NguPat Old, ngo-Okthoba 10, 2020
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ekhishwe kuleli sonto yi-St Mary's River Watershed Association kanye noMnyango Wezemvelo waseMaryland (MDE) ikhombisa amazinga aphezulu obuthi be-PFAS kuma-oysters nasemanzini omfula ahlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali eWebster Outlying Field yoMfula iPatuxent Isiteshi Sezindiza SaseNavy (iWebster Field) eSt. Inigoes, eMaryland. Isisekelo siseduze nethiphu eseningizimu yeSt. Mary's County, MD.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ama-oysters emfuleni yiChurch Point naseSt. Inigoes Creek aqukethe ngaphezu kwezinxenye eziyi-1,000 XNUMX trillion (ppt) ngayinye yamakhemikhali anobuthi. Ama-oysters ahlaziywa ngabakwa-Eurofins, umholi womhlaba ekuhlolweni kwePFAS. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa egameni leSt. Mary's River Watershed Association futhi kwasekelwa ngokwezimali Abasebenzi Bomphakathi Bokubophezeleka Kwezemvelo, UNTANGA.
Okwamanje, idatha ekhishwe yi-MDE akhombise amazinga e-PFAS ku-13.45 ng / l (ama-nanograms ngelitha, noma izingxenye nge-trillion) atholakala emanzini omfula cishe ngamamitha angu-2,300 entshonalanga yeWebster Field. Ngokuya ngalokhu okutholakele, imibiko ye-MDE ibika ukuthi, "Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezinhlekelele zomphakathi kwezempilo zePFAS zokutholakala kwamanzi ezindaweni zokuzithokozisa nokusetshenziswa kwama-oyster bekuphansi kakhulu." Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi angcoliswe yi-PFAS emazingeni afanayo kwezinye izifundazwe, noma kunjalo, kukhombisa ukuthi impilo yasemanzini yayiqukethe amazinga aphezulu obuthi, ngenxa yemvelo yokuqoqwa kwamakhemikhali.
I-oyster eqoqwe eChurch Point eSt. Mary's College yaseMaryland yayiqukethe i-1,100 ppt ye-6: 2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, (I-FTSAngenkathi ama-bivalve aseSt. Inigoes Creek engcoliswe yi-800 ppt yePerfluorobutanoic acid, (I-PFBA) kanye no-220 ppt wePerfluoropentanoic acid, (I-PFPeA).
Izikhulu ezihola phambili zezempilo zomphakathi ziyasixwayisa hhayi ukusebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-1 ppt ubuthi ngosuku emanzini okuphuza. Amakhemikhali e-PFAS axhumene nenqwaba yomdlavuza, ukungajwayelekile kwengane, kanye nezifo zezingane, kufaka phakathi i-autism, i-asthma, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokunakwa. Abantu akufanele badle lawa ma-oysters, ikakhulukazi abesifazane okungenzeka ukuthi bakhulelwe.
EMaryland, umthwalo wokulawulwa kokuhlanzeka kwama-oysters uhlukaniswe phakathi kwama-ejensi amathathu ombuso: UMnyango Wezemvelo waseMaryland (MDE), uMnyango Wezemvelo (DNR), noMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nenhlanzeko Yengqondo (DHMH). Lezi zinhlaka zehlulekile ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi ngenkathi abaphathi bakaTrump I-EPA inamazinga akhululekile maqondana nokungcola kwePFAS. Lapho izifundazwe zimangalele uMnyango Wezokuvikela ngokufaka ushevu ekudleni nasemanzini, i-DOD iphendule ngokumangalela “amasosha omzimba okuzimela” okusho ukuthi anelungelo lokungcolisa imigwaqo yamanzi ngenxa yokubhekelelwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke.
Ukubhekisisa Isayensi: Ama-Oysters Angcolile
Yize i-MDE ithi akukho okumele ukwesabe futhi Izikhulu zeNavy zithi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukungcola kwePFAS kusabalale ngaphezu kwezisekelo zayo, UDkt UMqondisi Wezinqubomgomo Zesayensi kaKyla Bennett uthi ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni kukhawulelwe kakhulu ukubanga ukuthi kunempilo encane ehambisana nokudla oysters.
“Sidinga ukwazi kabanzi,” kusho yena.
Ngokusho the IBay Journal UBennett uthe kunokushoda ekuhlolweni kukahulumeni okwehlisa ikhono lawo lokuhlola kahle ubungozi bezempilo. Isibonelo, uthe, ukuhlolwa kwe-MDE “bekungeke kukwazi ukuqoqa isakhi esisodwa esinenkinga enkulu ngisho nasemazingeni ezinxenye eziyizinkulungwane eziningana kwisigidigidi ngasinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthe, umbuso uvivinye wonke amasampula awo ngezinhlanganisela ze-PFAS ezingaphezu kwezingu-14 ezingaphezulu kwezi-8,000.
"Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi bahlulekile ukuhlolela wonke ama-36 [PFAS compounds] kuwo wonke amasayithi abo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi imingcele yokutholwa ngokwemvelo yabo iphakeme kakhulu, ifinyelela ezingxenyeni eziyi-10,000 XNUMX kwisigidigidi ngasinye, ukuthola isiphetho sokuthi kunengozi encane, ngicabanga ukuthi ukungazibophezeli, ”kusho yena.
Ama-oysters ayishumi avela eMfuleni iSt. Mary's atholakala kuqwembe lwama-oyster othosiwe endaweni yokudlela yokudla kwasolwandle esifundeni angaqukatha amagremu angama-500 ama-oysters. Uma i-oyster ngayinye inamakhemikhali ayi-1,000 ppt amakhemikhali e-PFAS, kufana nengxenye eyodwa ngezigidigidi, efanayo ne-1 nanogram ngegramu, (ng / g).
Ngakho-ke, i-1 ng / gx 500 g (ama-oysters ayi-10) alingana nama-500 ng we-PFAS.
Ekungabibikho kokudabukisa komthethonqubo wesifundazwe nowombuso, singabheka ku-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ukuthola isiqondiso, yize izikhulu eziningi zezempilo zomphakathi zithi amazinga azo e-PFAS aphakeme ngendlela eyingozi. Noma kunjalo, abaseYurophu bangaphambi kweMelika ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi ekulimaleni kwala makhemikhali.
I-EFSA ibeke iTolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) kuma-nanograms angu-4.4 ngekhilogremu lesisindo somzimba. (4.4 ng / kg / wk) yamakhemikhali e-PFAS ekudleni.
Ngakho-ke, umuntu onesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-150 (68 kilos) angakwazi “ngokuphepha” kudla ama-nanograms angama-300 ngesonto. (ng / wk) [cishe ama-68 x 4.4] wamakhemikhali e-PFAS.
Ake sithi othile usebenzisa ukudla kwama-oysters ayi-10 athosiwe anesisindo esingu-500 grams (.5 kg) aqukethe ama-500 ng / kg wamakhemikhali e-PFAS.
[.5 kg yama-oysters x 1,000 ng PFAS / kg = 500 ngs ye-PFAS kuleso sidlo.]
AbaseYurophu bathi akufanele sifake ngaphezu kwama-nanograms angama-300 ngesonto lamakhemikhali e-PFAS, ngakho-ke, isitsha esisodwa se-oyster othosiwe sidlula lelo zinga. Uma sigcina umkhawulo wansuku zonke ophethwe yi-1 ppt ogqugquzelwa yiHarvard School of Public Health noma i-Environmental Working Group, sizokhawulelwa ukufaka umhlwathi owodwa waseSt. Mary's River njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili. Okwamanje, iMaryland ithi izingozi zezempilo ezivela kula ma-oysters "ziphansi kakhulu."
Le nkinga yezempilo yomphakathi iqhutshwa yimithombo yezindaba ekhombisa ngokulalela ukukhishwa kwabezindaba nabezempi lapho kungekho ukuhlaziywa okubucayi. Yini umphakathi okufanele ucabange ngenye indlela? Okubaluleke kakhulu, umphakathi kufanele wethembe bani? Isikole saseHarvard seMpilo Yomphakathi? Isiphathimandla Sokuphepha Kokudla EYurophu? noma uMnyango Wezemvelo ophethwe yiRiphabhulikhi waseMaryland onerekhodi elidabukisayo lokukhuthaza imvelo esebenza ngaphansi kwe-EPA engasasebenzi?
Ungawadli ama-oysters.
U-EFSA uthi leyo "nhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle" i-akhawunti efinyelela ku-86% yokuvezwa kokudla kwe-PFAS kubantu abadala. Okuningi kwalokhu kuvezwa kudalwa ukusetshenziswa budedengu kwamagwebu okulwa nomlilo ezisekelweni zamasosha kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ukudla okulinywa kusuka emasimini ambozwe udaka olugcwele i-PFAS kusuka kumasayithi ezempi nakwezimboni, amanzi okuphuza angcolile avela emithonjeni efanayo, nemikhiqizo yabathengi yakha ingxenye enkulu yemithombo esele ebambe iqhaza ekufakeni komphakathi i-PFAS.
ukusetshenziswa kophawu lwePatuxent River Naval Air Station.
Ukubhekisisa Isayensi: Amanzi Angcolile
Idatha ekhishwe yi-MDE ekhombisa amazinga we 13.45 ng / l eMfuleni iSt. I- Izinga eliphakeme elivunyelwe le-PFAS e-European Union is .13 ng / l emanzini olwandle. Amazinga oMfula iSt.
In ILake Monoma, iWisconsin, ngaseTruax Field Air National Guard Base, amanzi angcoliswe nge-15 ng / l ye-PFAS. Iziphathimandla zikhawulela ekudleni i-carp, i-pike, i-bass, ne-perch ekudleni okukodwa ngenyanga, yize izikhulu eziningi zezempilo zithi ukuvumela ukuphuza akunankinga.
Endaweni yaseSouth Bay eSan Francisco Bay, amanzi olwandle aqukethe ingqikithi ye-10.87 ng / l yamakhemikhali e-PFAS. (ngaphansi kukaSt. Mary's) Bheka Ithebula 2a. Ama-bivalve atholakale ku-5.25 ng / g, noma ku-5,250 ppt. I-Pacific Staghorn Sculpin itholakale endaweni efanayo ne-241,000 ppt. we-PFAS. Ngokufanayo, e-Eden Landing eSan Francisco Bay, amanzi atholakala ukuthi aqukethe i-25.99 ng / l, kuyilapho ibivalve eyodwa yayine-76,300 ppt yobuthi.
ENew Jersey, i-Echo Lake Reservoir yayine-24.3 ng / l kanti umfula iCohansey watholakala une-17.9 ng / l ye-PFAS ephelele. ILargemouth Bass itholwe ku-Echo Lake Reservoir equkethe ama-5,120 ppt we-PFAS ephelele ngenkathi uMfula iCohansey une-White Perch equkethe i-3,040 ppt ye-PFAS. Kunemininingwane eminingi etholakala ezifundazweni ebezivikela kakhulu impilo yomphakathi kuneMaryland. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi amaningi ala makhemikhali e-PFAS aqoqeka ngokuphila kwasemanzini nasebantwini.
Ngo-2002, ucwaningo olwavela kulo magazini, i-Environmental Contamination and Toxicology labika ngalo isampula le-oyster ebiqukethe i-1,100 ng / g noma i-1,100,000 ppt ye-PFOS, edume kakhulu nge-PFAS "amakhemikhali angunaphakade." U-oyster waqoqwa eHog Point eChesapeake Bay, ebangeni elingamamitha acishe abe ngu-3,000 XNUMX ukusuka erowu wezindiza ePatuxent River Naval Air Station. Namuhla, umbiko omusha ovela ku-MDE lawo masampula amanzi angaphezulu kanye nama-oysters endaweni efanayo ye-PFAS akatholanga "akukho mazinga okukhathazeka."
