Nazi izindlela eziyi-12 Ukuhlasela kwase-US Kwezimpilo Zase-Iraq Ku-Infamy

NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas SJ Davies, Mashi 17, 2020

Ngenkathi umhlaba udliwe ubhubhane olwesabekayo lwe-coronavirus, ngoMashi 19 ukuphathwa kukaTrump kuzobe kungumaka wokugubha kweminyaka engu-17 kwangena izwe lase-Iraq e-Iraq ukuhlangana phezulu ukungqubuzana lapho. Ngemuva kokuthi isosha elihlangene ne-Iran lisolwa ngokuhlasela indawo yaseMelika ngaseBaghdad ngoMashi 11, amasosha aseMelika enza iziteleka zokuziphindiselela ngokumelene nefektri yezikhali zamasosha ayisihlanu futhi amemezele ukuthi athumela abanye abathwali bezindiza ezimbili esifundeni, kanye nomcibisholo omusha wasePatriot. izinhlelo kanye amakhulu amanye amabutho ukuzisebenzisa. Lokhu kuyaphikisana Voti langoJanuwari wePhalamende lase-Iraq elacela ukuthi amabutho ase-US ashiye izwe. Kubuye kuphambane nemizwa yabantu abaningi baseMelika, ukucabanga impi yase-Iraq ibingafanele ukulwa, futhi iphikisana nesithembiso somkhankaso sikaDonald Trump sokuqeda izimpi ezingapheli.

Eminyakeni engu-XNUMX edlule, amabutho ahlomile aseMelika ahlasela futhi ahlasela i-Iraq ngamandla okweqile Amasosha e-460,000 kuzo zonke izinsizakalo zalo ezihlome ngezikhali, zisekelwa ngu 46,000 UK amabutho, angama-2,000 XNUMX aqhamuka e-Australia namakhulu ambalwa aqhamuka ePoland, Spain, Portugal naseDenmark. Ukuqhuma “kokuthuthumela nokumangala” kwebhanoyi kudaluliwe 29,200 amabhomu kanye nemicibisholo e-Iraq emasontweni amahlanu okuqala empi.

Ukuhlasela kwase-US kwaba ubugebengu bobutha ngaphansi umthetho wamazwe omhlaba, futhi yaphikiswa ngentshiseko yabantu namazwe emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-30 abathathe uhambo lokuya emigwaqweni emazweni angama-60 ngoFebhuwari 15, 2003, ukuzwakalisa ukwesaba kwabo ukuthi kungenzeka ngempela lokhu kwenzeke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21. Isazi-mlando saseMelika u-Arthur Schlesinger Jr., owayengumkhulumeli kaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, waqhathanisa nokuhlasela kwase-US e-Iraq nokuhlasela kwaseJapan okwenzeka ePearl Harbor ngo-1941 futhi wabhala, "Namuhla, yithina singabantu baseMelika abaphila ngokudumala."

Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, imiphumela yalokhu kuhlasela iye yaphila ukwesaba bonke ababephikisana nayo. Izimpi nobutha kuqubuka esifundeni sonke, futhi ukwahlukana ngezimpi nokuthula e-US nasemazweni aseNtshonalanga kuyinselelo yethu umbono okhetha kakhulu yethu njengemiphakathi ethuthukile, ethuthukile. Nakhu ukubheka kwemiphumela eyi-12 ebaluleke kakhulu yempi yase-US e-Iraq.

1. Izigidi zama-Iraqis Zabulawa Futhi Zalinyazwa

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu ababulawa kulokhu kuhlaselwa kanye nokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq liyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa futhi yilokho okulondolozwa kakhulu izilinganiso ngokusekelwe ekubikeni okuqhekekile kokufa okuqinisekisiwe okuncane kungamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Kubi izifundo zesayensi Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-Iraq angama-655,000 ashonile eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala yempi, futhi acishe abe yisigidi ngoSepthemba 2007. Udlame lokudlondlobala noma "ukuhlinzwa" kwaqhubeka ngo-2008, futhi ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo kwaqhubeka ngo-2009 kuze kube ngu-2014. ngokumelene Islamic State, i-US kanye nababambisani bayo bagqekeza amadolobha amakhulu e-Iraq naseSyria nangaphezulu 118,000 amabhomu futhi esindayo kunazo zonke izikhali zamabhomu selokhu kwaba neMpi yaseVietnam. Banciphise ingxenye enkulu yedolobha laseMosul nakwamanye amadolobha ase-Iraq, kwathi umbiko wezobunhloli wase-Iraq wase-Iraq wasethola ukuthi Izakhamizi ze-40,000 babulawa eMosul bodwa. Azikho izifundo eziphelele zokushona kwabantu kulesi sigaba sempi esedlule. Phezu kwakho konke izimpilo ezilahlekile, abantu abaningi kakhulu balimele. Inhlangano kahulumeni wase-Iraq Statistical Organisation ithi 2 million wase-Iraq ushiywe ukhubazekile.

2. Izigidi Ngaphezulu kwe-Iraqis Kwahlakazeka

Ngo-2007, i-UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) yabika ukuthi cishe 2 million wase-Iraq wayebalekile udlame nezinxushunxushu ezazithathwe e-Iraq, iningi laya eJordani naseSyria, kanti ezinye eziyizigidi eziyi-1.7 zadingiswa ezweni. Impi yase-US e-Islamic State yathembela kakhulu ekuqhumeni ngamabhomu nasezandleni zamabhomu, yachitha namakhaya amaningi futhi ekubalekeleni indawo i-Iraqis emangazayo eyisigidi kusuka ku-6 kuya ku-2014. Ngokusho kwe-UNHCR, Abantu abayizigidi ezingama-4.35 babuyela emakhaya abo njengoba impi isephelile, kepha abaningi babhekene “nezakhiwo ezonakalisiwe, izingqalasizinda ezilimele noma ezingatholakali kanye nokuntuleka kwamathuba wokuziphilisa nezisetshenziswa zezimali, eziye ngezikhathi ezithile [eziholele] elesibili. ukuthutha. ” Izingane zase-Iraq ezixoshwe ngaphakathi zifanekisela "isizukulwane esidabukiswe ngobudlova, esincishwe imfundo namathuba," ngokuvumelana ne UCecilia Jimenez-Damary ongu-Special Special Reporter.

3. Izinkulungwane zama-Trojan aseMelika, amaBrithani kanye namanye Amazwe angaphandle abulawa futhi abahlukumezeka

Ngenkathi amasosha ase-US ehlisa abantu abalimala e-Iraq, ilandelela futhi ishicilele uqobo lwayo. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2020, Amasosha e-4,576 US futhi amabutho aseBrithani ayi-181 abulewe e-Iraq, kanye namanye amasosha ayi-142 ayehlala kwamanye amazwe. Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-93 amabutho ahlala kwamanye amazwe abulawa e-Iraq kube ngabantu baseMelika. E-Afghanistan, lapho i-US ithole ukwesekwa okuningana okuvela kwi-NATO nakwamanye amalunga, angamaphesenti angama-68 kuphela amasosha asebebulewe ayengamaMelika. Isabelo esikhulu sabalimele eMelika e-Iraq singenye yamanani amaMelika akhokhele ukungahambisani, okungekho emthethweni kokuhlasela kwaseMelika. Ngesikhathi amabutho e-US asuka okwesikhashana e-Iraq ngo-2011, Amasosha e-32,200 US wayelimele. Njengoba i-US izame ukukhipha nokwenza imisebenzi yayo yangasese, okungenani i-917 osonkontileka kanye nezikhulu zomphakathi babulawa kwalimala abangu-10,569 e-Iraq, kepha akubona bonke ababeyizizwe zaseMelika.

4. Ama-Veterans Akhulu Futhi Akwenzile Ukuzibulala

Bangaphezu kuka-20 ama-veteran ase-US azibulala nsuku zonke — lokho kufa kwabantu unyaka ngamunye kunokuqothulwa kwamasosha ase-US e-Iraq. Labo abanezibalo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuzibulala ingama-veteran asemancane anokuchayeka kwempi, azibulale ngamanani “Izikhathi ezi-4 kuye phezulu kunontanga yabo abangabahlali. ” Ngani? Njengoba uMathes Hoh weVeterans for Peace echaza, iningi lamavolontiya "alwela ukuzibandakanya emphakathini," abanamahloni okucela usizo, bakhathazwa yilokho abakubonile nabakwenza ebuthweni, baqeqeshelwa ukudubula kanye nezibhamu, futhi baphatha izingqondo nangokwengqondo amanxeba asemzimbeni enza izimpilo zabo zibe nzima.

5. Izigidigidi zamaDola Ahlakazekile

NgoMashi 16, 2003, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwaseMelika, iPhini likaMongameli uDick Cheney waveza ukuthi le mpi izobiza iMelika cishe ngamadola ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane nokuthi ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kuzohlala iminyaka emibili. Sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, izindleko zisakhuphuka. IHhovisi Lesabelomali Sesilinganiso (i-CBO) lilinganise izindleko $ 2.4 isigidintathu ngezimpi ezenziwa e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ngonyaka we-2007. Isazi somnotho esathola umklomelo kaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz kanye noLinda waseHarvard University uLinda Bilmes balinganisela izindleko zempi yase-Iraq ngaphezulu kuka $ 3 isigidintathu, "Kususelwa ekucatshisweni okulondoloziwe," ngonyaka we-2008. Uhulumeni wase-UK usebenzise okungenani 9 billion wamaphawundi ngezindleko eziqondile ngo-2010. Lokho okwenziwe yi-US ukungasebenzisi imali, okuphikisana nalokho abantu abaningi baseMelika abakukholelwayo, kwakuwukwakha kabusha i-Iraq, izwe okwachithwa ngalo impi yethu.

6. Umsebenzi Wokungasebenzi kanye Nenkohlakalo wase-Iraq

Iningi lamadoda (cha bantu besifazane!) egijimayo i-Iraq namuhla namanje bangabadingiswa abahamba ngendiza bangena eBaghdad ngonyaka ka-2003 behlasela izithende zamabutho ahlaselayo ase-US naseBrithani. I-Iraq ekugcineni iphinde yathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe 3.8 abayizigidi ezingu imiphongolo kawoyela ngosuku futhi ihola ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-80 zamaRandi ngonyaka kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kepha incane le mali ikhohlisa ukwakha amakhaya acekelwe phansi noma alimaze noma anikeze imisebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo noma imfundo yama-Iraqis, amaphesenti angu-36 kuphela abo futhi babe nemisebenzi. Intsha yase-Iraq ithathe imigwaqo ifuna ukuthi kuphele ukubuswa umbuso okhohlakele ngemuva konyaka we-2003 ne-US kanye ne-Iran ne-Iran nezepolitiki zase-Iraq. Bangaphezu kuka-600 ababhikishi babulawa amabutho kahulumeni, kepha imibhikisho yaphoqa uNdunankulu u-Adel Abdul Mahdi ukuthi ashiye phansi izintambo. Okunye futhi okwakusekudingisweni okwakwenziwa emazweni asentshonalanga, UMohammed Tawfiq AllawiUmzala kaNdunankulu wesikhashana wase-US u-Ayad Allawi, wakhethwa ukuthi athathe izintambo esikhundleni sakhe, kodwa wesula kungakapheli namasonto amaningi ngemuva kokuthi i-National Assembly ihlulekile ukuvuma ukhetho lwayo lwekhabhinethi. Umbutho wababhikishi owaziwayo wagubha ukuhoxa kuka-Allawi, kwathi u-Abdul Mahdi wavuma ukuhlala njengondunankulu, kepha waba “ngumnakekeli” kuphela ozokwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile kuze kuba nokhetho olusha. Ucele ukhetho olusha ngoDisemba. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, i-Iraq isalokhu i-limbo yezombusazwe, isathathwa ngamasosha acishe abe ngu-5,000 e-US.

7. Impi engekho emthethweni e-Iraq ibeke phansi umthetho wokubusa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba

Ngenkathi i-US ihlasela i-Iraq ngaphandle kwemvume yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, isisulu sokuqala kwaba yi-United Nations Charter, okuyisisekelo sokuthula nomthetho wamazwe omhlaba kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, evimbela ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla noma yiliphi izwe ngokumelene nelinye. Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba uvumela kuphela isenzo samasosha njengento edingekayo futhi evikela ngokulinganayo ekuhlaseleni noma ekusongeleni okusondele. Okungemthetho ngo-2002 Imfundiso ye-Bush kokukhululwa Kwaliwe emhlabeni jikelele ngoba idlule kule nqubo emincane futhi yafuna ilungelo elikhethekile le-US lokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi elingahlangene "ukuvikela izinsongo ezivelayo," kubukela phansi igunya loMkhandlu Wokuphepha we-UN ukunquma ukuthi ngabe usongo oluthile lufuna impendulo yezempi noma cha. UKofi Annan, unobhala-jikelele we-UN ngaleso sikhathi, uthe ukuhlasela kwakungekho emthethweni futhi kungaholela ekuwohlokeni ngokuhleleka kwamazwe omhlaba, futhi yilokho kanye okwenzekile. Lapho i-US inyathela phansi i-UN Charter, abanye babezobalandela. Namuhla sibheke iTurkey ne-Israel ilandela ezinyathelweni zase-US, ihlasela futhi ihlasela iSyria ngentando engathi akusilo izwe elibusayo, besebenzisa abantu baseSyria njengabadlali babo emidlalweni yezepolitiki.

8. Impi Yempi Yase-Iraq Yawonakalisa Intando yeningi YaseMelika

Isisulu sesibili sokuhlaselwa kwakuyintando yeningi yaseMelika. ICongress ivotele impi esekwe kulokho okuthiwa "Isifinyezo" kwe-National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) okwakungeyona into enjalo. The Washington Post kubikwa ukuthi bayisithupha kuphela kwezikhulu eziyi-100 namalungu ambalwa eNdlu funda i-NIE yangempela. The “Isifinyezo” esinamakhasi angama-25 ukuthi amanye amalungu eCongress asusele amavoti awo kwakuwumbhalo okhiqizwe ezinyangeni ezedlule "ukwenza icala lomphakathi libe yimpi," njengoba omunye wababhali bayo, i-CIA's Paul Pillar, kamuva yavuma ku-PBS Frontline. Bekuqukethe izimangalo ezimangazayo ezazingatholakali kwi-NIE yangempela, njengokuthi i-CIA yayazi ngeziza ezingama-550 lapho i-Iraq ibephethe izikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji. UNobhala Wezwe uColin Powell waphinda abaningi balawo manga kuye ukusebenza okuyihlazo eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN ngoFebhuwari 2003, ngenkathi uBush noCheney bezisebenzisa ezinkulumweni ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi ikheli lika-2003 le-Bush's Union. Ngabe yentando yeningi-ukubusa kwabantu — kungenzeka kanjani uma abantu esibakhethayo ukuthi basimele kwiCongress bangaqhutshwa ekuvoteni impi eyinhlekelele ngewebhu enjalo yamanga?

9. Ukungathathi hlangothi Kwezigebengu Ehlelekile Zempi

Esinye isisulu sokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq kwakuwukucabanga ukuthi omongameli nenqubomgomo yase-US bangaphansi komthetho. Eminyakeni eyishumi nesikhombisa kamuva, iningi labantu baseMelika licabanga ukuthi uMengameli angalwa futhi abulale abaholi bangaphandle nabasolwa babashokobezi ngendlela athanda ngayo, ngaphandle kokuzibophezela nganoma yini — njengommashiqela. Nini UMongameli Obama uthe ufuna ukubheka phambili esikhundleni sokubuyela emuva, futhi engagodli muntu kwabaphathi bakwaBush ngamacala abo, kwaba sengathi bayeka ukuba ngamacala babuye bavunyelwe njengenqubomgomo yase-US. Lokho kufaka phakathi amacala obutha ngokumelene namanye amazwe; le ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngokweqile e-US airstrikes neziteleka ze-drone; kanye ukubhekwa okungavinjelwe yazo zonke izingcingo zaseMelika zonke, ama-imeyili, umlando wokuphequlula nemibono. Kepha lezi ngamacala nokwephula uMthethosisekelo wase-US, futhi ukwenqaba ukuzibophezela kulabo abenze lobu bugebengu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuthi ziphindwe.

10. Ukubhujiswa Kwemvelo

Ngesikhathi sempi yokuqala ye-Gulf, i-US ihlile Amathani angama-340 ama-warheads kanye neziqhumane ezenziwe nge-uranium eqeda amandla, ebeka inhlabathi enobuthi namanzi okwaholela emazingeni aphezulu omdlavuza. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo we- “ecocide,” i-Iraq ihlaselwe yi- esivuthayo emithonjeni eminingi yamafutha; Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokulahlwa kukawoyela, indle kanye namakhemikhali; izigidi zamathani emfucumfucu kusuka wabhubhisa amadolobha namadolobhana; kanye nokushiswa kwenqwaba yemfucuza yamasosha emoyeni evulekile “kushisa imigodi” phakathi nempi. Ukungcoliswa zabangela ngempi kuxhunyaniswa namazinga aphezulu ezinkinga zokuzalwa ngokuzalwa, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuphuma kwezisu nomdlavuza (kufaka phakathi i-leukemia) e-Iraq. Lokhu kungcoliswa kuthinte namasosha aseMelika. “Bangaphezu kwama-85,000 abasebenza empini yase-Iraq e-US ... Uma sisheshe satholakala ngezinkinga zokuphefumula nezokuphefumula, umdlavuza, izifo zemizwa, ukucindezeleka kanye ne-emphysema selokhu ebuya e-Iraq, ” Guardian imibiko. Futhi izingxenye ze-Iraq zingaze ziphinde zilulame ekucekelweni phansi kwemvelo.

11. Inqubomgomo yaseMelika “Yokwahlukanisa Nokubusa” yase-Iraq yaqhubeka nokudlula esifundeni sase-Iraq

E-Iraq yezwe lekhulu lama-20, iqembu lamaSunni lalingamandla amakhulu kunabaningi bamaShia, kepha iningi, izinhlanga ezahlukahlukene zazihlala ndawonye ezindaweni ezixubile futhi zashada futhi. Abangani abanabazali abaxubile beShia / abakwaSunni basitshela ukuthi ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwaseMelika, bebengazi nokuthi yimuphi umzali okuyiShia nokuthi kwakunguSunni. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlasela, i-US yahlomisa isigaba esisha sombuso samaShiite esasiholwa yilabo ababekudingisiwe bahlangana ne-US ne-Iran, kanye namaKurds esifundeni sawo esizimele ngasenyakatho. Ukunyuka kwebhalansi yamandla nezinqubomgomo zase-US zokuhlukanisa “nokubusa” ngamabomu kuholele kumagagasi odlame lobuhlanga olwesabekayo, okubandakanya ukucocwa kwemiphakathi ngoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi. ukufa kwezikwele ngaphansi komyalo wase-US. Ukwehlukaniswa kwehlelo okwadalulwa i-US e-Iraq kuholele ekuphinde kwaqala kabusha kwe-Al Qaeda kanye nokuvela kwe-ISIS, okudala udlame esifundeni sonke.

12. Impi eNtsha Yomshakashika phakathi kwe-US kanye ne-Emerging Multilateral World

Ngenkathi uMongameli Bush ememezela "imfundiso yokukhululwa" ngonyaka we-2002, uSenator u-Edward Kennedy ukubiza "Isimemezelo sokuhlaselwa kobukhosi baseMelika bangekhulu lama-21 okungekho sizwe esingakwamukela noma esingasamukela." Kepha umhlaba kuze kube manje wehlulekile ukunxenxa i-US ukuthi ishintshe inkambo noma ihlangane ekuphikisaneni nabezombusazwe nakwezombusazwe. IFrance neJalimane bama ngesibindi neRussia kanye ne-Global South yonke ukuphikisana nokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN ngo-2003. Kepha ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga bamukela ubuciko obuqisayo buka-Obama njengesembozo sokuqinisa ubudlelwano babo bendabuko ne-US China yayimatasa ikhulisa amandla ayo ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okunokuthula kanye neqhaza lazo njengengqondo yomnotho wase-Eshiya, ngenkathi iRussia ibisakha kabusha umnotho wayo kusuka ezinxushunxushweni zobandlululo nobuphofu beminyaka yama-1990s. Akekho futhi owayekulungele ukuphonsela inselelo intshisakalo yase-US kuze kube yilapho i-US, i-NATO kanye nabaphikisi bayo abangama-Arabhu bekhipha izimpi zommeleli Libya futhi Syria Ngo-2011. Ngemuva kokuwa kweLibya, iRussia kubonakala sengathi inqume ukuthi kumele isukume iguqukele emisebenzini yokushintshwa kombuso wase-US noma igcine isiwele yona uqobo.

Amagagasi ezomnotho aseshintshile, umhlaba onamacala amaningi uyavela, futhi umhlaba unethemba eliphikisana nethemba lokuthi abantu baseMelika kanye nabaholi abasha baseMelika bazothatha isinyathelo sokulwa nale mpi yobukhosi baseMelika yekhulu lama-21 ngaphambi kokuba kuholele empini eyinhlekelele yase-US ne-Iran , ERussia noma eChina. Njengabantu baseMelika, kufanele sethembe ukuthi ukholo lomhlaba lokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ngentando yeningi silethe ukuhlanzeka nokuthula kunqubomgomo yase-US alubekwanga kabi. Indawo enhle yokuqala kuzoba ukujoyina ikhwelo lePhalamende lase-Iraq lokuthi amasosha ase-US ashiye i-Iraq.

UMedea uBenjamini, umsunguli we CODEPINK for Ukuthula, ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningana, kufaka phakathi Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Umlando Weqiniso Nezombangazwe YeRiphabhulikhi Yase-Islamic yase-Iran futhi Umbuso Wabangalungile: Ngokwe-US-Saudi Connection.

UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimele, umcwaningi we CODEPINK, nombhali we Igazi ezandleni Zethu: I-American Invasion kanye nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq.

Lesi sihloko sakhiwe ngu Umnotho Wokuthula Kwasekhaya, iphrojekthi ye-Independent Media Institute.