nguC Liegh McInnis, World BEYOND War, May 5, 2023
Kwethulwa ngoMeyi 4, 2023, iVietnam eya e-Ukraine: Izifundo ze-US Peace Movement Ukukhumbula i-Kent State kanye ne-Jackson State! I-Webinar ephethwe yi-Green Party Peace Action Committee; I-Peoples Network for Planet, Justice & Peace; kanye ne-Green Party yase-Ohio
I-Jackson State University, njengamanye ama-HBCU, iyisibonelo somzabalazo wabamnyama ngokumelene nobukoloni. Nakuba iningi lama-HBCUs asungulwa ngesikhathi noma ngemva nje Kokwakhiwa Kabusha, agxile ohlelweni lwamakholoni aseMelika lokuhlukanisa nokuxhasa ngemali abantu abamnyama nezikhungo zabamnyama ukuze angabi ngaphezu kwamasimu lapho abacindezeli abamhlophe belawula khona ikharikhulamu ukuze balawule. ikhono lobuhlakani nenqubekela phambili yezomnotho yabantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ama-HBCU amathathu omphakathi ase-Mississippi—i-Jackson State, i-Alcorn, ne-Mississippi Valley—kwadingeka ukuba zithole imvume kuBhodi Lekolishi lesifundazwe ukuze nje zimeme izikhulumi ekhempasini. Ezicini eziningi, i-Jackson State yayingenakho ukuzimela kokunquma isiqondiso sayo semfundo. Kodwa-ke, sibonga abaholi abakhulu nosolwazi, abafana noMongameli wangaphambili uDkt. John A. Peoples, imbongi nombhali wamanoveli uDkt. Margaret Walker Alexander, nabanye, uJackson State ukwazile ukugwema ubandlululo lwezemfundo lwaseMississippi futhi waba ngelinye lama-HBCU ayishumi nanye kuphela ukuwazuza. Cwaninga Isimo Sesibili. Eqinisweni, i-Jackson State iyinhlangano yesibili endala yocwaningo lwesibili lwe-HBCU. Ukwengeza, i-Jackson State ibiyingxenye yalokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi i-Civil Rights Triangle njenge-JSU, i-COFO Building, nehhovisi lika-Medgar Evers njengenhloko ye-NAACP yase-Mississippi zonke zazisemgwaqweni owodwa, zihlangene komunye nomunye, zakha unxantathu. Ngakho, ngaphandle nje kwekhempasi ye-JSU, kune-COFO Building, eyayisebenza njengekomkhulu le-Freedom Summer futhi yaheha abafundi abaningi be-JSU njengamavolontiya. Futhi, vele, abafundi abaningi be-JSU babeyingxenye yegatsha lentsha le-NAACP ngoba u-Evers waba nesandla ekubahlanganiseni ukuba bangene eMovement. Kodwa, njengoba ungase ucabange, lokhu akwehlanga kahle kubhodi leKholeji elimhlophe eliningi noma iningi lesishayamthetho sezwe labamhlophe, okwaholela ekuncishisweni okwengeziwe kwezimali kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okuvamile kwabafundi nothisha okwaphumela ekudutshulweni kwango-1970 lapho. I-Mississippi National Guard yazungeza ikhampasi kanye noMnyango Wamaphoyisa ka-Mississippi Highway Patrol kanye no-Jackson Police Department bamasha bangena esikhungweni, badubula imizuliswano engaphezu kwamakhulu amane endaweni yokulala yabesifazane, kwalimala abayishumi nesishiyagalombili kwashona ababili: uPhillip Lafayette Gibbs noJames Earl Green.
Ukuxhuma lo mcimbi engxoxweni yanamuhla kusihlwa, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inhlangano yabafundi baseJackson State yayihlanganisa omakadebona baseVietnam abambalwa, njengobaba, uClaude McInnis, owayebuyele ekhaya futhi wabhalisa ekolishi, ezimisele ukwenza izwe lisekele isivumokholo salo sentando yeningi babelwa ngephutha emazweni angaphandle. Ngokufanayo, mina nobaba saphoqeleka ukuba sikhethe phakathi kobubi obuncane bobukoloni. Akazange abuthelwe eVietnam. Ubaba waphoqwa ukuba angenele inkonzo yezempi ngenxa yokuthi iphoyisa elimhlophe lafika emzini kamkhulu futhi lanikeza isiphetho, “Uma leyo ndodana yakho ebomvu isinesikhathi eside lapha, izozithola isijwayelene ngempela nesihlahla.” Kanjalo, umkhulu wafaka ubaba ebuthweni ngoba enomuzwa wokuthi iVietnam izophepheka kuneMississippi ngoba, okungenani eVietnam, wayezoba nesikhali sokuzivikela. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nambili kamuva, ngazithola sekufanele ngibhalisele uMbutho WokuQapha Kazwelonke WaseMississippi—ibutho elifanayo nelahlanganyela esibhicongweni saseJSU—ngoba ngangingenayo enye indlela yokuqeda imfundo yami yasekolishi. Lena yindlela eqhubekayo yokuthi abantu abamnyama bakhethe phakathi kobubi obuncane obubili ukuze baphile. Nokho, ubaba wangifundisa ukuthi, ngesinye isikhathi, ukuphila akunakuba nje ukukhetha phakathi kobubi obuncane obubili nokuthi umuntu kumelwe azimisele ukudela konke ukuze adale izwe lapho abantu benokukhetha kwangempela okungaholela ekubeni isakhamuzi esigcwele. ibenza bakwazi ukufeza amandla obuntu babo. Yilokho akwenza ngokusungula i-Vet Club, okwakuyinhlangano ye-Vietnam Vets eyayisebenzisana namanye amalungelo abantu bendawo kanye nezinhlangano zama-Black Nationalist ukusiza ekukhululweni kwabantu base-Afrika enyameni yabamhlophe. Lokhu bekuhlanganisa nokugada umgwaqo odabula ophikweni lwase-JSU ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abashayeli abamhlophe bayasithobela isivinini esinqunyiwe ngoba abafundi bebehlale behlukunyezwa yibona abafundi ababili beshayiswa abashayeli abamhlophe futhi awakaze avulwe amacala. Kodwa, ngifuna ukucaca. Ngobusuku bangoMeyi 15, 1970, ukudubulana, kwakungekho lutho olwenzeka ekhempasini obekungaqinisekisa ukuba khona kwabomthetho. Kwakungekho rally noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesenzo sezepolitiki sabafundi. Okuwukuphela kwesiphithiphithi kwaba wumbhikisho wezomthetho wendawo owawuphikisana nabafundi abamnyama abangenacala. Lokho kudubula kwakuwukuhlasela okungenakuncishiswa kwe-Jackson State njengophawu lwabantu abamnyama abasebenzisa imfundo ukuze babe izidalwa ezizimele. Futhi ukuba khona kwabomthetho ngokungadingekile ekhempasini yase-Jackson State akufani nokuba khona kwebutho lezempi elingadingekile eVietnam nanoma iyiphi enye indawo amabutho ethu atshalwe ukuze kumiswe noma kugcinwe umbuso wamakoloni waseMelika.
Ngiqhubeka nomsebenzi kababa kanye namanye ama-Mississippi Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement, ngisebenze ngezindlela ezintathu ukuze ngikhanyise lomlando, ngifundise lo mlando, futhi ngisebenzise lo mlando ukuze ngikhuthaze abanye ukuba bakhuthale ekumelaneni nokucindezelwa ngazo zonke izinhlobo. Njengombhali oqanjiwe, ngishicilele izinkondlo nezindaba ezimfushane mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwe-JSU ngo-1970 ngabomthetho bendawo kanye nomlando ojwayelekile kanye nomzabalazo we-Jackson State. Njengombhali wendatshana, ngishicilele izindatshana mayelana nezimbangela kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaselwa kwe-JSU ngo-1970 kanye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wesikhungo wokulwa nezinqubomgomo zokucwasa abamhlophe. Njengothisha e-JSU, enye yezixwayiso zembangela yekilasi lami lokuqamba izincwadi kanye nephepha lomphumela kwaba ukuthi “Iyini imbangela yokuhlaselwa kwesifunda saseJackson ngo-1970?” Ngakho-ke, abaningi babafundi bami bathole ukucwaninga nokubhala ngalo mlando. Futhi, ekugcineni, njengothisha, ngangikhuthele futhi ngafakaza phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lika-Ayers lapho ama-HBCU amathathu omphakathi ase-Mississippi amangalela umbuso ngemikhuba yawo yokuxhasa ngezimali ebandlululayo. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wami, ikakhulukazi njengombhali wokuqamba, inkathi yaseVietnam kanye ne-US Peace Movement zingifundise izinto ezine. Omunye—ukuthula kungumngane wobubi. Ezombusazwe ezimbili—zasekhaya, zezwe, nezamazwe ngamazwe ziyasebenzisana uma zingafani, ikakhulukazi njengoba zihlobene nezimpi ezixhasa uhulumeni ngezimali ukuze andise umbuso wawo kunokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zemfundo, ezempilo, nokuqashwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukulingana ezakhamuzini zayo. Okwesithathu—ayikho indlela uhulumeni angasebenzisa ngayo noma enze izenzo ezingenabulungisa ekhaya noma phesheya futhi athathwe njengenhlangano enobulungisa. Futhi, ezine—kuphela lapho abantu bekhumbula ukuthi bangohulumeni nokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibasebenzela lapho sizokwazi khona ukukhetha abameleli futhi simise izinqubomgomo ezithuthukisa ukuthula kunobukoloniyali. Ngisebenzisa lezi zifundo njengomhlahlandlela wokubhala nokufundisa kwami ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wami unganikeza ulwazi nogqozi kwabanye ukuze basize ukwakha umhlaba onokuthula nokukhiqiza. Futhi, ngiyabonga ngokuba nami.
UMcInnis uyimbongi, umbhali wezindaba ezimfushane, kanye nomfundisi wesiNgisi osethathe umhlalaphansi e-Jackson State University, owayengumhleli/umshicileli we-Black Magnolias Literary Journal, kanye nombhali wezincwadi eziyisishiyagalombili, okuhlanganisa amaqoqo amane ezinkondlo, iqoqo elilodwa lezinganekwane ezimfushane (Izikripthi). : Imidwebo Nezinganekwane zase-Urban Mississippi), umsebenzi owodwa wokugxeka izincwadi (Amagama eNkosana: Ukubheka Kwezincwadi Kumuntu Oqanjiwe, Imbongi Yomculo, Isazi Sefilosofi, Nomxoxi Wezindaba), umsebenzi owodwa obhalwe ngokuhlanganyela, UMfowethu Hollis: I-Sankofa of a Movement Indoda, exoxa ngempilo yesithonjana samalungelo abantu baseMississippi, kanye noMgijimi Wokuqala Wangaphambili Womklomelo Wezinkondlo we-Amiri Baraka/Sonia Sanchez oxhaswe yiNorth Carolina State A&T. Ukwengeza, umsebenzi wakhe ushicilelwe kumajenali amaningi kanye nama-anthologies, okuhlanganisa i-Obsidian, Tribes, Konch, Down to the Dark River, i-anthology yezinkondlo ngoMfula iMississippi, kanye neBlack Hollywood Unchained, okuyi-anthology yezindatshana mayelana nokuvezwa kweHollywood. Ama-Afrika aseMelika.
