NguDavid Swanson, Agasti 30, 2018
Amazwana ku-Veterans For Peace Convention, eSt. Paul, Minnesota, Agasti 26, 2018.
Kunezinto eziningi okuthiwa i-Kellogg ezungezile lapha, futhi bambalwa abasazi ukuthi kungani. Amagama amabili amakhulu kulezi zindaba ku-1928 yilabo ababezoba ngabaphathi bamhlophe abakuzayo uCharles Lindbergh noFrank Kellogg. Omunye walawo magama usele isikhathi eside.
Umlobi endlini kaFrank Kellogg
UFrank Kellogg wayengumNobhala Wombuso wase-US, futhi mhlawumbe lowo owufanele kakhulu ukufundisa abantu mayelana.
Uhlu lwabaNobhala baseMelika base-United States luyigalari elikhulu kakhulu. Kube khona i-108 kubo, kodwa i-38 kulabo ibilokhu kuthiwa "babamba" obhala bombuso, begcwalisa kuze kube yilapho umuntu engakhonjiswa futhi eqinisekisiwe. Amanye amagama wabhala bombuso angase abonakale ngoba nawo angamongameli, njengoJefferson noma uMadison, noma cishe abaengameli njengoWilliam Jennings Bryan, noma ngabe babulala ukuba babe ngumongameli njengendoda yabo. UJohn Calhoun wayenezibi kuleli dolobha elibizwa ngaye kuze kube yilapho libizwa igama layo laseDakota kulo nyaka. Ngibheka abantu abaningi bangangitshela ngokunembile ukuthi uDaniel Webster wayengumuntu wezombangazwe, umculi ohloniphekile noma umqeqeshi wempuphu. UGeorge Marshall noHenry Kissinger noJohn Foster Dulles banegama elincane elibizwa ngegazi. Abanye bayokhumbula u-Alexander Haig ethi uphethe uma uRonald Reagan esesibhedlela, kanti abanye bangabiza abadlali be-20 iminyaka edlule, abathengisi bezikhali nezimbangi. Ngokuya ngobuqotho beqembu ungase uthathe ukuziqhenya noma ukujabha eMadeline Albright ukuvikela ukubulawa kwengane yezigidi eziyishumi noma uColin Powell etshela izintatheli zeZizwe Ezihlangene ukuze angaphumelelanga ngokusemthethweni ukuqothulwa kobuhlanga e-Iraq. Abanye banokuqashelwa igama elincane ngoba beyingxenye yenhlekelele ethandekayo kuleli zwe, iMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa ubani oke wezwa ngoFrank Kellogg?
Kulaba abameli bombuso abahlala njalo be-34 kusukela kube khona iNobel Peace Prize, abayisihlanu baye babamba eyodwa. Akekho kulaba abahlanu abaqeqeshiwe. Umklomelo uhloswe ukuxhasa umsebenzi wezimpi zokubhubhisa impi, hhayi ukuhlonipha izikhulu ezinamandla zaseNtshonalanga ezenza okuthile ngendlela ebonakalayo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokungafani nokukhathazeka kwalokho abakwenza njalo. Okungcono kakhulu ongayisho kuMarshall, Umsuka, noma uHull ukuthola umklomelo wukuthi bekungakaze kube kubi kakhulu. Awukwazi ngisho ukusho lokhu ngo-Kissinger. Kodwa kuthiwani ngoKellogg?
Ungahamba phansi eKellogg Boulevard eSt. Paul futhi ungatholi muntu ongakutshela ukuthi ngubani uKellogg. Uma uFrank Kellogg eqalise impi enkulu, angase aziwa kangcono. Kodwa nguye kuphela uNobhala Wombuso egameni lakhe esivumelwaneni esivimbela impi, kanti yedwa engcwatshwe esigabeni seNational Cathedral eWashington DC esinikezelwe ukuthula. Lapho abantu bevakashela eCharlottesville, lapho ngiphila khona, bayothola ukuthi wonke umuntu ovela ezikhulwini zendawo ukuvakashela amaNazi akhulekela ethempelini likaTomas Jefferson. Lapho ngifika eSt. Paul angitholi ukuqashelwa okufanayo kukaFrank Kellogg. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngokuyinhloko kubonga umsebenzi weVeterans for Peace ukuthi noma ngubani owake wezwa ngaye. I-Wikipedia ayibhalisi njengomuntu ophawulekayo ovela eSt. Paul. Iphephandaba le-Wikipedia le-Kellogg-Briand Pact, kodwa-ke, lithembeke kakhulu futhi lingavumelani kunaneminyaka ethile edlule, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushicilelwa kwencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi I-Internationalists, yikuphi okunye ngomzuzu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi impendulo emnyangweni wokuqothula izikhumbuzo zempi yamazwe (futhi uqamba kabusha amachibi), okokuqala, isihogo yebo; okwesibili, ngaphandle uma ungangithola impi yesikhumbuzo esingeyona inhlanga, lokho kusho ukuthi izikhumbuzo zempi zonke ziyahla; futhi wesithathu, sidinga izikhumbuzo zokuhamba kanye nezikhathi kanye nezimbangela kanye nokufezekisa kanye nezimiso, hhayi kubantu ngabanye. Abantu bahlale bephutha, njalo bahlanganyele kwezinye izidakamizwa ezithandwayo zesikhathi nendawo yabo. Ngakho-ke, ngingathanda ukugubha iPact, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, ukunyakaza okuphoqelela iKellogg ukuyidala, okuhle okwenzile umhlaba, nokuhle okungakwenza umhlaba. Angifuni ukugubha uFrank Kellogg njengeqhawe noma unkulunkulu. Kodwa nguye ukuxhumana ukuthi i-Twin Cities ibe ne-Peace Pacte, futhi uma kufanele sigubhe abantu futhi sihloniphe amadolobha nabantu ngabanye, kufanele sibheke phezulu ohlwini njengophawu lokuthula.
UFrank Kellogg wangempela wayefana naso sonke isintu, isikhwama esixubekile.
Ngenkathi isiko lase-US livame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "intando yeningi," akukaze lide libe nento enjalo. Kunalokho, kwaba nohulumeni abakhiwe ngabantu abafuna amandla. Emuva ngosuku lukaKellogg, ukunyakaza okudinga ukuvota komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ingakwazi ukulwa nempi yabekwa abantu abanamandla ebusweni base-US, okusemandleni abo bebelokhu bemele. Kodwa ngosuku lukaKellogg - Ngisho i-1920s, lapho uFrank Kellogg eseneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha - uhulumeni wase-US wayezimele ngezindlela ezingaphezu kwamanje - hhayi ngezinhlanga noma zenkolo noma ezincane, hhayi ezinganeni, kodwa abesifazane bangasanda kuvota , nokufumbathisa kwakusaphathwa njengecala kunomsebenzi womphakathi. Izakhiwo zezimboni zezempi, njengoba sesiyazi futhi silawulwa yiyo, azikho neze. Amakhansela ayengakabi namalungelo abantu aphelele. Ukuthula akuzange kuhlotshaniswe nokuhlukumezeka noma ukungahloniphi, kodwa - uma kukhona - ngokulahla izindlela ezifudumele zaseYurophu. Izithakazelo zebhizinisi, kuhlanganise nalabo abalimi, ukuthula okuthandekayo. I-cartel yamakhamera amaningi kanye namakhono ayo enkulumo-ze, ngenkathi iqhubekela phambili ngokuphawulekayo phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, kwakungeyona into efana nayo.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalezi ezinye izici, kwakukhona ku-1920 ukunyakaza kokuthula okuthandayo esingakaze sikubone kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakungekho omkhulu kakhulu kuma-1960s. Kwakuseduze nakho konke okuhlanganisa. Kwakukhona amaqembu amakhulu amakhulu ezombusazwe kuleli lizwe elixhasa ukuhlukunyezwa kwempi, kuhlanganise ne-Socialists kanye ne-Progressives - emihlanu ne-Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party. Kwaholwa, hhayi ngabafundi bekolishi, kodwa ngabaphathi beyunivesithi, nababhange, nabameli. I-Outlawry Movement - ukudubula impi - yayisekelwa yi-National League yabesifazane Abavoti, i-Young Women's Christian Association, i-National Association of Parents and Teachers, i-American Legion, i-Federal Council of Churches of Christ, amaMethodisti, AmaBaptist. Uma ungathola inhlangano ekhona kuma-1920 cishe kungenzeka ekurekhodiwe ukuvinjelwa impi futhi ngokuqinisekile akukaze ihlehlise leso sikhundla kodwa ivele iyikhohlwe.
Ukunyakaza kokuthula kwama-1920 akuzange kudalwe ngohlaka. Akuzange kudalwe izikhalazo zobugovu ezithakazelweni zezezimali zabantu. Akuzange kuphumelele ngokukhipha abafudumala ekuzinikeleni kwawo kumafulegi namabutho. Kwakuyizinhlangano ezicacile zokuziphatha eziphikisana nokubulawa kwamasosha angaphandle nakwaMelika ngokufanayo. Uthe uFrank Kellogg ubambelele phansi, wamgubha amahlandla amahlanu, wamisa ngezinyawo, wamshaya ngamabhuluki, wamnqoba uNobel Peace Prize engazange ambulele noma ubani ngaphesheya kwesibhakabhaka esisodwa. -lephuzile ngokweqile wabona esibukweni.
UKellogg wangena idrama engayifaka encwadini yami Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe ngezinye iziqinisekiso zokuphikisana nezinkampani. Wayengummeli waseRepublican owayeseqede ukuzithoba kweTeddy Roosevelt, kuhlanganise neGeneral Paper Company, Union Pacific Railroad, ne-Standard Oil. Uma uFrank Kellogg ebengumbusi wangaphandle isizukulwane kamuva, i-CIA yayiyoyiqeda. Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20 eyodwa umuntu angakhuluma ngezinto zezomnotho, hhayi ukukhuluma ngamasosha, futhi enze umqondo ophelele. Namuhla wonke umuntu wenza lokho, futhi akekho owenza ingqondo nhlobo - yi-crazier ukuthi empeleni unendlovu kuleli kamelo futhi ungalokothi ukhulume ngakho. Leli sonto ungumngane wami, uSam Husseini, umfana ofanayo owaxoshwa ekhoneni likaTrump noPutin ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi angase abuze umbuzo ngezikhali zenuzi, wabuza ukuthi umbuzo angakubuza kangakanani uSeninkulu u-Elizabeth Warren. Ngancoma lo mbuzo: "URashida Tlaib, u-Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, no-Ilhan Omar, okungenzeka ukuthi baseCongress ngoJanuwari, batusa ukuchitha imali yempi ukukhokhela izidingo zomuntu nezemvelo. Ingabe uyavuma?"
U-Sam wabuza ukuhluka kwalokho, futhi uWarren wakhuluma iqembu lamagama elalingenqaba ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Wayekhuluma esitatimendeni sakhe sokuhlelwa kwecebo elisha lokuthi ulwa nenkohlakalo.
Esikhathini esingaphansi kwempi, uKellogg wayeyi-Elizabeth Warren. Njengenkulumankulu esuka ku-1917 kuya ku-1923, wayesekela noma ngokuvamile ehlulekile ukuphikisa iMpi Yezwe, kanye nezenzo zamasosha zase-US eRussia, ePanama, eCuba, eDominican Republic, eHaiti, eMexico, eHonduras, eYugoslavia, eGuatemala, eTurkey, eChina naseNtshonalanga Virginia. Wasekela isinqumo esisodwa esiveza ukuthi amasosha ase-US ahoxiswe eRussia "ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka." Wasekela inkululeko yamahhashi ase-US ngokusebenzisa iPanama Canal. Ekugcineni wagxeka iNhlangano Yezizwe. NjengeNobhala Wombuso, uKellogg usongela iMexico ngempi uma ezama ukuzuza ezithombeni zayo. AmaMarines ahlasela ePanama, eHonduras naseNicaragua. I-Kellogg isayinwe isivumelwano se-arbitration namazwe we-19 kepha ayengathandwa futhi ahleka kakhulu ngaphambi kokudalwa kwe-Peace Pacte. Ngesikhathi abashayeli bezokuthula base-US bebeka kuqala amagama abonisa ukuthi yini ezoba yi-Kellogg-Briand Pact emlonyeni kaNgqongqoshe waseFrance wezeNgaphandle u-Aristide Briand, uKellogg uqalekisa amaFulentshi njengesiqoqo seziphukuphuku zebleepity bleep bleepiness. Futhi uma kukhona noma yini uKellogg enzondwayo, wathi, kwakungabantu bleepity bleeping pacifists.
Uma abantu phakathi ne-1920s bebecabanga ngendlela abaningi abacabanga ngayo namuhla, bekungeke kube khona ukunyakaza kokuthula okwakungenziwa kodwa balinde ukhetho ngethemba ukuthi lingase lifake isigaba sabasenatri abangcono kanye neKhabhinethi entsha. Namuhla siyajabula lapho osombusazwe bethi ngeke baphonywe umbono womphakathi. Uma othile onjengoHillary Clinton eshintsha isikhundla sakhe ngamalungelo angama-gay, akavunyelwanga - ngenxa yombono womphakathi owodwa, kodwa ohleka ngenxa yokungavumelani. Uma ngabe uke waphambene nokulwa kwamabutho okungenzeka ukuthi bekuyizinyathelo. Namuhla sitshelwa ukuthi ukuguqula uhulumeni wase-United States ube yinto eyodwa okudingeka ukuba umphakathi udinga ukuphazamisa futhi ususe isazi se-fascist njengoDonald Trump kuyoba intuthuko embi ngenxa kaMike Pence. Kodwa ukunyakaza kokuthula kwe-1920s kwakha umthetho omusha wokuvimbela yonke impi futhi uyifinyelela eSenate yase-US ngokushintsha isiko lonke futhi kuthonya izenzo zeziphathimandla ezikhona, hhayi ukuzibeka esikhundleni sabanye. Ukuthi lezo zikhulu zingasongelwa ukuthi zingabonakali ngendlela engcono kakhulu kunokuba zingabasiza namuhla, kodwa zingasongelwa ngehlazo. Isenenator ompofu waseWisconsin owavota ngokumelene neKellogg-Briand wagwetshwa yisishayamthetho saseWisconsin. AmaSenenja awakhulume ngokumelene nePixament Peace, ayichaza ukuthi bafuna ukuvunyelwa emuva emazweni abo.
Kungenzeka kanjani into enjalo? I-Senate yase-US ayikwazanga ukuzithelela ukuphikisa ubugqila noma yimuphi omunye ukwesaba okukhulu. Ngeke ukuvimbela noma ukujezisa ukuzivikela nokuxhasa amaNazi eJalimane. Kwadalwa ngokucacile ukuvimbela intando yeningi. Yingakho i-United States iyisizwe esisodwa ngaphandle kwesivumelwano samalungelo omntwana, kungani i-United States engeyona ilungu le-International Criminal Court, kungani i-United States ibambe iqhaza emibambiswaneni emikhulu yamalungelo esintu kunanoma yimuphi omunye isizwe emhlabeni. Abantu bathola kanjani ukuvimbela yonke impi ngokusebenzisa iSenate yase-United States eminyakeni engu-90 edlule? Bamthola kanjani uFrank Kellogg eqaqa ngomyalo wenhlangano yokuthula, ekhishwa ngabasebenzi bakhe abasebenzisa ama-cynical, futhi etshela umkakhe ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi angase athole i-Nobel Peace Prize?
Indaba engiyisho encwadini yami ingenye yezinhlangano zokuthula ezihlukene futhi ezihlukumezayo ezihlanganisa futhi zakhula. Ama-Europhiles nama-isolationist kwakudingeka eze ndawonye. Abavinjelwayo kanye nabaphuza kwakudingeka bahlanganyele ngezandla. Abaphambene nomthetho kwakudingeka bahlakulele umbono wezwe eliguqulwe futhi baqinise abantu ukuthi kungenzeka. Icala lalifanele lenziwe emphakathini ngokuzikhandla kokuziphatha nokuphuthuma. Kwakudingeka kube nokuhamba okungapheli kwamaflaya kanye namapheshana namabhuku kanye nemihlangano kanye nezicelo kanye nokuvakashelwa kokuvakasha. Amaqembu abesifazane kanye namaqembu omadoda ayedayise ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I nalabo ababengakaze babeke amahlombe abo esiteshini ndawonye. Labo abafuna inkantolo yomhlaba kanye nalabo ababengekho, labo abafuna i-League of Nations nalabo ababengazange, nalabo abafuna ukugxila ekubambiseni izidakamizwa, ngisho nalabo abafuna ukugxila ekulahla i-imperialism yase-United States I-Latin America kwakudingeka inqume ukuthi impi yokuqothula yayiyingxenye eyodwa ewusizo futhi efinyelelekayo futhi uthele yonke into kuyo unyaka owodwa noma amabili, ukulala phambili, futhi usebenze ngokoqobo kwezinye izimo kuze kube seqophelweni lokuhlasela kwenhliziyo.
Futhi yenzani okuhle? Lapho i-Kellogg-Briand Pact inganakiwe, ixoshwa ngokuyibeka esimweni esingejwayelekile nanoma yimuphi omunye umthetho oke wabanjwa. Iqiniso lokuthi ukubulala kukhona kakade akulutholwanga njengobufakazi bokuthi uMoses wayeyi-putz evulekile enezinkanyezi ezinkanyezi ezifanele ukugxila ekumiseni imithethonqubo yokubulala abantu abafanele, futhi azange aqede ukubulala. Isikhathi sokuqala umshayeli ophuzile wadutshulwe ngenxa yokuphula umthetho, isikhulu samaphoyisa asizange simemezele ukuthi umthetho wokulwa nokushayela utshwala ubonakaliswe ukuhluleka okungahle kwenzeke manje. Izimoto zamaphoyisa azange zibe nezinhlangothi zazo ezikhangelwe izikhangiso zobhiya kusukela ngosuku olulandelayo. Noma kunjalo, i-Pello yaseKellogg-Briand iyahleka usulu ngoba impi ikhona. Uma sibheka yonke imithetho kuleso simiso esifanayo, besingeke sibe nemithetho eyayikhonza noma iyiphi injongo. Ukufaka umcabango lapho abakwa-Outlawrists okucatshangwa bacabanga ukuthi iKellogg-Briand Pact yedwa iyophela masinyane yonke impi ayisizo imbangela yokwenqaba lo mthetho, uma nje amaqiniso asabalulekile.
Eqinisweni, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yenza lokho okubekiwe ukukwenza, futhi kungcono kithi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe abadali bayo abazi ukuthi kuzodingeka zithathwe. I-Pact inqabile impi, yenze kubalulekile ukuphikisana ngempi. I-Pact yaphela ngokushesha futhi yavimbela izimpi. Ukuqala kokushushiswa kwephula isivumelwano, eNuremberg naseTokyo, kuye kwalandelwa ukunciphisa izimpi eziye zafaka hlangana ukungabikho kwempi eqhubekayo phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile kahle-okungenani kuze kube manje. Ukuthi izikhali ezinkulu zokuthengisa izikhali kanye nokuqhuma amazwe amancane ampofu kuyingozi, kodwa uma izizwe ezicebile ziye zalwa impi futhi, njengoba kwakunjalo evamile ngaphambi kwePact, singase singasinda. Impi yayisemthethweni ku-1927. Zombili izinhlangothi zempi zazingokomthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa okwenziwayo phakathi nezimpi kwakunzima ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokomthetho. Ukunqotshwa kwendawo kwakungokomthetho. Ukuvutha nokuphanga nokuphanga kwakusemthethweni. Ukuthatha ezinye izizwe njengamakoloni kwakungokomthetho. Isisusa samakoloni ukuzama ukuzikhulula ngokwawo sasibuthakathaka ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi sibanjwe esinye isizwe uma behlukana nomcindezeli wabo wamanje. Izigwebo zezomnotho ngamazwe angathathi hlangothi azange zenziwe ngokomthetho, nakuba zingene empini. Futhi ukwenza izivumelwano zokuhweba ngaphansi kokusongela kwempi kwakungokomthetho futhi kuyamukeleka, njengoba kwakuqala esinye impi uma isivumelwano esinjalo siphoqelekile.
Izwe ngemuva kwe-1928 lihlukile. Ukuqothulwa kwempi kwanciphisa isidingo sezizwe ezinkulu, futhi amazwe amancane aqala ukwakha izinqwaba, esebenzisa ilungelo lawo lokuzikhethela. AmaKoloni, ngokufanayo, afuna inkululeko yabo. Ukunqotshwa kwensimu ngemuva kwe-1928 kuhlehlisiwe. Unyaka i-1928 yaba umzila ohlukanisayo wokunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukunqoba okusemthethweni futhi okungenjalo. Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuye kwachuma, okungcono noma okubi kakhulu, ngokungabikho kokunqotshwa komthetho.
Izinguquko ezinhle kakhulu ziye zavela ngenxa yesivumelwano esivame ukuhlekwa usulu uma kungenakwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokudabukisayo, bangezela emibonweni enhle kakhulu yezwe eqhutshwa abantu abanjengoSteven Pinker abaphatha izibalo zokuthi impi isiphelile emhlabeni. Awukwenzi. Incwadi yamuva, I-Internationalists, u-Oona Hathaway noScott J. Shapiro bachaza indlela iSiphathamandla Sokuthula sashintsha ngayo umhlaba, kodwa futhi sisekela umbono ohlukile lapho impi yinto eyenziwa yinoma ubani ngaphandle kwe-United States.
Impi empeleni iyenziwa yi-United States futhi iyamukelwa ngokukhethekile e-United States, izwe elilodwa lapho umengameli wengxabano yokhetho likamongameli ecele abazobhapathizwa ukuthi ngabe bayathanda yini ukubulala amakhulu nezinkulungwane zezingane ezingenacala njengengxenye yazo imisebenzi eyisisekelo yomsebenzi. USeninari kanye noNgqongqoshe wezeMpilo uTim Kaine usanda kukhuluma eCharlottesville. Unomthethosivivinywa wokwandisa amandla empi emongameli ngaphansi kokugunyazwa okusha kokusetshenziswa kweMpi Yezempi, ukuthi uchaza njengokungathi kwenzekile ngokuphambene. Futhi unomthethosivivinywa wokuyisusa ngokuyisisekelo amandla empi kusuka eNkongeni kuya kuMongameli ngokuphinde enze uMthetho weMpi Yamandla ka-1973, futhi abuye achaze ngokuthi wenza okuphambene nalokho okwenzayo. U-Kaine ufuna izimpi kodwa uthi ufuna amaqembu e-Congressional futhi empeleni ufuna izimpi zomongameli. Ukhuluma ngesithukuthelo sakhe sokuthi uTrump uthumele imikhosi eSiriya ngaphandle kokuya eCongress kuqala. Uthe lokhu kwenziwa ukuthumela lezo zimpi ezingekho emthethweni.
Ngambuza uKaine ukuthi isenzo esiligebengu ngaphansi kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact kanye ne-UN Charter singenziwa ngokomthetho ngumongameli ozayo eCongress. Esebenzisa amanye amagama amaningi, u-Kaine wavuma ukuthi awukwazanga, wanikezela, wabe esesho isikhundla sakhe samanga njengokungathi akukho okwenzekile. Kodwa ake ucabange ukuthi ngabe iSiriya yayithumele imicibisholo eWashington, DC ngikuqaphele ukuthi uzame ukucabanga ukuthi uSenator Tim Kaine ubeka inkolelo encane yomdabu ukuthi ngabe imikhosi ithunyelwe ngumengameli weSiriya noma isishayamthetho saseSiriya. Ubugebengu buwubugebengu. Futhi akukho bugebengu obubi ngaphezu kokubulala kwabantu.
Manje, i-Charter ye-UN inamakhemikhali abanye abaye bathi njalo i-Peace Pacte nayo. Kodwa abaPhandle babengazange basebenzise umqondo wempi evikelayo futhi benza ukuthi kwakungekho ePhatheleni. Ayikho impi yamuva ehambisana ne-UN Charter's loopholes. Kodwa wonke umuntu ucabanga ukuthi akwenzayo. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukuphakamisa izinga le-Kellogg-Briand Pact kanye nokucabanga ngemuva kwalo. Kudingeka sifunde kusuka ekuhambeni okwakudalile. Sidinga ukucela izizwe eziyiqembu ukuba ziphinde ziqiniseke. Sidinga ukucela izizwe ezintsha ukuthi zijoyine. Futhi kudingeka senze lokho abakwa-Veterans for Peace abayenzile eSt. Paul nabanye abaye benza kwezinye izindawo, futhi lokho kusenza kusasa, ngo-Agasti 27th, iholide lokuqeda impi, iholide lokuthula, iKopho-Briand Pact yaseParis Iphupho Elimangalisayo Usuku Lwezwe Lungenzeka. Gweba isikhumbuzo sempi. Phakamisa isivumelwano sokuthula.
Ngiyabonga.
