ukwenziwa ngabantu abasebenza emkhakheni wezempilo yomphakathi, njengoLes Roberts eColumbia University, uGilbert Burnham eJohns Hopkins kanye noRiyadh Lafta eMustansiriya University eBaghdad, ababhale ngokubambisana i- 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo ngokufa kwempi e-Iraq. Ekuvikeleni izifundo zabo e-Iraq kanye nemiphumela yabo, bagcizelele ukuthi amaqembu abo ocwaningo lwase-Iraq ayezimele kuhulumeni ophethe futhi lokho kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekuqondeni okuqondile kwezifundo zabo kanye nokuzimisela kwabantu base-Iraq ukukhuluma nabo ngokwethembeka.

Izifundo eziphelele zokufa kwamanye amazwe akhungethwe yimpi (njenge-Angola, iBosnia, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iGuatemala, i-Iraq, iKosovo, iRwanda, iSudan kanye ne-Uganda) zembule inani eliphelele lokufa okubangelwa yizimpi. I-5 izikhathi ezingu-20 lezo ezavezwa ngaphambilini ngokubika “okungenzi lutho” okusekelwe emibikweni yezindaba, amarekhodi asesibhedlela kanye/noma uphenyo lwamalungelo abantu.

Njengoba kungekho zifundo ezibanzi kangaka e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, eLibya, eSyria, eSomalia naseYemen, ngihlole imibiko engenzi lutho yokufa kwempi futhi ngazama ukuhlola ukuthi yiliphi inani lokufa kwangempela le mibiko engenzi lutho okungenzeka ukuthi ibalwe ngezindlela abazisebenzisile, ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zokufa kwangempela nokufa okubikwe ngokungahleliwe okutholakala kwezinye izindawo zempi.

Ngilinganisele ukufa okunobudlova kuphela. Akukho noyedwa ekulinganiseni kwami ​​okuhlanganisa ukufa okubangelwa yimiphumela engaqondile yalezi zimpi, njengokubhujiswa kwezibhedlela nezinhlelo zezempilo, ukusabalala kwezifo ebezingavinjelwa kanye nemiphumela yokungondleki kahle kanye nokungcola kwemvelo, okuye kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kuwo wonke la mazwe.

Nge-Iraq, isilinganiso sami sokugcina abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2.4 babulawa kwakusekelwe ekwamukeleni izilinganiso ze 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo kanye ne-2007 Ucwaningo lwebhizinisi locwaningo lwemibono (i-ORB), ezazihambisana, bese zisebenzisa isilinganiso esifanayo sokufa kwangempela ekufeni okubikiwe ngokunganaki (11.5:1) njengoba kunjalo phakathi kwe I-Lancet ukutadisha futhi Inani Lomzimba Lase-Iraq (IBC) ngo-2006 kuya ekubalweni kwe-IBC kweminyaka kusukela ngo-2007.

Nge-Afghanistan, ngilinganisele ukuthi cishe Abantu base-Afghanistan abangu-875,000 babuleweNgichazile ukuthi imibiko yaminyaka yonke mayelana nokulimala kwabantu abavamile yi- Usizo lwe-UN oluya e-Afghanistan (i-UNAMA) zisekelwe kuphela ophenyweni oluqediwe yi-Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), nokuthi azibandakanyi ngamabomu inani elikhulu lemibiko yokufa kwabantu abavamile i-AIHRC engakayiphenyi noma engakaqedi uphenyo lwayo. Imibiko ye-UNAMA nayo ayinazo imibiko nhlobo evela ezindaweni eziningi zezwe lapho iTaliban namanye amabutho aphikisayo ase-Afghanistan esebenza khona, futhi lapho kwenzeka khona ukuhlasela okuningi noma okuningi kwezindiza zase-US kanye nokuhlasela kwasebusuku.

Ngiphethe ngokuthi ukubika kwe-UNAMA ngokufa kwabantu abavamile e-Afghanistan kubonakala kunganele njengokungabikwa kahle okukhulu okwatholakala ekupheleni kweMpi Yombango yaseGuatemala, lapho iKhomishini Yokuqinisekisa Umlando exhaswe yi-UN yembula ukufa okuphindwe ka-20 kunalokho okwabikwa ngaphambilini.

NgePakistan, ngilinganisele ukuthi cishe Abantu abangu-325,000 babuleweLokho kwakusekelwe ezilinganisweni ezishicilelwe zokufa kwabantu abalwa, kanye nokusebenzisa isilinganiso sezilinganiso ezitholakale ezimpini zangaphambilini (12.5:1) enanini lokufa kwabantu abavamile okubikwe yi- Ingosi Yobuphekula yaseNingizimu Asia (i-SATP) e-India.

Ukulinganisa Ukufa eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen

Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yalo mbiko, ngizolinganisa inani labashonile elibangelwe yizimpi zase-US eziyimfihlo neziphikisana nazo eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen.

Izikhulu eziphezulu zamasosha ase-US zihalalisele Imfundiso yase-US yempi eyimfihlo kanye nempi yommeli eyathola ukuchuma kwayo ngokugcwele ngaphansi kohulumeni ka-Obama njenge- “kufihliwe, kuthule, akunazo iziteshi zabezindaba” indlela yokulwa nempi, futhi ngilandelele intuthuko yale mfundiso emuva ezimpini zase-US eMelika Ephakathi ngawo-1980. Ngenkathi i-US ukuqasha, ukuqeqesha, ukuhola nokulawula amaqembu okubulala e-Iraq yabizwa ngokuthi “i-Salvador Option,” isu lase-US eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen empeleni lilandele lo modeli eduze kakhulu.

Lezi zimpi zibe yinhlekelele kubantu bawo wonke la mazwe, kodwa indlela ye-US “efihliwe, ethule, engenazo abezindaba” kuzo iphumelele kakhulu ngokwenkulumo-ze kangangokuthi iningi labantu baseMelika alazi lutho ngendima ye-US odlameni olungapheli kanye nesiphithiphithi esibagubuzele.

Ukuvezwa komphakathi kokuhlaselwa kwezikhali ezicitshwayo okungekho emthethweni kodwa okuwuphawu olukhulu eSiriya ngo-Ephreli 14, 2018 kuhluke kakhulu emkhankasweni wokuqhuma kwamabhomu oholwa yi-US “ofihliwe, othule, ongenazo izintatheli” obhubhise iRaqqa, iMosul kanye namanye amadolobha amaningana aseSyria nase-Iraq nge amabhomu nezikhali ezicitshwayo ezingaphezu kuka-100,000 kusukela 2014.

Abantu baseMosul, eRaqqa, eKobane, eSirte, eFallujah, eRamadi, eTawergha naseDeir Ez-Zor bafe njengezihlahla eziwela ehlathini lapho kungekho khona izintatheli zaseNtshonalanga noma abasebenzi bethelevishini abaqopha ukubulawa kwabo. Njengoba uHarold Pinter ecele ngamacala empi ase-US angaphambilini encwadini yakhe ethi Inkulumo yokwamukelwa kweNobel ngo-2005,

"Ingabe zenzeka? Futhi ingabe kuzo zonke izimo zibangelwa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US? Impendulo inguyebo, zenzeka, futhi kuzo zonke izimo zibangelwa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika. Kodwa ubungeke wazi. Akukaze kwenzeke. Akukho lutho oluke lwenzeka. Ngisho nangesikhathi kwenzeka, bekungenzeki. Kwakungabalulekile. Kwakungabalulekile."

Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningi ngendima ebalulekile edlalwe yi-US kulezi zimpi, sicela ufunde isihloko sami, "Ukunikeza Impi Amathuba Amaningi Kakhulu," yanyatheliswa ngoJanuwari 2018.

Libya

Ukuphela kwesizathu esisemthethweni sokuthi i-NATO kanye nabalingani bayo basebukhosini bama-Arabhu bayeke okungenani amabhomu nezikhali ezicitshwayo ezingu-7,700 ngeLibya kanye bayihlasela ngamabutho akhethekile okusebenza kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2011 kwaba Isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN 1973, eyayigunyaza "zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo" ngenhloso ecacile yokuvikela izakhamuzi eLibya.

Kodwa impi kunalokho yabulala izakhamuzi eziningi kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukulinganisa kwenani labantu ababulawa ekuvukeleni kokuqala ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi 2011, okwakusukela ku-1,000 (isilinganiso se-UN) kuya ku-6,000 (ngokusho kweLibyan Human Rights League). Ngakho-ke impi yahluleka ngokusobala enjongweni yayo eshiwo, egunyaziwe, yokuvikela izakhamuzi, ngisho noma yaphumelela kwenye ehlukile nengagunyaziwe: ukugumbuqelwa kukahulumeni waseLibya ngokungemthetho.

Isinqumo se-SC 1973 savimbela ngokusobala "ibutho langaphandle elihlala kunoma yiluphi uhlobo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendawo yaseLibya." Kodwa i-NATO kanye nabalingani bayo baqala. ukuhlasela okuyimfihlo kweLibya yizinkulungwane zamabutho aseQatar nawaseNtshonalanga asebenza ngokukhethekile, ayehlela ukuqhubekela phambili kwamavukelambuso kulo lonke izwe, abize ukuhlasela emoyeni ngokumelene namabutho kahulumeni futhi ahola ukuhlaselwa kokugcina endlunkulu yezempi yaseBab al-Aziziya eTripoli.

Inhloko Yabasebenzi baseQatar UMajor General Hamad bin Ali al-Atiya, kusho i-AFP ngokuziqhenya,

"Sasiphakathi kwabo futhi inani lamaQatari elalisemhlabathini lalingamakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda. Ukuqeqeshwa nokuxhumana kwakusezandleni zamaQatari. IQatari... yayiqondisa izinhlelo zamavukelambuso ngoba ayizakhamuzi futhi ayengenalo ulwazi olwanele lwezempi. Sasebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwamavukelambuso namabutho e-NATO."

Kunemibiko ethembekile yokuthi isikhulu sezokuphepha saseFrance kungenzeka ukuthi waletha ngisho nokuguqulwa kombuso okwabulala umholi waseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi, ngemuva kokubanjwa, ukuhlushwa nokudlwengulwa ngommese “ngamavukelambuso e-NATO.”

Iphalamende Uphenyo lweKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle e-UK ngo-2016 baphetha ngokuthi “ukungenelela okulinganiselwe kokuvikela izakhamuzi kwangena enqubweni enethuba yokushintsha umbuso ngezindlela zempi,” okwaholela “ekuweni kwezepolitiki nezomnotho, impi phakathi kwamasosha kanye nezizwe, izinkinga zobuntu kanye nezokufuduka, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okusabalele, ukusabalala kwezikhali zombuso kaGaddafi kulo lonke isifunda kanye nokukhula kwe-Isil [Islamic State] enyakatho ye-Afrika.”

Imibiko Engasho lutho Yokufa Kwabantu Abavamile eLibya

Ngesikhathi uhulumeni waseLibya usugumbuqelwe, izintatheli zazama ukubuza ngendaba ebucayi yokufa kwabantu abavamile, eyayibaluleke kakhulu ezizathwini zomthetho nezepolitiki zempi. Kodwa iNational Transitional Council (NTC), uhulumeni omusha ongazinzile owakhiwa ngabadingiswa nabavukeli abasekelwa yiNtshonalanga, wayeka ukukhipha izilinganiso zabantu abalimele emphakathini futhi wayala abasebenzi basesibhedlela ukuthi bahlolwe. ukungakhiphi ulwazi ezintathelini.

Kunoma ikuphi, njengase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, izindawo zokugcina izidumbu zazigcwele ngesikhathi sempi futhi abantu abaningi babengcwaba abathandekayo babo emagcekeni abo noma kuphi lapho babengakwazi khona, ngaphandle kokubayisa ezibhedlela.

Umholi wamavukela-mbuso walinganisela ngo-Agasti 2011 ukuthi Abantu baseLibya abangu-50,000 babuleweKwathi ngoSepthemba 8, 2011, uNaji Barakat, ungqongqoshe omusha wezempilo we-NTC, wakhipha isitatimende sokuthi Abantu abangu-30,000 babulewe kanti abanye abangu-4,000 babelahlekile, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwezibhedlela, izikhulu zendawo kanye nabaphathi bamavukela-mbuso engxenyeni enkulu yezwe eyayilawulwa yi-NTC ngaleso sikhathi. Uthe kuzothatha amasonto amaningana ukuqeda ucwaningo, ngakho-ke wayelindele ukuthi inani lokugcina libe phezulu.

Isitatimende sikaBarakat asizange sifake amacala ahlukene okufa kwabantu abalwa nezakhamuzi. Kodwa uthe cishe ingxenye yabantu abangu-30,000 ababikiwe ukuthi bafile babengamasosha athembekile kuhulumeni, okuhlanganisa namalungu angu-9,000 eKhamis Brigade, eholwa yindodana kaGaddafi uKhamis. UBarakat ucele umphakathi ukuthi ubike ngokufa emindenini yawo kanye nemininingwane yabantu abalahlekile lapho befika emasosheni bezothandaza ngoLwesihlanu. Isilinganiso se-NTC sabantu abangu-30,000 ababulewe sibonakala sihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amasosha asohlangothini zombili.

Ucwaningo oluphelele kakhulu lwabantu abashonile empini kusukela ekupheleni kwempi ka-2011 eLibya kwaba “ucwaningo olusekelwe emphakathini olusekelwe ezifweni” olunesihloko esithi "Impi YaseLibya Ehlomile Ngo-2011: Ukufa, Ukulimala kanye Nokufuduka Kwabantu."  Yabhalwa oprofesa bezokwelapha abathathu baseTripoli, futhi yanyatheliswa kuyi- Ijenali yase-Afrika Yezokwelapha Eziphuthumayo e 2015.

Abalobi bathatha amarekhodi okufa kwempi, ukulimala kanye nokufuduka okwaqoqwa yi-Ministry of Housing and Planning, bathumela amaqembu ukuthi axoxe ubuso nobuso nelungu lomndeni ngamunye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi mangaki amalungu omndeni wabo abulewe, alimele noma aphucwe indawo yawo. Abazange bazame ukuhlukanisa ukubulawa kwabantu abavamile nokufa kwamasosha.

Futhi abazange bazame ukulinganisa ngokwezibalo ukufa okungabikwanga ngaphambilini ngendlela "yokuhlola isampula yeqembu" I-Lancet cwaningo e-Iraq. Kodwa ucwaningo lwe-Armed Conflict lwaseLibya luyirekhodi eliphelele kakhulu lokufa okuqinisekisiwe empini eLibya kuze kube nguFebhuwari 2012, futhi luqinisekisile ukufa kwabantu okungenani abangu-21,490.

Ngo-2014, isiphithiphithi esiqhubekayo kanye nokulwa kwamaqembu eLibya kwaqubuka kwaba yilokho iWikipedia manje ekubiza ngokuthi Impi Yombango Yesibili YaseLibya.  Iqembu elibizwe Inani Lababulawa eLibya (LBC) baqala ukubala ukufa okunobudlova eLibya, ngokusekelwe emibikweni yabezindaba, ngemodeli ye Inani Lomzimba Lase-Iraq (IBC)Kodwa i-LBC yenze lokhu iminyaka emithathu kuphela, kusukela ngoJanuwari 2014 kuya kuDisemba 2016. Ibale ukufa okungu-2,825 ngo-2014, okungu-1,523 ngo-2015 kanye no-1,523 ngo-2016. (Iwebhusayithi ye-LBC ithi kwakuyinto eyenzeka ngengozi ukuthi inani lalifana ngo-2015 nango-2016.)

I-UK Idatha Yendawo Yezigameko Zempi Nezengxabano (i-ACLED) Iphrojekthi iphinde yagcina inani lokufa okunobudlova eLibya. I-ACLED ibale ukufa okungu-4,062 ngo-2014-6, uma kuqhathaniswa no-5,871 obalwe yiLibya Body Count. Ezinkathini ezisele phakathi kukaMashi 2012 noMashi 2018 i-LBC engazange izimboze, i-ACLED ibale ukufa okungu-1,874.

Ukube i-LBC ibisihlanganise sonke isikhathi kusukela ngoMashi 2012, futhi ithole inani elifanayo eliphakeme ngokulingana kune-ACLED njengoba lenze ngo-2014-6, ngabe ibale abantu abangu-8,580 ababulewe.

Ukulinganisa Ukuthi Bangaki Abantu Ababulewe Ngempela eLibya

Ukuhlanganisa izibalo ezivela ku- Ucwaningo lwe-Armed Conflict yaseLibya lwango-2011 kanye nenani lethu elihlanganisiwe, elibikezelwe kusukela Ikhansela Lomzimba LaseLibyat futhi I-ACLED inika inani labantu abangu-30,070 ababike ngokungenamsebenzi kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2011.

Ucwaningo lwe-Libyan Armed Conflict (LAC) lwalusekelwe kumarekhodi asemthethweni ezweni elalingenalo uhulumeni ozinzile, obumbene iminyaka engaba ngu-4, kanti i-Libya Body Count yayiyimizamo emisha yokulingisa i-Iraq Body Count eyazama ukufaka inethi ebanzi ngokungathembeli emithonjeni yezindaba yesiNgisi kuphela.

E-Iraq, isilinganiso phakathi kuka-2006 I-Lancet ucwaningo kanye nenani lezidumbu zase-Iraq laliphezulu ngoba i-IBC yayibala abantu abavamile kuphela, kuyilapho I-Lancet Ucwaningo lubale amasosha ase-Iraq kanye nabantu abavamile. Ngokungafani ne-Iraq Body Count, imithombo yethu eyinhloko engenzi lutho eLibya ibale abantu abavamile kanye nabantu abavamile. Ngokusekelwe ezincazelweni zomugqa owodwa zesigameko ngasinye ku- Inani Lababulawa eLibya Ngokwesizindalwazi, inani eliphelele le-LBC libonakala lihlanganisa cishe ingxenye yabalwi kanye nengxenye yabantu abavamile.

Izisulu zempi ngokuvamile zibalwa ngokunembe kakhulu kunezomphakathi, futhi amabutho anesithakazelo sokuhlola ngokunembe izisulu zesitha kanye nokuhlonza ezawo. Okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso ngezisulu zempi, okucishe kube ubufakazi bobugebengu bempi obuthi amabutho ababulele anesithakazelo esikhulu sokucindezela.

Ngakho-ke, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, ngangiphatha amasosha nabantu abavamile ngokwehlukana, ngisebenzisa isilinganiso esivamile phakathi kokubika okungenamsebenzi kanye nezifundo zokufa kubantu abavamile kuphela, kuyilapho ngamukela ukufa kwabantu abalwayo okubikiwe njengoba kwakubikwe okungenamsebenzi.

Kodwa amabutho alwa eLibya awawona amabutho kazwelonke anochungechunge oluqinile lokuyala kanye nesakhiwo sokuhlela esiholela ekubikweni okunembile kokulimala kwezempi kwamanye amazwe kanye nezingxabano, ngakho kokubili ukufa kwabantu abavamile kanye nabasempini kubonakala kungabikwa kakhulu yimithombo yami emibili eyinhloko, i- Impi Yezempi eLibya ukutadisha futhi Inani Lababulawa eLibyaEqinisweni, izilinganiso ze-National Transitional Council (NTC) kusukela ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba 2011 zokufa kwabantu abangu-30,000 zase ziphakeme kakhulu kunezinombolo zokufa empini ocwaningweni lwe-LAC.

Lapho i-2006 I-Lancet Ucwaningo lokufa e-Iraq lwanyatheliswa, lwembula inani lokufa eliphindwe kayi-14 kunenani lokufa elibalwe ohlwini lwe-Iraq Body Count lokufa kwabantu abavamile. Kodwa kamuva i-IBC yathola ukufa okwengeziwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okunciphisa isilinganiso phakathi kwe- I-Lancet isilinganiso socwaningo kanye nesibalo esibuyekeziwe se-IBC saba ngu-11.5:1.

Isamba esihlanganisiwe esivela ocwaningweni lwe-Libya Armed Conflict 2011 kanye ne-Libya Body Count sibonakala siyisilinganiso esikhulu sabantu abafa ngobudlova kunalabo ababalwe yi-Iraq Body Count e-Iraq, ikakhulukazi ngoba i-LAC kanye ne-LBC zombili zibale amasosha kanye nabantu abavamile, futhi ngoba i-Libya Body Count ifake ukufa okubikwe emithonjeni yezindaba yesi-Arabhu, kuyilapho i-IBC ithembele cishe ngokuphelele ku- Imithombo yezindaba zolimi lwesiNgisi futhi ngokuvamile kudinga "okungenani imithombo emibili yedatha ezimele" ngaphambi kokuqopha ukufa ngakunye.

Kwezinye izingxabano, ukubika okungenamsebenzi akukaze kuphumelele ekubaleni okungaphezu kwengxenye yesihlanu yokufa okutholakale ezifundweni eziphelele, "ezisebenzayo" zezifo. Uma sibheka zonke lezi zici, inani langempela labantu ababulewe eLibya libonakala liphakathi kwezikhathi ezinhlanu neziyishumi nambili zenani elibalwe yisifundo se-Libya Armed Conflict 2011, i-Libya Body Count kanye ne-ACLED.

Ngakho-ke ngilinganisela ukuthi cishe abantu baseLibya abangu-250,000 babulewe empini, ubudlova kanye nesiphithiphithi esadalwa yi-US kanye nabalingani bayo eLibya ngoFebhuwari 2011, futhi esiqhubekayo nanamuhla. Uma sithatha isilinganiso esingu-5:1 kanye no-12:1 sokufa okubalwa ngokunganaki njengemingcele yangaphandle, inani elincane labantu ababulewe lizoba ngu-150,000 kanti inani eliphakeme lizoba ngu-360,000.

Syria

The “kufihliwe, kuthule, akunazo iziteshi zabezindaba” Indima yase-US eSiriya yaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2011 ngokusebenza kwe-CIA ukuze kuqhutshwe fighters angaphandle kanye nezikhali ezidlula eTurkey naseJordani zingene eSyria, zisebenzisana neQatar kanye neSaudi Arabia ukuze kulungiswe izinxushunxushu ezaqala ngemibhikisho enokuthula yama-Arab Spring emelene nohulumeni waseSyria wamaBaathist.

Amaqembu ezombusazwe aseSyria asebenzisa kakhulu isandla sesobunxele kanye nentando yeningi ukuhlanganisa imibhikisho engenabo ubudlova eSyria ngo-2011 baphikisana kakhulu nale mizamo yangaphandle yokuqalisa impi yombango, futhi bakhipha izitatimende eziqinile eziphikisana nobudlova, ukwahlukana kanye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa ngisho nalapho inhlolovo yemibono exhaswe yiQatar ngoDisemba 2011 ithole ukuthi Ama-55% amaSiriya asekela uhulumeni wawo, i-US kanye nabalingani bayo babezibophezele ekuguquleni indlela yabo yokushintsha umbuso waseLibya ukuze ihambisane neSiriya, bazi kahle kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi le mpi izoba negazi eliningi futhi ibhubhise kakhulu.

I-CIA kanye nabalingani bayo basebukhosini bama-Arabhu bagcina bexoshiwe izinkulungwane zamathani ezikhali kanye nezinkulungwane zama-jihadi angaphandle axhumene ne-Al-Qaeda aya eSiriya. Izikhali zaqala zivela eLibya, zabe sezivela eCroatia naseBalkans. Zazihlanganisa ama-howitzer, izibhamu zokudubula imicibisholo kanye nezinye izikhali ezisindayo, izibhamu ze-sniper, amagrenade aqhutshwa ngamarokhethi, iziqhumane nezikhali ezincane, kanti i-US ekugcineni yahlinzeka ngqo ngemicibisholo enamandla yokulwa namathangi.

Okwamanje, esikhundleni sokubambisana nemizamo kaKofi Annan esekelwa yi-UN yokuletha ukuthula eSyria ngo-2012, i-US kanye nabalingani bayo babambe imihlangano emithathu. Imihlangano "Yabangane BaseSiriya", lapho baphishekela khona “uHlelo B” lwabo, bethembisa ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo ezihlubuki ezibuswa yi-Al-Qaeda.  UKofi Annan washiya indima yakhe yokungabongi ngokunengeka ngemuva kokuba uNobhala Wezwe uClinton kanye nabalingani bakhe baseBrithani, abaseFrance kanye nabaseSaudi bephule uhlelo lwakhe lokuthula ngokungemthetho.

Okunye, njengoba besho, umlando, umlando wobudlova obusakazeka njalo kanye nesiphithiphithi esidonsele i-US, i-UK, i-France, i-Russia, i-Iran kanye nabo bonke omakhelwane beSyria emngxunyeni wayo ogcwele igazi. Njengoba uPhyllis Bennis we-Institute for Policy Studies ephawulile, la mandla angaphandle wonke abe esekulungele ukulwa neSiriya “kuya kokugcina kwaseSiriya. "

Umkhankaso wokuqhuma kwamabhomu owaqalwa nguMongameli u-Obama ngokumelene ne-Islamic State ngo-2014 umkhankaso wokuqhuma kwamabhomu onzima kunayo yonke kusukela eMpini yase-US eVietnam, wehla. amabhomu nezikhali ezicitshwayo ezingaphezu kuka-100,000 ngeSiriya ne-Iraq. UPatrick Cockburn, intatheli ye-Middle East enamava yase-UK Independent iphephandaba, lisanda kuvakashela iRaqqa, eyayiyidolobha lesithupha ngobukhulu eSiriya, labhala ukuthi, "Ukubhujiswa kuphelele."

“Kweminye imizi yaseSiriya eqhunyiswe ngamabhomu noma ngamabhomu kwaze kwaba yilapho ingasekho khona kukhona okungenani isifunda esisodwa esisindile siphelele,” kubhala uCockburn. “Lokhu kunjalo ngisho naseMosul e-Iraq, yize iningi laso labhidlizwa laba yimfucumfucu. Kodwa eRaqqa umonakalo kanye nokuwohloka kokuziphatha konke kugcwele. Lapho into ethile isebenza, njengesibani somgwaqo esisodwa, okuwukuphela kwaso esenza kanjalo edolobheni, abantu baveza ukumangala.”

Ukulinganisa Ukufa Okunobudlova eSiriya

Yonke izilinganiso zomphakathi zenani labantu ababulewe eSiriya engizitholile zivela ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ku- I-Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), ephethwe nguRami Abdulrahman eCoventry e-UK Uyisiboshwa sezombusazwe esivela eSyria, futhi usebenza nabasizi abane eSyria abasebenzisa inethiwekhi yezishoshovu ezimelene nohulumeni ezingaba ngu-230 ezweni lonke. Umsebenzi wakhe uthola uxhaso oluthile oluvela kwi-European Union, kanti futhi kubikwa ukuthi olunye luvela kuhulumeni wase-UK.

I-Wikipedia icaphuna iSikhungo Socwaningo Lwenqubomgomo YaseSyria njengomthombo ohlukile onesilinganiso esiphezulu sokufa, kodwa empeleni lokhu kuwukubikezela okuvela ezibalweni ze-SOHR. Izilinganiso eziphansi ze-UN zibonakala zisekelwe kakhulu emibikweni ye-SOHR.

I-SOHR igxekwe ngombono wayo wokuphikisa okungenamahloni, okwenza abanye bangabaze ubuqotho bedatha yayo. Kubonakala sengathi ibale kancane kakhulu izakhamuzi ezibulewe ukuhlaselwa kwezindiza zase-US, kodwa lokhu kungenzeka futhi ngenxa yobunzima kanye nengozi yokubika endaweni ephethwe yi-IS, njengoba kuye kwenzeka nase-Iraq.

I-SOHR iyavuma ukuthi inani layo alikwazi ukubalwa ngokuphelele kwabo bonke abantu ababulewe eSiriya. Embikweni wayo wakamuva ngoMashi 2018, yengeze abantu abayi-100,000 ekubalweni kwayo ukuze ikhokhele ukungabibiki kahle, abanye abangu-45,000 ukubala iziboshwa ezibulewe noma ezinyamalele esitokisini sikahulumeni kanye nabantu abayi-12,000 ababulewe, abanyamalele noma abalahlekile e-Islamic State noma kwezinye iziboshwa zamavukela-mbuso.

Uma singayifaki eceleni le mithetho, Umbiko we-SOHR kaMashi 2018 ilandisa ngokufa kwabantu abangu-353,935 abalwa nezakhamuzi eSiriya. Lelo nani lakhiwa abantu abayizakhamuzi abangu-106,390; amasosha aseSiriya angu-63,820; amalungu angu-58,130 ezempi ezisekela uhulumeni (kufaka phakathi abangu-1,630 abavela eHezbollah kanye nabanye abantu bakwamanye amazwe abangu-7,686); i-Islamic State engu-63,360, iJabhat Fateh al-Sham (eyayikade iJabhat al-Nusra) kanye namanye ama-jihadi amaSulumane; amanye amasosha alwa nohulumeni angu-62,039; kanye nemizimba engu-196 engaziwa.

Uma sihlukanisa lokhu kube yizakhamuzi kanye namasosha, kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingu-106,488 kanye namasosha angu-247,447 abulewe (nezidumbu ezingu-196 ezingaziwa zahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo), okuhlanganisa namasosha aseSiriya angu-63,820.

Ukubalwa kwe-SOHR akuyona inhlolovo yezibalo ephelele njenge- 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo e-Iraq. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbono wayo wokusekela amavukela-mbuso unjani, i-SOHR ibonakala ingenye yemizamo ephelele kakhulu yokubala “ngokungacabangi” abafile kunoma iyiphi impi yamuva.

Njengezikhungo zempi kwamanye amazwe, i-Syrian Army cishe igcina izibalo ezinembile zabantu abalimele emabuthweni ayo. Ngaphandle kwabalimele empini, bekuyoba yinto engakaze ibonwe ukuthi i-SOHR ingabala. ezingaphezu kuka 20% kwabanye abantu ababulawa eMpini Yombango yaseSiriya. Kodwa ukubika kwe-SOHR kungase kube okuphelele njenganoma yimiphi imizamo yangaphambilini yokubala abafileyo ngezindlela "zokungasebenzi".

Uma ngibheka izibalo ze-SOHR ezibikiwe ngokunganaki zokufa empini okungebona abezempi njenge-20% yenani langempela labantu ababulewe kungasho ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.45 abavamile kanye nabangebona abezempi babulewe. Ngemva kokwengeza amasosha aseSiriya angu-64,000 abulewe kulelo nani, ngilinganisela ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 babulewe eSiriya.

Uma i-SOHR ibilokhu iphumelela kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi umzamo wangaphambilini "wokungasebenzisi lutho" wokubala abafile empini, futhi ibale u-25% noma u-30% wabantu ababulewe, inani langempela lababulewe lingaba ngaphansi kwesigidi esingu-1. Uma ingazange iphumelele njengoba ibonakala, futhi inani layo liseduze nalokho obekujwayelekile kwezinye izingxabano, khona-ke abantu abangafika ezigidini ezimbili kungenzeka ukuthi babulewe.

Somalia

Iningi labantu baseMelika liyakhumbula ukungenelela kwe-US eSomalia okwaholela “U-Black Hawk Phansi” isigameko kanye nokuhoxiswa kwamasosha ase-US ngo-1993. Kodwa iningi labantu baseMelika alikhumbuli, noma kungenzeka ukuthi alikaze lazi, ukuthi i-US yenze esinye “kufihliwe, kuthule, akunazo iziteshi zabezindaba” ukungenelela eSomalia ngo-2006, ukusekela ukuhlasela kwezempi zase-Ethiopia.

Ekugcineni iSomalia “yayisiziphakamisa ngamandla ayo” ngaphansi kokubusa kwe- Inyunyana Yezinkantolo ZamaSulumane (ICU), inyunyana yezinkantolo zendabuko zendawo ezavuma ukusebenzisana ukubusa izwe. I-ICU yasebenzisana nomholi wempi eMogadishu futhi yanqoba abanye abaphathi bempi ababebusa izindawo ezizimele kusukela ekuweni kukahulumeni ophakathi ngo-1991. Abantu ababelazi kahle izwe badumisa i-ICU njengentuthuko enethemba yokuthula nokuzinza eSomalia.

Kodwa ngokwesimo "sempi yayo yokulwa nobuphekula," uhulumeni wase-US uhlonze i-Islamic Courts Union njengesitha kanye nesisulu sesenzo sezempi. I-US ihlangene ne-Ethiopia, imbangi yendabuko yesifunda saseSomalia (futhi izwe elinamaKristu amaningi), futhi yaqhuba ukuhlaselwa komoya kanye nemisebenzi yamabutho akhethekile ukusekela i Ukuhlasela kwe-Ethiopia eSomalia ukususa i-ICU emandleni. Njengakwamanye amazwe i-US kanye nabameleli bayo abahlasele kusukela ngo-2001, umphumela waba ukuthi buyisela iSomalia odlameni nasesiphithiphithini lokho kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ukulinganisa Inani Labafayo eSomalia

Imithombo engenzi lutho ibeke inani labashonile ngobudlova eSomalia kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Ethiopia okusekelwa yi-US ngo-2006 ku-20,171 (Uhlelo Lwedatha Yezingxabano lwase-Uppsala (UCDP)) – kuze kube ngu-2016) kanye nama-24,631 (Iphrojekthi Yedatha Yendawo Nemicimbi Yezingxabano Ezihlomile (i-ACLED)Kodwa i-NGO yendawo ewine imiklomelo, Isikhungo Sokuthula Namalungelo Abantu sase-Elman eMogadishu, eyayilandelela ukufa ngo-2007 nango-2008 kuphela, yabala ukufa okunobudlova okungu-16,210 kuleyo minyaka emibili kuphela, okuphindwe ka-4.7 kunenani elibalwe yi-UCDP kanye nokuphindwe ka-5.8 kwenani le-ACLED kuleyo minyaka emibili.

ELibya, inani labantu abafa eLibya libalwe ngokuphindwe ka-1.45 kuphela kune-ACLED. ESomalia, i-Elman Peace ibale ngokuphindwe ka-5.8 kune-ACLED - umehluko phakathi kwalaba ababili wawukhulu ngokuphindwe kane. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi inani labantu abafa e-Elman Peace lalicishe liphindwe kabili kunenani labantu abafa eLibya, kuyilapho i-ACLED ibonakala isebenza kahle cishe ngesigamu ekubaleni inani labantu abafa empini eSomalia njengaseLibya.

I-UCDP ibhale inani eliphezulu lokufa kune-ACLED kusukela ngo-2006 kuze kube ngu-2012, kanti i-ACLED ishicilele inani eliphakeme kune-UCDP kusukela ngo-2013. Isilinganiso samanani abo amabili sinikeza inani eliphelele lokufa okunobudlova okungu-23,916 kusukela ngoJulayi 2006 kuya ku-2017. Ukube i-Elman Peace ibilokhu ibala ukufa okunobudlova futhi ibilokhu ithola izikhathi ezingu-5.25 (isilinganiso esingu-4.7 no-5.8) zenani elitholwe yila maqembu okuqapha omhlaba wonke, ngabe manje ibibala cishe ukufa okunobudlova okungu-125,000 kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Ethiopia okusekelwa yi-US ngoJulayi 2006.

Kodwa ngenkathi i-Elman Peace ibala ukufa okuningi kune-UCDP noma i-ACLED, lokhu kwakuwukubala nje "okungahleliwe" kokufa empini eSomalia. Ukuze silinganisele inani eliphelele lokufa empini okubangelwe yisinqumo sase-US sokubhubhisa uhulumeni waseSomalia osafufusa we-ICU, kumele siphindaphinde lezi zibalo ngesilinganiso esiphakathi kwalezo ezitholakala kwezinye izingxabano, phakathi kuka-5:1 no-20:1.

Ukusebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-5:1 ekubikezeleni kwami ​​kwalokho i-Elman Project okungenzeka ukuthi yayikubalile manje kuveza inani lokufa elingu-625,000. Ukusebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-20:1 ekubalweni okuphansi kakhulu yi-UCDP ne-ACLED kunganikeza inani eliphansi elingu-480,000.

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-Elman Project yayibala ngaphezu kwama-20% abantu abafa ngempela kulo lonke elaseSomalia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UCDP kanye ne-ACLED babebala kuphela imibiko yabantu abafa eSomalia besuka ezikhungweni zabo eSweden nase-UK, ngokusekelwe emibikweni eshicilelwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi babale ngaphansi kwama-5% abantu abafa ngempela.

Uma i-Elman Project ibibamba u-15% kuphela wabantu abashonile esikhundleni sika-20%, lokho bekungasho ukuthi abantu abangu-830,000 babulewe kusukela ngo-2006. Uma izibalo ze-UCDP kanye ne-ACLED zibambe ngaphezu kuka-5% wabantu abashonile, inani langempela lingaba ngaphansi kuka-480,000. Kodwa lokho bekungasho ukuthi i-Elman Project ibikhomba inani eliphakeme nakakhulu labantu abashonile, okuyinto ebingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili kuphrojekthi enjalo.

Ngakho-ke ngilinganisela ukuthi inani langempela labantu ababulewe eSomalia kusukela ngo-2006 kumele libe phakathi kuka-500,000 no-850,000, cishe cishe kube ukufa okunobudlova okungu-650,000.

Yemen

I-US iyingxenye yenhlangano ebilokhu ihlasela i-Yemen kusukela ngo-2015 ngomzamo wokubuyisela owayenguMongameli u-Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi emandleni. UHadi wakhethwa ngo-2012 ngemuva kwemibhikisho yase-Arab Spring kanye nokuvukela umbuso okuhlomile okwaphoqa owayengumashiqela wase-Yemen owayesekelwa yi-US, u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, ukuba asule esikhundleni ngoNovemba 2011.

Umyalelo kaHadi kwakuwukubhala umthethosisekelo omusha nokuhlela ukhetho olusha zingakapheli iminyaka emibili. Akazange enze lutho lwalezi zinto, ngakho-ke inhlangano enamandla yamaHouthi yahlasela inhloko-dolobha ngoSepthemba 2014, yabeka uHadi ngaphansi kokuboshwa endlini futhi yafuna ukuthi yena nohulumeni wakhe bafeze umsebenzi wabo futhi bahlele ukhetho olusha.

AmaZaidi ayihlelo eliyingqayizivele lamaShiite akha ama-45% abantu baseYemen. AmaZaidi Imams abusa ingxenye enkulu yeYemen iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. AmaSunni namaZaidi sebehlale ndawonye ngokuthula eYemen amakhulu eminyaka, ukushada kwabantu abahlukene kuyinto evamile futhi bathandaza emasikweni afanayo.

I-Imam yokugcina ye-Zaidi yagumbuqelwa empini yombango ngawo-1960. Kuleyo mpi, amaSaudi asekela amakhosi aseZaidi, kanti iGibhithe lahlasela iYemen ukusekela amabutho amaRiphabhulikhi agcina esungule iYemen Arab Republic ngo-1970.

Ngo-2014, uHadi wenqaba ukubambisana namaHouthi, futhi washiya emsebenzini ngoJanuwari 2015Wabalekela e-Aden, idolobha lakubo, wabe eseya eSaudi Arabia, eyaqala umkhankaso wokuqhuma kwamabhomu oxhaswe yi-US kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi ukuze kuzanywe ukumbuyisela emandleni.

Ngenkathi iSaudi Arabia iqhuba iningi lokuhlasela emoyeni, i-US ithengise iningi lezindiza, amabhomu, ama-missile nezinye izikhali ezisebenzisayo. I-UK ingumhlinzeki wesibili ngobukhulu wezikhali waseSaudi. Ngaphandle kobunhloli besathelayithi base-US kanye nokugcwalisa uphethiloli emoyeni, iSaudi Arabia ibingeke iqhube ukuhlasela emoyeni kulo lonke elaseYemen njengoba yenza. Ngakho-ke ukunqunywa kwezikhali zase-US, ukugcwalisa uphethiloli emoyeni kanye nokusekelwa kwezombusazwe kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqedeni impi.

Ukulinganisa Ukufa Kwempi E-Yemen

Izilinganiso ezishicilelwe zokufa empini eYemen zisekelwe ocwaningweni oluvamile lwezibhedlela lapho yi-World Health Organization, oluvame ukudluliselwa yi- Ihhovisi le-UN Lokudidiyelwa Kwezindaba Zokusiza Abantu (UNOCHA)Isilinganiso sakamuva, kusukela ngoDisemba 2017, sithi abantu abangu-9,245 babulewe, okuhlanganisa nabantu abayizakhamuzi abangu-5,558.

Kodwa umbiko we-UNOCHA kaDisemba 2017 wawuhlanganisa inothi elithi, “Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lezikhungo zezempilo ezingasebenzi noma ezingasebenzi kahle ngenxa yengxabano, lezi zinombolo azibikwa kakhulu futhi cishe ziphakeme.”

Ngisho noma izibhedlela zisebenza ngokugcwele, abantu abaningi ababulewe empini abakaze bafike esibhedlela. Izibhedlela eziningana eYemen ziye zahlaselwa yiziteleka zaseSaudi, kukhona ukuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi yempi okuvimbela ukungeniswa kwemithi, kanti ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi, amanzi, ukudla kanye nophethiloli konke kuye kwathinteka yizibhomu kanye nokuvinjelwa. Ngakho-ke izifinyezo ze-WHO zemibiko yokufa evela ezibhedlela cishe ziyingxenye encane yenani langempela labantu ababulewe.

I-ACLED ibika inani eliphansi kancane kune-WHO: 7,846 kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2017. Kodwa ngokungafani ne-WHO, i-ACLED inedatha yakamuva yango-2018, futhi ibika okunye ukufa okungu-2,193 kusukela ngoJanuwari. Uma i-WHO iqhubeka nokubika ukufa okungaphezulu ngo-18% kune-ACLED, inani eliphelele le-WHO kuze kube manje lizoba ngu-11,833.

Ngisho ne-UNOCHA kanye ne-WHO bayavuma ukuthi inani labantu abafa empini e-Yemen alibikwa kahle, futhi isilinganiso phakathi kwemibiko ye-WHO engenzi lutho kanye nokufa kwangempela sibonakala siphezulu kakhulu kobubanzi obutholakala kwezinye izimpi, obuhluka phakathi kuka-5:1 no-20:1. Ngilinganisela ukuthi abantu ababalelwa ku-175,000 babulewe – izikhathi eziyi-15 zezinombolo ezibikwe yi-WHO kanye ne-ACLED – okungenani abangu-120,000 kanye nobuningi abangu-240,000.

Izindleko Zangempela Zomuntu Zezimpi zase-US

Sekukonke, ezingxenyeni ezintathu zalo mbiko, ngilinganisele ukuthi izimpi zaseMelika zangemva kuka-9/11 zibulale abantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyisithupha. Mhlawumbe inani langempela liyizigidi ezi-5 kuphela. Noma mhlawumbe liyizigidi ezi-7. Kodwa ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi liyizigidi eziningana.

Akuzona nje amakhulu ezinkulungwane, njengoba abantu abaningi abanolwazi oluthe xaxa bekholelwa, ngoba ukuqoqwa “kokubika okungenamsebenzi” akunakuba ngaphezu kwengxenye encane yenani langempela labantu ababulewe emazweni aphila phakathi kohlobo lobudlova kanye nesiphithiphithi esinjalo. ulaka lwezwe lethu ikhiphe kubo kusukela ngo-2001.

Ukubika okuhlelekile kwe- I-Syrian Observatory Yamalungelo Abantu ngokuqinisekile ithole ingxenye enkulu yokufa kwangempela kunenani elincane lophenyo oluqediwe olubikwe ngokukhohlisa njengezilinganiso zokufa yi- Usizo lwe-UN oluya e-AfghanistanKodwa zombili zisamelela ingxenye encane kuphela yokufa okuphelele.

Futhi inani langempela labantu ababulewe alikho nhlobo emashumini ezinkulungwane, njengoba iningi lomphakathi jikelele linjalo. e-US futhi e-UK baye bakholwe, ngokusho kocwaningo lwemibono.

Sidinga ngokushesha ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi ukuthi benze izifundo eziphelele zokufa kuwo wonke amazwe i-US engene kuwo empini kusukela ngo-2001, ukuze umhlaba ukwazi ukuphendula ngendlela efanele esikalini sangempela sokufa kanye nokubhujiswa okubangelwe yilezi zimpi.

Njengoba uBarbara Lee axwayisa ozakwabo ngobuhlakani ngaphambi kokuba afake ivoti lakhe elilodwa eliphikisayo ngo-2001, “sesibe yibo ububi esibusolayo.” Kodwa lezi zimpi azizange zihambisane nemikhosi yezempi eyesabekayo (okwamanje) noma izinkulumo mayelana nokunqoba umhlaba. Kunalokho ziye zavunyelwa ngokwezepolitiki yi "Impi yolwazi" ukwenza izitha zibe yidimoni futhi dala izinkinga, wabe eselwa “kufihliwe, kuthule, akunazo iziteshi zabezindaba” indlela, ukufihla izindleko zabo egazini lomuntu emphakathini waseMelika nasemhlabeni wonke.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-16 yempi, ukufa okunobudlova okungaba yizigidi eziyisithupha, amazwe ayi-6 abhujiswa ngokuphelele kanye namanye amaningi aphazamisekile, kuyaphuthuma ukuthi umphakathi waseMelika ubhekane nezindleko zangempela zabantu zezimpi zezwe lethu nokuthi sisetshenziswe kanjani futhi sadukiswa ukuze singaziboni - ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke isikhathi eside, zibhubhise amazwe amaningi, ziwohloze kakhulu ukubusa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi zibulale izigidi zabantu esiphila nabo.

As UHannah Arendt wabhala in Imvelaphi Yobumbano, “Asisenakukwazi ukuthatha okuhle esikhathini esidlule bese sikubiza ngefa lethu, silahle okubi bese sicabanga ngakho njengomthwalo ofile ozogcwala isikhathi ngokwaso. Umfudlana ongaphansi komhlaba womlando waseNtshonalanga usuvele wavela futhi wathatha isithunzi sesiko lethu. Leli iqiniso esiphila kulo.”

UNicolas JS Davies ungumbhali wencwadi ethi Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-IraqWabhala nesahluko esithi “Obama at War” encwadini ethi Grading the 44th President: a Report Card on Barack Obama’s First Term as a Progressive Leader.