Zingaki Izigidi Eziye Zabulawa Kuma-Post Post-9 / 11 Izimpi? Ingxenye 3: I-Libya, iSiriya, iSomalia neYemen

Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yochungechunge lwakhe, uNicolas JS Davies uphenya ngokufa kwabantu base-United States nasezimpini ze-proxy eLibiya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezifundo eziningi zokufa kwezempi.

NguNicolas JS Davies, April 25, 2108, Izindaba ze-Consortium.

Ezingxenyeni zokuqala ezimbili zalo mbiko, ngilinganisile lokho Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.4 babulawa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-United States yase-Iraq, kuyilapho cishe Izigidi ezingu-1.2 zibulewe e-Afghanistan nasePakistan ngenxa yempi eholwa yi-US e-Afghanistan. Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yalo mbiko, ngizolinganisa ukuthi bangaki abantu ababulewe ngenxa yokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US kanye ne-CIA eLibya, eSyria, eSomalia naseYemen.

Emazweni ama-US ahlasele futhi ahlaselwa kusukela ku-2001, i-Iraq kuphela ihloselwe ukuhlola okuphelele "okusebenzayo" kokufa okungabonisa ukufa okungekho okunye okushiwo. Ucwaningo lokufa kwabantu "olusebenzayo" luwukuthi "ngentshiseko" ihlola imindeni ukuthola ukufa okungakaze kubikwa yizindaba zombiko noma eminye imithombo eshicilelwe.

Lezi zifundo zivame ukuqhutshwa ngabantu abasebenza emkhakheni wezempilo yomphakathi, njengoLes Roberts e-Columbia University, uGilbert Burnham kuJohn Hopkins noRyadh Lafta eYunivesithi yase-Mustansiriya eBaghdad, ababhalise 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo yokufa kwempi yase-Iraq. Ekuvikeleni izifundo zabo e-Iraq kanye nemiphumela yabo, bagcizelele ukuthi amaqembu abo okuhlola ase-Iraq azimele kuhulumeni womsebenzi nokuthi lokho bekuyinto ebalulekile ekuphokopheni kwezifundo zabo kanye nokuzimisela kwabantu base-Iraq ukukhuluma ngokuthembeka nabo.

Izifundo zokufa kwabantu abaningi kwamanye amazwe (njenge-Angola, iBosnia, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iGuatemala, i-Iraq, i-Kosovo, i-Rwanda, iSudan ne-Uganda) ziye zaveza inani labantu abafa I-5 izikhathi ezingu-20 labo abavezwe ngaphambilini ngokuthi "ukuphawula" okushiwo imibiko yezindaba, amarekhodi esibhedlela kanye / noma uphenyo lwamalungelo abantu.

Uma kungekho izifundo ezinzulu e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen, ngiye ngahlola imibiko yokufa kwezempi futhi ngizama ukuhlola ukuthi yikuphi ukufa kwangempela le mibiko engenamathuba cishe ayobalwa ngezindlela abanayo asetshenzisiwe, esekelwe ekubalweni kwezokufa kwangempela ekufeni okubikiwe okutholakala kwezinye izindawo zokulwa.

Ngilinganisele ukufa kwabantu abanodlame kuphela. Akukho nokukodwa engikulinganiselayo okubandakanya ukufa okuvela emiphumeleni engaqondile yalezi zimpi, njengokucekelwa phansi kwezibhedlela nezinhlelo zezempilo, ukusabalala kwezifo ezingavinjelwa ngenye indlela kanye nemiphumela yokungondleki kanye nokungcola kwemvelo, nakho okube namandla kuwo wonke la mazwe.

I-Iraq, ukulinganisa kwami ​​kokugcina mayelana nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.4 ababulewe yayisekelwe ekwamukeleni izilinganiso ze 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo kanye ne-2007 Ucwaningo lweBusiness Research (ORB), okwakungqubuzana, bese usebenzisa isilinganiso esifanayo sokufa kwangempela ekufeni okubikwayo (11.5: 1) phakathi kwe I-Lancet ukutadisha futhi I-Count Body ye-Iraq (IBC) ku-2006 kuya ku-IBC count kusukela iminyaka kusukela ku-2007.

E-Afghanistan, ngilinganisela lokho Ama-875,000 ase-Afghans abulawe. Ngachaza ukuthi imibiko yaminyaka yonke yokulimala kwabantu abangekho empini eyenziwe ngu I-UN Assistance Mission eya e-Afghanistan (UNAMA) kusekelwe kuphela kuphenyo oluphothulwe yiKhomishini Yamalungelo Abantu Ezimele yase-Afghanistan (AIHRC), nokuthi bazi ngaphandle kwezinombolo eziningi zemibiko yokufa kwabantu okungeyona i-AIHRC engakayiphenyi noma engakaqedi ukuphenya ngayo. Imibiko ye-UNAMA nayo ayinakho ukubikwa nhlobo okuvela ezindaweni eziningi zezwe lapho kusebenza khona amaTaliban namanye amabutho aphikisayo e-Afghanistan, futhi lapho kwenzeka khona iziteleka zezindiza eziningi zaseMelika kanye nokuhlasela ebusuku.

Ngaphetha ngokuthi ukubika kuka-UNAMA ngokufa kwabantu base-Afghanistan kubonakala kungenakwanela njengoba ukubikwa okubi kakhulu okutholakala ekupheleni kweGuatemalan Civil War, lapho i-UN-sponsored Historical Verification Commission yembula izikhathi ezingu-20 zokufa kunalokho okushiwo ngaphambilini.

NgasePakistan, ngilinganisela lokho Abantu abangu-325,000 babulawe. Lokho kwakususelwa ekulinganisweni okushicilelwe kwabantu abashonile, kanye nasekusebenziseni isilinganiso esilinganiselwe esitholakala ezimpini ezedlule (12.5: 1) enanini lokufa kwabantu okungekho emphakathini okubikwe yi ISouth Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) e-India.

Ukulinganisa Ukushona eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen

Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yalo mbiko, ngizocabangela inani lokufa elibangelwa yi-US covert kanye nezimpi ze-proxy e-Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen.

Amaphoyisa aseMelika aseMelika ahloniphekile Imfundiso yase-US ye-covert ne-proxy impi owathola izimbali zawo ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Obama njengendlela "Efihliwe, ethule, engenazo abezindaba" basondela empini, futhi balandela ukuthuthukiswa kwale mfundiso emuva ezimpini zase-US eMelika Ephakathi ngawo-1980. Ngenkathi i-US ukuqashelwa, ukuqeqeshwa, umyalo kanye nokulawulwa kwezigameko zokufa e-Iraq ibizwa ngokuthi "iSalvador Option," Isu lase-US eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseJenen empeleni lilandele le nqubo ngokusondelana nakakhulu.

Lezi zimpi ziye zaphazamisa abantu bazo zonke izizwe, kodwa ama-US "afihlekile, azinzile, angenazo abezindaba" kuye aphumelele kakhulu emibhalweni yama-propaganda abaningi baseMelika abakwaziyo kakhulu nge-US indima ebudloveni obungenakwenzeka futhi i-chaos esebenzile.

Ukuthi imiphakathi engekho emthethweni kodwa engokomfanekiso ehlasela iSiriya ngo-Ephreli 14, i-2018 ihluke kakhulu emkhankasweni wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu we-US oholelekile, onokuthula, ongenamaphephandaba oye wabhubhisa uRaqqa, uMosul namanye amaSiriya amaningi Imizi yase-Iraq ene ngaphezu kwe-100,000 amabhomu kanye nemicibisholo kusukela 2014.

Abantu baseMosul, Raqqa, Kobane, Sirte, Fallujah, Ramadi, Tawergha naseDeir Ez-Zor bafe njengezihlahla eziwela ehlathini lapho bekungekho zintatheli zaseNtshonalanga noma abasebenzi beTV abazoqopha khona ukubulawa kwabo. Njengoba uHarold Pinter ebuze ngamacala ezempi aseMelika phambilini Inkulumo yokutholwa kwe-Nobel ye-Nobel,

“Ingabe zenzeka? Futhi ingabe kuzo zonke izimo kubangelwa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US? Impendulo inguyebo, zenzeka, futhi kuzo zonke izimo zibangelwa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika. Kepha ubungeke ukwazi. Akukaze kwenzeke. Akukho okwake kwenzeka. Ngisho nangesikhathi kwenzeka, bekungenzeki. Kwakungenandaba. Bekungathandeki. ”

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngendima ebalulekile i-US eye yadlala kulowo nalowo mpi, sicela ufunde isihloko sami, "Ukunika Impi Iningi Kangakanani," eshicilelwe ngoJanuwari 2018.

Libya

Ukulungiswa okusemthethweni kuphela kwe-NATO kanye nabalingani bayo base-Arab monarchist ukuba bayeke okungenani amabhomu we-7,700 nemicibisholo eLibya futhi wahlasela ngemisebenzi ekhethekile yokusebenza kusukela ngoFebruwari 2011 kwaba Isixazululo se-UN Security Council 1973, owagunyaza "zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo" ngenhloso ecacisiwe yokuvikela izakhamizi eLibya.

Kodwa impi esikhundleni salokho yabulala izakhamizi eziningi kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa kwenani lababulawa ekuvukeleni kokuqala ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi 2011, okwakusukela ku-1,000 6,000 (isilinganiso se-UN) kuya ku-XNUMX (ngokwe-Libyan Human Rights League). Ngakho-ke impi yehlulekile ngokusobala enhlosweni yayo egunyaziwe, egunyaziwe, ukuvikela izakhamizi, njengoba nje yaphumelela kokuhlukile nokungagunyaziwe: ukuketulwa ngokungemthetho kukahulumeni waseLibya.

Isixazululo se-SC 1973 sasinqabela ngokusobala ukuthi "ukuqashwa kwamanye amazwe kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendawo yaseLibya." Kepha i-NATO nabalingani bayo baqala ukuhlasela kweLibya ngezinkulungwane zamaQatari nezaseNtshonalanga, okuhlelwe ukuthi kuqhubeke ukuvukela umbhikisho ezweni lonke, kubika ukuhlasela kwamabutho kahulumeni futhi kwaholela ekuhlaselweni kokugcina ekomkhulu lezempi laseBab al-Aziziya eTripoli.

I-Qatari Chief of Staff UMnuz General Hamad bin Ali al-Atiya, utshele i-AFP ukuthi,

“Sasiphakathi kwabo futhi izinombolo zamaQatar ezisemhlabathini zazingamakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda. Ukuqeqeshwa nokuxhumana bekusezandleni zeQatari. I-Qatar… yengamele izinhlelo zamavukelambuso ngoba ziyizakhamizi futhi bezingenakho okwanele kwezempi. Sibe yisixhumanisi phakathi kwamavukelambuso namabutho eNATO. ”

Kunemibiko ethembekile ukuthi isikhulu sezokuphepha saseFrance angase ahambise nombhikisho we-grace owabulala umholi waseLibya u-Muammar Gaddafi, ngemuva kokuthunjwa, ukuhlukunyezwa nokukhishwa ngommese "yizihlubuki ze-NATO."

Iphalamende Ucwaningo lweKomiti Yezangaphandle e-UK ku-2016 yaphetha ngokuthi "ukungenelela okulinganiselwe ukuvikela izakhamizi kwaholela enqubeni enenzuzo yokuguqulwa kombuso ngezindlela zamasosha," okuholela ekutheni, "ukuwa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho, impi yezempi kanye neyomphakathi, izinkinga zomphakathi nezokufuduka, ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukusakazwa kwezikhali zikahulumeni waseGaddafi kulo lonke izwe kanye nokukhula kwesifundazwe se-Isil [enyakatho ye-Afrika]. "

Imibiko Engapheliyo Yokufa Kwezombusazwe eLibya

Lapho uhulumeni waseLibya usuketuliwe, izintatheli zazama ukubuza ngendaba ebucayi yokufa kwabantu, okwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuthetheleleni impi nangokomthetho. Kepha iNational Transitional Council (NTC), uhulumeni omusha ongazinzile owakhiwa ngabadingiswa nabavukeli abasekelwa yiNtshonalanga, wayeka ukukhipha izilinganiso zokulimala komphakathi futhi wayala abasebenzi basezibhedlela hhayi ukukhulula ulwazi kubanyathelisi.

Kunoma yikuphi, njengase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, izidakamizwa zavuthwa phakathi nempi futhi abantu abaningi bafihla abathandekayo babo emakhaya abo noma kuphi lapho bekwazi khona, ngaphandle kokuwayisa ezibhedlela.

Umholi wokuhlubuka ulinganisiwe ngo-Agasti 2011 ukuthi Ama-Libyan ase-50,000 abulawe. Kwathi ngo-Septhemba 8th 2011, uNaji Barakat, ungqongqoshe omusha we-NTC wezempilo, wakhipha isitatimende sokuthi Abantu abangu-30,000 babulawe kanti abanye abangu-4,000 XNUMX babengekho, kususelwa ocwaningweni lwezibhedlela, izikhulu zendawo kanye nabaphathi bamavukelambuso ezweni eliningi elalilawulwa yi-NTC ngaleso sikhathi. Uthe kuzothatha amanye amasonto ambalwa ukuqedela lolu cwaningo, ngakho-ke ulindele ukuthi isibalo sokugcina sibe ngaphezulu.

Isitatimende sikaBarakat besingabandakanyi izibalo ezehlukene zokufa kwabantu abalwa nezimpi. Kodwa uthe cishe ingxenye yabangu-30,000 9,000 okubikwa ukuthi ishonile ngamasosha athembekile kuhulumeni, kuhlanganisa namalungu angama-30,000 XNUMX eKhamis Brigade, eholwa yindodana kaGaddafi uKhamis. UBarakat ucele umphakathi ukuthi ubike ukushona emindenini yabo kanye nemininingwane yabantu abalahlekile lapho befika emasosheni bezothandaza ngoLwesihlanu. Isilinganiso se-NTC sabantu abangu-XNUMX XNUMX ababulewe sibonakala siqukethe ikakhulukazi amasosha ezinhlangothini zombili.

Ucwaningo olunzulu kunazo zonke zokufa kwempi kusukela ekupheleni kwempi ye-2011 eLibya kwaba "isifundo esisekelwe emphakathini esiphezulu" esibizwa ngokuthi yi-epidemiological "Ukuxabana Kwezempi E-Libyan 2011: Ukufa, Ukulimala kanye Nokuthuthwa Kwezemihlali."  Yayibhalwe ngabaprofesa abathathu bezokwelapha eT Tripoli, futhi yanyatheliswa ku- I-African Journal of Medicine Emergency e 2015.

Ababhali bathathe amarekhodi okufa kwabantu ezimpini, ukulimala kanye nokufuduswa kwabantu okuqoqwe nguMnyango Wezindlu Nokuhlela, bathumela amathimba ukuthi enze izingxoxo ubuso nobuso nelungu lomndeni ngamunye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi mangaki amalungu omndeni wabo abulawa, alimala noma baxoshwa. Abazange bazame ukwehlukanisa ukubulawa kwabantu bendawo nokufa kwamasosha.

Futhi abazange bazame ukulinganisa ngokulinganisa ukufa okungekho okwashiwo ngaphambilini ngokusebenzisa "indlela yokuhlola isampula" ye-the I-Lancet cwaningo e-Iraq. Kepha ucwaningo lwaseLibya Lokulwa Ngezimpi luyirekhodi eliphelele lokufa okuqinisekisiwe empini yaseLibya kuze kufike uFebhuwari 2012, futhi kwaqinisekisa ukufa kwabantu okungenani abangama-21,490.

Ku-2014, ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo nokulwa kwamabutho e-Libya kwavulwa kulokho i-Wikipedia manje ebiza khona okwesibili iMpi Yombango waseLibya.  Iqembu elibizwe I-Libya Count Count (LBC) waqala ukuveza ukufa kwabantu abanobudlova eLibya, ngokusekelwe emibikweni yemidiya, ngesibonelo I-Count Body ye-Iraq (IBC). Kodwa i-LBC ikwenze lokhu iminyaka emithathu kuphela, kusukela ngoJanuwari 2014 kuze kube nguDisemba 2016. Kubalwe abantu abangu-2,825 ngonyaka ka-2014, abangu-1,523 ngo-2015 kanye nabangu-1,523 ngo-2016. (Iwebhusayithi ye-LBC ithi kwaba ngengozi nje ukuthi inani lalifana nango-2015 nango-2016. .)

I-UK-based Idatha Yendawo Yokulwa Nezindawo Zendawo (ACLED) Iphrojekthi ibuye yagcina isibalo sabantu abanokufa ngodlame eLibya. I-ACLED ibalwe ukufa kwe-4,062 ku-2014-6, kuqhathaniswa ne-5,871 ebalwa yiLibya Body Count. Ngezikhathi ezisele phakathi kukaMashi 2012 noMashi 2018 i-LBC engazange ihlanganise, i-ACLED ibalwe ukufa kwe-1,874.

Uma i-LBC ihlanganise isikhathi sonke kusukela ngo-Mashi 2012, futhi ithole inani elilinganayo elilingana ne-ACLED njengoba lenze ku-2014-6, ngabe lizobala abantu abangu-8,580 ababulewe.

Ukulinganisa ukuthi Bangaki Abantu Abaye Babulawa E-Libya

Ukuhlanganisa amanani avela ku Ukuqubuzana Kwezempi ZaseLibya Ukucwaninga kwe-2011 kanye nesibalo sethu esihlangene, esihlolwe Libya Coun Countert futhi I-ACLED unikeza inani elingu-30,070 lokufa okubikiwe kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2011.

Ukutadisha kwe-Libyan Armed Conflict (LAC) kwakusekelwe kumarekhodi asemthethweni ezweni elingakaze libe nehulumeni ozinzile, obumbene mayelana neminyaka eyi-4, kanti iLibya Body Count yayingumzamo omusha wokulingisa i-Iraq Body Count eyamazama ukukhipha inetha elibanzi ngokungathembeli kuphela emithonjeni yezindaba zesiNgisi.

E-Iraq, isilinganiso phakathi kwe-2006 I-Lancet ukutadisha nokubala kwe-Body Body kwakungaphezulu ngoba i-IBC yayibala kuphela izakhamizi, kuyilapho I-Lancet Ucwaningo lubalwe amasosha ase-Iraq kanye nezakhamizi. Ngokungafani ne-Iraq Body Count, yomibili imithombo yethu eyinhloko eLibya ibala izakhamizi kanye nabalwa. Ngokuya ngezincazelo zomugqa owodwa zesigameko ngasinye kusigameko se- I-Libya Count Count i-database, inani le-LBC libonakala libandakanya cishe abayingxenye yezingxabano nabasigamu abahlali.

Ngokuvamile ukubulawa kwabantu baseMelika kubalwa ngokunembile kunezombusazwe, futhi amabutho anesithakazelo ekuhloleni ngokunembile ukubulawa kwesitha kanye nokuzibona. Okuphambene nalokho kubulawa kwabantu abahlala emphakathini, okuyizinto ezihlala zikhona ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu bezempi benziwa ukuthi amabutho abawabulala abe nesithakazelo esikhulu ekucindezeleni.

Ngakho-ke, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, ngabaphatha ngokuhlukana nabasosha kanye nokuhlalisana, besebenzisa izilinganiso ezivamile phakathi kokubika nokufa kwabantu kuphela, ngenkathi samukela ukubulawa kwabantu ababikiwe njengoba bebikwa ngokungahleliwe.

Kodwa amabutho elwa eLibya ayilona ibutho lezwe elinomthwalo oqinile womyalo kanye nesakhiwo somhlangano esiholela ekubikeni okunembile kwezisosha zempi kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuphikisana, ngakho kokubili ukufa kwabantu abasebenza emphakathini kanye nokulwa nabo kubonakala sengathi kuncane kakhulu okwabikwa yizimbili zami imithombo eyinhloko, i I-Libya Yokulwa Nezingxabano ukutadisha futhi I-Libya Count Count. Eqinisweni, ukulinganiselwa koMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wenguquko (i-NTC) kusukela ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba 2011 kwabangu-30,000 XNUMX abafayo kwase kuphakeme kakhulu kunamanani okufa kwabantu ocwaningweni lwe-LAC.

Lapho i-2006 I-Lancet kwashicilelwa ucwaningo ngokufa kwabantu e-Iraq, lembula ukuthi liphindwe izikhathi eziyi-14 inani lokufa kwabantu elabalwa ohlwini lokufa kwabantu okungajwayelekile e-Iraq. Kepha i-IBC kamuva yathola ukufa okuningi kusukela kuleso sikhathi, kunciphisa isilinganiso phakathi kwe- I-Lancet Ukulinganisela kokucwaninga nokubalwa kuka-IBC ku-11.5: 1.

I-totali ehlangene evela e-Libya Armed Conflict Research 2011 kanye neLibya Body Count ibonakala sengathi iyinani elikhulu kunazo zonke zokufa kwabantu abanobudlova kunokuba i-Iraq Body Count ibalwe e-Iraq, ikakhulukazi ngoba i-LAC ne-LBC bobabili babalwa amaqhawe kanye nezakhamuzi, futhi ngenxa yokuthi iLibya Body Ukubalwa kuhlanganisa nokufa okubikwe emithonjeni yezindaba zase-Arabhu, kanti i-IBC incike ngokuphelele Imithombo yezindaba zesiNgisi futhi ngokuvamile idinga "okungenani imithombo emibili yedatha emele" ngaphambi kokurekhoda ukufa ngalunye.

Kwezinye izingxabano, ukubika okungenziwanga akukaze kuphumelele ukubala ngaphezu kwengxenye yesihlanu yokufa okutholwe yizifundo eziphelele, "ezisebenzayo" zezifo zezifo. Uma sibheka zonke lezi zinto, inani langempela labantu ababulewe eLibya libukeka liphakathi kokuphindwe kahlanu kuya kwayishumi nambili izinombolo ezibalwe ucwaningo lwaseLibya Lempi Ephathelene no-2011, iLibya Body Count ne-ACLED.

Ngakho-ke ngilinganisela ukuthi bangama-250,000 abantu baseLibya ababulewe empini, udlame kanye nezinxushunxushu ezadalulwa yi-US nabalingani bayo eLibya ngoFebhuwari 2011, futhi okuqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Ukuthatha ama-5: 1 no-12: 1 ratios kubalwe nje ukufa njengemikhawulo engaphandle, inani elincane labantu ababulewe lizoba yi-150,000 kanti inani eliphakeme lizoba yi-360,000.

Syria

The "Efihliwe, ethule, engenazo abezindaba" Indima yase-US eSiriya yaqala ngasekupheleni kwe-2011 nge-CIA yokusebenza komngcwabo fighters angaphandle kanye nezikhali ngeTurkey naseJordani eSiriya, esebenza neQatar naseSaudi Arabia ukuze kuqhutshwe izibhamu ezaqala ngezimemezelo zokuthula ezivela e-Arab Spring ngokumelene nohulumeni wase-Baathist waseSiriya.

Amaqembu amaningi ezombusazwe aseSyria kanye nenkululeko yentando yeningi ukuxhumanisa imibhikisho engekho enobudlova eSiriya e-2011 ngokuphikisana kakhulu nale mizamo yangaphandle yokuqeda impi yombango, futhi yakhipha izitatimende ezinamandla eziphikisana nodlame, amahlelo kanye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa njengoba nje ukuhlolwa kwe-opinion kaDisemba 2011 Qatari kutholakala lokho I-55% yamaSiriya yayisekela uhulumeni wabo, i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bazibophezele ukushintsha indlela yabo yokuguqula umbuso waseLibya eSiriya, bazi kahle ngokugcwele ukuthi le mpi izoba ibhulogi futhi inonakalisa kakhulu.

I-CIA kanye nabalingani bayo bama-Arabhu base-Arab ekugcineni baxoshwa izinkulungwane zamathani ezikhali nezinkulungwane zama-jihadis axhumene ne-Al-Qaeda angaphandle angena eSyria. Izikhali zafika kuqala zivela eLibya, zase zivela eCroatia naseBalkan. Babandakanya abasebenza ngokushaywa kwemikhumbi, iziqhumane zemicibisholo nezinye izikhali ezisindayo, izibhamu ze-sniper, iziqhumane eziqhutshwa ngamarokhethi, izigqoko nezikhali ezincane, futhi i-US ekugcineni yanikela ngqo ngemicibisholo enamandla elwa namathangi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esikhundleni sokubambisana nemisebenzi ka-Kofi Annan eyesekelwa yi-UN ukuletha ukuthula eSiriya e-2012, e-US kanye nasezihlanganisweni zayo ezihlangene ezintathu "Abangane baseSiriya" izingqungquthela, lapho baphishekela khona "i-Plan B" yabo siqu, bethembisa ukusekela okuqhubekayo ezihlubuki ezibusayo zase-Al-Qaeda.  UKofi Annan washiya indima yakhe yokungabongi ngemuva kokuba uNobhala Wombuso Clinton kanye nabalingani bakhe baseBrithani, abaFulentshi nabaseSaudi bachitha phansi ukuthula kwakhe.

Okunye, njengoba besho, kungumlando, umlando wobudlova obusakazeka njalo kanye nezinxushunxushu ezidonse i-US, UK, France, Russia, Russia, Iran nabo bonke omakhelwane baseSyria ku-vortex yayo egazini. Njengoba uPhyllis Bennis we-Institute for Policy Studies abonile, la mandla angaphandle wonke asekulungele ukulwa neSyria “kuya eSiriya yokugcina. "

Umkhankaso wokuqhuma amabhomu uMongameli Obama uqale ngokumelene noMbuso wamaSulumane ku-2014 ngumkhankaso omkhulu kakhulu wokuqhuma amabhomu kusukela e-US War eVietnam, ukuwa ngaphezu kwe-100,000 amabhomu kanye nemicibisholo ngeSiriya nase-Iraq. UPatrick Cockburn, umlobi osemnkantshubomvu wase-Middle East wase-UK Independent iphephandaba, uvakashele uRaqqa, owayedolobhana elikhulu laseSiriya, e-6th, wabhala ukuthi, "Ukubhujiswa sekuphelele."

"Kwamanye amadolobha aseSyria aqhunyiswe ngamabhomu noma ahlaselwa ngamabhomu kuze kube yilapho akhohlwa khona okungenani kunesifunda esisodwa esisindile sisephelele," kubhala uCockburn. “Lokhu kunjalo naseMosul e-Iraq, yize iningi lacekelwa phansi kwaba yimfucumfucu. Kepha eRaqqa umonakalo kanye nokwephulwa komthetho konke kugcwele yonke indawo. Lapho okuthile kusebenza, njengerobhothi elilodwa, okuwukuphela kwalo elisebenza edolobheni, abantu bazwakalisa ukumangala. ”

Ukulinganisa Ukufa Okudlova eSiriya

Wonke ukulinganiswa komphakathi kwezinombolo zabantu ababulewe eSiriya engikutholile kuza ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kusuka ku- I-Syrian Observatory Yamalungelo Abantu (SOHR), ephethwe nguRami Abdulrahman eCoventry e-UK Uyisiboshwa sangaphambilini sezepolitiki esivela eSyria, futhi usebenza nabasizi abane eSyria abathi nabo bathole inethiwekhi yezishoshovu ezingaba ngu-230 ezweni lonke. Umsebenzi wakhe uthola uxhaso oluthile kwi-European Union, kanti futhi kubikwa nokuthi abanye bavela kuhulumeni wase-UK.

I-Wikipedia icaphuna iSyria Center for Policy Research njengomthombo ohlukile onesilinganiso esiphakeme sokubulawa kwabantu, kepha lokhu empeleni kungumbono ovela ezibalweni ze-SOHR. Izilinganiso ezisezingeni eliphansi ezenziwe yi-UN kubonakala sengathi zisekelwe kakhulu emibikweni ye-SOHR.

I-SOHR igxekiwe ngombono wayo wokuphikisa ongenamahloni, okuholele ekutheni abanye bangabaze ukuthi imininingwane yayo ibhekephi. Kubukeka sengathi zibabhale phansi kakhulu abantu ababulewe yiziteleka zasemoyeni zaseMelika, kepha lokhu kungenzeka futhi ngenxa yobunzima nobungozi bokubika kusuka endaweni ephethwe yi-IS, njengoba kuye kwaba njalo nase-Iraq.

I-SOHR iyavuma ukuthi ukubalwa kwayo akukwazi ukuba yisilinganiso esiphelele sabo bonke abantu ababulawa eSyria. Embikweni wayo wakamuva ngoMashi 2018, ifake i-100,000 ku-thally yayo ukukhokhela ukubikwa okungaphansi, enye i-45,000 ukubika ngeziboshwa ezibulewe noma ezanyamalala esitokisini sikahulumeni kanye ne-12,000 yabantu ababulewe, abanyamalala noma abalahlekile e-Islamic State noma kwezinye iziboshwa zabavukeli. .

Ukushiya eceleni lezi zinguquko, Umbiko we-SOHR ka-March 2018 ibhala ngokufa kwamasosha angama-353,935 nezakhamizi eSyria. Lawo manani aqukethe izakhamizi ezingama-106,390; 63,820 amasosha aseSyria; Amalungu angama-58,130 amabutho asekela uhulumeni (kufaka phakathi i-1,630 evela eHezbollah nakwamanye amazwe angama-7,686); Ama-Islamic State angama-63,360, uJabhat Fateh al-Sham (owayekade eyiJabhat al-Nusra) namanye ama-jihadis amaSulumane; Bangu-62,039 abanye abantu abalwa nohulumeni; kanye nemizimba engu-196 engaziwa.

Ukuqeda lokhu nje kwabahlali kanye namabutho, abakwa-106,488 abahlali kanye namabutho e-247,447 abulawe (ngezidumbu ze-196 ezingaziwa zihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo), kuhlanganise namasosha ase-63,820 Syria.

Ukubalwa kwe-SOHR akuyona inhlolovo ebanzi yokubala njenge 2006 I-Lancet cwaningo e-Iraq. Kepha kungakhathalekile ukuthi unawuphi umbono ngabavukeli, i-SOHR ibonakala ingenye yemizamo ebanzi kunazo zonke yokubala abantu abangasekho kunoma iyiphi impi yakamuva.

Njengezikhungo zamasosha kwamanye amazwe, Amasosha aseSyria kungenzeka ukuthi agcina izibalo eziqondile zokulimala kwamasosha akhe. Ngaphandle kokulimala kwangempela kwamasosha, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi iSOHR ibalwe ezingaphezu kuka 20% abanye abantu ababulewe eSiriya Yempi Yombango. Kodwa ukubika kuka-SOHR kungase kube kuhle kunanoma yimiphi imizamo yangaphambili yokubala abafileyo ngokuthi "izindlela ezingenzi lutho".

Ukuthatha izibalo ze-SOHR ezibikiwe zokufa kwabantu okungezona ezempi njengoba u-20% wababulewe bangempela kungasho ukuthi kubulawe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.45 nabangewona amasosha. Ngemuva kokungeza amasosha aseSyria angama-64,000 abulawa kuleyo nombolo, ngilinganisela ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.5 babulewe eSyria.

Uma i-SOHR iphumelele kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi umzamo wangaphambilini "wokungenzi lutho" wokubala abafile empini, futhi ibalwe ama-25% noma ama-30% abantu ababulewe, inani langempela elibulewe lingahle liphansi kwesigidi esisodwa. Uma ingaphumelelanga ngendlela ebukeka ngayo, futhi ukubalwa kwayo kusondele kulokho obekujwayelekile kwezinye izimpi, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu ababulewe abangaba yizigidi ezimbili.

Somalia

Abaningi baseMelika bakhumbula ukungenelela kwe-US eSomalia okuholele kulo "I-Black Hawk" isigameko nokuhoxa kwamasosha ase-US ngo-1993. Kepha abantu baseMelika abaningi abasakhumbuli, noma kungenzeka ukuthi bebengazi nhlobo, ukuthi i-US yenze enye "Efihliwe, ethule, engenazo abezindaba" ukungenelela eSomalia ku-2006, ukusekela ukuhlasela kwezempi yaseTopiya.

Ekugcineni iSomalia "idonsela phezulu yi-bootstraps yayo" ngaphansi kokubusa kwe- I-Islamic Courts Union (ICU), inyunyana yezinkantolo zendabuko zendawo ezavuma ukusebenzisana ukuphatha izwe. I-ICU ibambisene nenduna yempi eMogadishu futhi yanqoba abanye abaphathi bezimpi ababebusa ubuthakathaka bangasese selokhu kwawa uhulumeni omkhulu ngo-1991. Abantu ababelazi kahle izwe bababaza i-ICU njengenqubekela phambili ethembeni lokuthula nozinzo eSomalia.

Kepha ngokwesimo sayo "sempi yokwesaba," uhulumeni wase-US wakhomba i-Islamic Courts Union njengesitha kanye nenjongo yokulwa nezempi. I-US ibambisene ne-Ethiopia, imbangi yendabuko yaseSomalia (kanye nezwe eliningi lobuKristu), futhi yenziwa ukushaya kwemimoya kanye nokusebenza kwamandla akhethekile ukusekela i Ukuhlasela kweTopiya eSomalia ukususa i-ICU emandleni. Njengakwamanye amazwe, i-US kanye nama-proxies ayo ahlasela kusukela ku-2001, umphumela waba ukuphonsa eSomalia emuva ebudloveni nasezingxabanweni lokho kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ukulinganisa Ukufa Kwezokufa eSomalia

Imithombo yamathambo ibeka inani lokufa ebudlova eSomalia kusukela ukuhlasela kwe-Ethiopia okusekelwe e-US ku-2006 ku-20,171 (Upp Data Data Programme (UCDP) - nge-2016) no-24,631 (Iphrojekthi Yedatha Yengxabano Yomcimbi Nendawo Yomcimbi (i-ACLED)). Kepha i-NGO yendawo ethola umklomelo, I-Elman Ukuthula Nezikhungo Zamalungelo Abantu eMogadishu, okulandela ukufa kwe-2007 no-2008 kuphela, kubalwa ukufa kwe-16,210 kudlala kule minyaka emibili yedwa, izikhathi ezingu-4.7 inombolo ebalwa u-UCDP kanye nama-5.8 izikhathi ze-ACLED kule minyaka emibili.

ELibya, iLibya Body Count ibalwe kuphela abantu abaphindwe ka-1.45 njengokufa kwe-ACLED. ESomalia, u-Elman Peace ubalwe izikhathi eziphindwe ka-5.8 kune-ACLED - umehluko phakathi kwalaba bobabili ubuphindwe kane ngobukhulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukubalwa kuka-Elman Peace kwakucishe kuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa neLibya Body Count's, kuyilapho i-ACLED ibonakala icishe isebenze ngempumelelo ekubaleni ukufa kwabantu eSomalia njengaseLibya.

I-UCDP ingene ezinombolweni eziphakeme zokushona kune-ACLED kusuka ku-2006 kuze kube yi-2012, ngenkathi i-ACLED isishicilele izinombolo eziphakeme kune-UCDP kusukela nge-2013. Isilinganiso samacala abo amabili sinikeza inani lokufa kwabantu abanodlame abangama-23,916 kusuka ngoJulayi 2006 kuya ku-2017. Ukube u-Elman Peace ubelokhu ebala impi Ukufa kwabantu futhi bebeqhubeka nokuthola izikhathi ezingama-5.25 (isilinganiso esiphindwe ka-4.7 no-5.8) izinombolo ezitholwe yilawa maqembu okuqapha amazwe omhlaba, bekungaba manje ukuthi sekube nokufa kwabantu abanodlame ababalelwa ku-125,000 selokhu kwahlasela amaTopiya asekelwa yi-US ngoJulayi 2006.

Kepha ngenkathi u-Elman Peace ebala ukufa okuningi kakhulu kune-UCDP noma i-ACLED, lokhu bekuseyisibalo nje "sokungenzi lutho" sokufa kwabantu eSomalia. Ukulinganisa inani eliphelele labantu abafa empini okuholele esinqumweni saseMelika sokubhubhisa uhulumeni waseSomalia osafufusa, kumele siziphindaphinde lezi zibalo ngesilinganiso esiwela ndawana thize phakathi kwalabo abatholakala kwezinye izimpi, phakathi kuka-5: 1 no-20: 1.

Ukufaka isilinganiso esingu-5: 1 kokuqagela kwami ​​kwalokho okungenzeka ukuthi i-Elman Project ibalwe manje kuveza ukufa kwabantu abangu-625,000. Ukufaka i-20: isilinganiso se-1 ezibalweni eziphansi kakhulu nge-UCDP ne-ACLED kunganikeza isibalo esiphansi esingu-480,000.

Mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi i-Elman Project ibibala ngaphezu kuka-20% wababulawa ngokoqobo kulo lonke elaseSomalia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UCDP ne-ACLED babebala kuphela imibiko yokushona kwabantu eSomalia besuka ezisekelweni zabo eSweden nase-UK, ngokuya ngemibiko eshicilelwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi babala ngaphansi kokushona okungu-5%.

Ukube i-Elman Project ibithwebula kuphela u-15% wabantu abashonile ngokuphelele esikhundleni sama-20%, lokho bekungaphakamisa ukuthi bangu-830,000 abantu asebebulewe kusukela ngo-2006. Uma izibalo ze-UCDP kanye ne-ACLED sezithathe ngaphezu kuka-5% wokufa okuphelele, inani langempela lingaba ngaphansi ngaphezu kwama-480,000. Kepha lokho kungasho ukuthi i-Elman Project ibikhomba inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokufa kwabantu, obekungakaze kwenzeke kulo msebenzi onje.

Ngakho-ke ngilinganisa ukuthi inombolo yangempela yabantu ababulewe eSomalia kusukela ku-2006 kumele ibe phakathi kwe-500,000 no-850,000, cishe cishe mayelana nokufa kwe-650,000 enobudlova.

Yemen

Izwe laseMelika liyingxenye yomfelandawonye obelokhu uhlasela ngamabhomu iYemen kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2015 emzamweni wokubuyisela lowo owayenguMongameli u-Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi emandleni. UHadi wakhethwa ngo-2012 ngemuva kwemibhikisho yama-Arab Spring kanye nemibhikisho ehlomile ephoqa owayengundlovukayiphikiswa wase-Yemen owayesekelwa e-United States, u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, ukuba ashiye phansi umsebenzi ngoNovemba 2011.

Umsebenzi kaHadi kwakungukwenza umthethosisekelo omusha nokuhlela ukhetho olusha kungakapheli iminyaka emibili. Akenzanga neyodwa yalezi zinto, ngakho-ke inhlangano enamandla ye-More Houthi yahlasela inhlokodolobha ngoSepthemba 2014, yafaka uHadi eboshelwe endlini futhi yafuna ukuthi yena nohulumeni wakhe bafeze igunya labo futhi bahlele ukhetho olusha.

AmaZaidis ayihlelo lamaShiite eliyingqayizivele elenza ama-45% wabantu baseYemen. Ama-Imams amaningi abuse iningi lase-Yemen iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. AmaSunni noZaidis bahlala ndawonye ngokuthula eYemen amakhulu eminyaka, ukushadana kuvamile futhi bathandaza emasikini afanayo.

U-Imam wokugcina waketulwa empini yombango ngawo-1960. Kuleyo mpi, abakwaSaudis basekela abasebukhosini Abangaphezulu, kuyilapho iGibhithe lahlasela iYemen ukuze lixhase amabutho aseRepublican agcina esakha iRemocratic Arab Republic ngo-1970.

Ku-2014, i-Hadi yenqaba ukubambisana ne-Houthis, futhi ishiye uJanuwari 2015. Ubalekele e-Aden, idolobha langakubo, wabe eseya eSaudi Arabia, lapho kwaqala khona umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu osekelwa yi-US kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi yasolwandle ukuzama ukumbuyisela emandleni.

Ngenkathi iSaudi Arabia iqhuba kakhulu iziteleka zomoya, i-US ithengise iningi lezindiza, amabhomu, imicibisholo nezinye izikhali elizisebenzisayo. I-UK ingumhlinzeki wezingalo wesibili ngobukhulu weSaudis. Ngaphandle kobuhlakani besathelayithi base-US kanye nophethiloli osemoyeni, iSaudi Arabia ibingakwazi ukuqhuba izindiza zezindiza kulo lonke elaseYemen njengoba kwenza. Ngakho-ke ukunqanyulwa kwezikhali zase-US, ukugcwaliswa komoya emoyeni nokusekelwa kwamanxusa kungaba yisinqumo sokuqeda impi.

Ukulinganisa Ukufa Kwezempi e-Yemen

Ukulinganiselwa okushicilelwe kwezimpi e-Yemen kusekelwe ekuhloleni okuvamile kwezibhedlela lapho i-World Health Organization, evame ukuhanjiswa yi- I-UN Office Yokuxhumaniswa Kwezisebenzi Zokusiza (UNOCHA). Isilinganiso sakamuva kakhulu, kusuka ngoDisemba 2017, ukuthi bangu-9,245 5,558 abantu asebebulewe, kuhlanganisa nezakhamizi ezingama-XNUMX.

Kodwa umbiko ka-UNOCHA kaDisemba 2017 wawuhlanganisa inothi ethi, "Ngenxa yenani eliphakeme lezikhungo zezempilo ezingasebenzi noma ngokusebenza kancane ngenxa yenkinga, lezi zinamba zibikwa futhi cishe ziphakeme."

Noma izibhedlela zisebenza ngokugcwele, abantu abaningi ababulewe empini abaze baye esibhedlela. Izibhedlela eziningana e-Yemen zishaywe yiziteleka zomoya zaseSaudi, kukhona ukuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi evimbela ukungeniswa kwemithi kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokunikezwa kukagesi, amanzi, ukudla nophethiloli konke kuthintekile ukuqhuma kwamabhomu nokuvinjelwa. Ngakho-ke ukufingqwa kwe-WHO kwemibiko yokufa okuvela ezibhedlela kungenzeka kube yingxenyana encane yezibalo zangempela zabantu ababulewe.

I-ACLED ibika isibalo esiphansi kancane kune-WHO: 7,846 kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka we-2017. Kepha ngokungafani ne-WHO, i-ACLED inedatha yamanje ka-2018, futhi ibika okunye ukufa kwabantu abangu-2,193 kusukela ngoJanuwari. Uma i-WHO iqhubeka nokubika ukufa okungu-18% ngaphezulu kwe-ACLED, inani le-WHO kuze kube manje lizoba yi-11,833.

Ngisho ne-UNOCHA ne-WHO bayakuvuma ukubikwa okukhulu kokushona kwempi eYemen, futhi isilinganiso esiphakathi kwemibiko ye-WHO engenziwanga kanye nokufa kwangempela sibonakala sisekupheleni kobubanzi obutholakala kwezinye izimpi, obehluka phakathi kuka-5: 1 no-20: 1. Ngilinganisela ukuthi sebebulewe abantu ababalelwa ku-175,000 - izikhathi eziyi-15 izinombolo ezibikwe yi-WHO ne-ACLED - ubuncane bangu-120,000 kanye nobukhulu obungu-240,000.

Indleko Yeqiniso Yomuntu Yezimpi Zase-US

Sekukonke, ezingxenyeni ezintathu zalo mbiko, ngilinganise ukuthi izimpi zaseMelika zangemva kuka-9/11 zibulale abantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyisithupha. Mhlawumbe inombolo eyiqiniso ingamamiliyoni ayi-6 kuphela. Noma mhlawumbe kuyizigidi eziyi-5. Kepha ngiqinisekile ukuthi yizigidi ezimbalwa.

Akukhona kuphela amakhulu ezinkulungwane, abaningi abantu abanolwazi oluthe xaxa bakholelwa, ngoba ukuhlanganiswa "kokubika okungahambi kahle" akunakwenzeka ukuba kube ngaphezu kwengxenyana yezinombolo zangempela zabantu ababulewe emazweni aphila ngohlobo lobudlova nezinyaluzo ukuhlukunyezwa kwezwe lethu uye wavula kubo kusukela ku-2001.

Ukubika okuhleliwe kwe- I-Syrian Observatory Yamalungelo Abantu ngokuqinisekileyo uthathe ingxenyana emikhulu yokufa kwangempela kunezinombolo ezincane zokuphenywa okuphelile ezibikwe ngobuqili njengokulinganiselwa kokufa kukaJehova I-UN Assistance Mission eya e-Afghanistan. Kepha zombili zisamele ingxenyana yokufa okuphelele.

Futhi isibalo sangempela sabantu ababulewe nakakhulu asikho emashumini ezinkulungwane, njengabantu abaningi emphakathini e-US futhi e-UK ziye zaholela ekukholweni, ngokwemibono yemibono.

Sidinga usizo oluphuthumayo ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze baqhube izifundo zokufa eziphelele kuwo wonke amazwe ase-US agijimile empini kusukela ngo-2001, ukuze izwe lingaphendule ngokufanele izinga lokufa nokubhujiswa kulezi zimpi eziye zabangela.

Njengoba uBarbara Lee axwayisa ozakwabo ngaphambi kokuba avote yedwa ngo-2001, "sesingububi esibusolayo." Kepha lezi zimpi azihambiswanga namabutho ezempi asabekayo (okwamanje) noma izinkulumo mayelana nokunqoba umhlaba. Esikhundleni salokho bavunyelwe ngokwezombusazwe "Impi yolwazi" ukuze badonsa izitha futhi yakha izinkinga, bese u-a "Zifihliwe, zithulile, zemidiya" indlela, ukufihla izindleko zabo egazini lomuntu kusuka emphakathini waseMelika nasemhlabeni.

Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-16 yempi, mayelana ne-6 million yokufa kwabantu abanobudlova, amazwe e-6 aqothulwa futhi amaningi aphefumulisiwe, kuphuthumayo ukuthi umphakathi waseMelika uvumelane nezindleko zomuntu weqiniso zezimpi zezwe lethu nokuthi senze kanjani futhi siphambukiswe ekuphenduleni amehlo abo engaboni - ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke isikhathi eside, abhubhise amazwe amaningi, aphinde ahlukumeze ukubusa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi abulale izigidi zabantu abaningi.

As UHannah Arendt wabhala in Imvelaphi Yobumbano, “Asisakwazi ukukhokhela ukuthatha okuhle okwedlule futhi simane sikubize ngokuthi yigugu lethu, ukulahla okubi bese simane sikuthathe njengomthwalo ofile ozokwazi ukungcwaba wona uqobo ngesikhathi esizayo. Umfudlana ongaphansi komhlaba womlando waseNtshonalanga ugcine ufikile futhi wasiphuca isithunzi sesiko lethu. Lokhu yiqiniso esiphila kulo. ”

UNicolas JS Davies ungumlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq. Wabhala futhi isahluko esithi "Obama eMpini" ekubambeni uMongameli we-44th: iKhadi lokubika ngesikhathi sokuqala sikaBarack Obama njengomholi oqhubekayo.