Ngu-Ed O'Rourke
| IMpi Yombango yafika futhi yahamba. Isizathu sayo sokulwa, angizange ngisithole.
Eculweni elithi, “With God On Our Side.” Impi… kwakuyisimo esingadingekile sezindaba, futhi yayingagwenywa ukube ukubekezela nokuhlakanipha kwakusenziwa nhlangothi zombili. Robert E. Lee Abathanda izwe bahlala bekhuluma ngokufela izwe labo, hhayi ngokubulala izwe labo. Bertrand Russell |
I-United States yakhetha ukulwa izimpi eziningi. Kwakukhona imizwa ethile ethandwayo ngeMpi Yezinguquko (1775-1783). I-US bekufanele ilwe ne-Axis Powers noma iwabone enqoba i-Europe ne-Asia. Ezinye izimpi zazikhethwa ngokuzikhethela: ngo-1812 neGreat Britain, 1848 neMexico, 1898 neSpain, 1917 neJalimane, 1965 neVietnam, 1991 ne-Iraq kanye no-2003 ne-Iraq futhi.
IMpi Yombango yase-US kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuyigwema. Bekunezingqinamba eziningi: abokufika, amanani entengo, okubaluleke kakhulu emiseleni, imigwaqo kanye nojantshi. Inkinga eyinhloko kwakuwubugqila. Njengokukhipha isisu namuhla, yayingekho indawo yokuyekethisa. Kwezinye izindaba eziningi, amaKhongolose angahlukanisa umehluko futhi avale isivumelwano. Hhayi lapha.
Iphutha elikhulu kuConstitutional Convention (1787) kwakungabheki ukuthi umbuso noma izifundazwe eqenjini zizoyishiya iNyunyana uma seziyijoyinile. Kwezinye izindawo ekuphileni, kunezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuhlukana, njengabantu abashadile abangase bahlukane noma bahlukanise. Ilungiselelo elinjalo beliyogwema ukuchithwa kwegazi nokucekela phansi. UMthethosisekelo wawuthule cwaka ekuhambeni. Cishe abakaze bacabange ukuthi kuzokwenzeka.
Kusukela i-United States yaqala njengekhefu kude ne-Great Britain, abaseNingizimu Afrika babenombono osemthethweni wokushiya iNyunyana.
James M. McPherson's I-Battle Cry of Freedom: Inkathi Yempi Yombango ichaza imizwa ejulile nhlangothi zombili. Umnotho kakotini nobugqila kwafanekiswa isifo samaDashi, esigxile emnothweni kazwelonke noma wesifunda eduze komkhiqizo owodwa. Ukotini wawuseNingizimu njengoba i-petroleum iyi-Saudi Arabia namuhla, amandla okushayela. Ukotini uthathe imali enkulu yokutshala imali etholakalayo. Kwakulula ukungenisa izimpahla ezikhiqiziwe ngaphandle kokuzenza endaweni. Njengoba umsebenzi wokutshala nokuvuna ukotini wawulula, sasingekho isidingo sesimiso sesikole somphakathi.
Njengenjwayelo ngokuxhashazwa, abaxhaphazi bacabanga ngobuqotho ukuthi babenzela umusa abacindezelwe abantu abangewona amasiko abo abangawuqondi. Ilungu lesigele saseNingizimu Carolina uJames Hammond wethula inkulumo yakhe edumile ethi “Ukotini uyinkosi,’ ngoMashi 4, 1858. Bheka lezi zingcaphuno ekhasini 196 encwadini kaMcPherson:
“Kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuxhumana kumele kube nesigaba sokwenza imisebenzi ephansi, ukwenza impilo eyisicefe…Kuhlanganisa udaka emphakathini…Isigaba esinjalo kufanele ube naso, noma ubungeke ube naleso sigaba esiholela inqubekelaphambili, impucuko,, kanye nokucwengwa...Isigaba sakho sonke sabaqashi sezisebenzi zezandla kanye 'nezisebenzi' njengoba ubabiza kanjalo bayizigqila. Umehluko phakathi kwethu ukuthi, izigqila zethu ziqashwa impilo yonke futhi zinxeshezelwa kahle...ezakho ziqashwa emini, azinakekelwa, futhi zinxeshezelwa kancane.”
Umbono wami uthi iMpi Yombango kanye nokukhululwa akuzange kubasize abantu abamnyama njengempi egwenyiwe. Isazi sezomnotho esingasekho, uJohn Kenneth Galbraith wacabanga ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1880 abanikazi bezigqila kwakuyodingeka baqale ukukhokhela izigqila zabo ukuze zihlale emsebenzini. Izimboni ezisenyakatho zazidlondlobala futhi zidinga abasebenzi abashibhile. Ubugqila ngabe buthaka ngenxa yesidingo somsebenzi wasefekthri. Kamuva kwakuzoqedwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukukhululwa kwaba ukukhushulwa kwengqondo okukhulu okwakungaqondwa ngabantu abamhlophe kuphela ababesemakamu okuhlushwa. Ngokomnotho abantu abansundu babesesimweni esibi kakhulu kunakuqala kweMpi Yombango ngoba babehlala endaweni eyayicekeleke phansi, efana neYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Abamhlophe baseNingizimu ababehlukumezeke kakhulu empini babengenakubekezela kunalokho ababeyoba nakho ukube yayingekho impi.
Ukube iNingizimu yayiyinqobile impi, inkantolo yohlobo lwaseNuremberg ngabe igwebe uMongameli uLincoln, iKhabhinethi yakhe, ojenene bombuso kanye namakhongolose udilikajele noma ukulengiswa ngamacala empi. Impi yayizobizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yezodlame LwaseNyakatho. Isu leNyunyana kusukela ekuqaleni kwakuwukwenza “Uhlelo Lwenhlwathi,' luvimbe amachweba aseNingizimu ukuze kukhubazeke umnotho waseNingizimu. Ngisho nezidakamizwa nemithi kwakubhalwe njengezinto ezingekho emthethweni.
Okungenani iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kweNgqungquthela YokuQala yase-Geneva, kwaba nokuvumelana ekugcineni izimpilo nempahla yabantu kungenangozi. Umbandela wawuwukuthi bagweme ukubamba iqhaza ezimpini. Isazi somhlaba mayelana nokuziphatha kahle kwempi ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili kwakungummeli waseSwitzerland u-Emmerich de Vattel. Umcabango oyinhloko encwadini yakhe wawuthi, “Abantu, abalimi, izakhamuzi, abahlanganyeli kuyo futhi ngokuvamile abangesabi lutho ngenkemba yesitha.”
Ngo-1861, uchwepheshe wezomthetho ohamba phambili waseMelika wokuziphatha kwempi kwakungummeli waseSan Francisco, uHenry Halleck, owayeyisikhulu saseWest Point kanye nomfundisi waseWest Point. Incwadi yakhe Law International kubonise ukubhala kuka-de Vattel futhi kwaba umbhalo eWest Point. NgoJulayi, 1862, waba nguGeneral-in-Chief we-Union Army.
Ngomhla zingama-24 kuMbasa, 1863, uMongameli uLincoln wakhipha i-General Order No. 100 eyayibonakala ihlanganisa imibono eyakhuthazwa uVattel, uHalleck kanye ne-First Geneva Convention. Lo myalelo wawaziwa ngokuthi “Ikhodi Lieber,” iqanjwe ngesazi sezomthetho saseJalimane uFrancis Leiber, umeluleki ka-Otto von Bismarck.
I-General Order No. 100 yayinembobo ebanzi eyikhilomitha, ukuthi abaphathi bamasosha babengayinaki Ikhodi Lieber uma izimo zivuma. Baziba. Ikhodi ye-Lieber yayiyi-charade ephelele. Njengoba ngafunda ngeKhodi ngo-Okthoba, 2011, ngemva kokukhulela e-Houston, ngifunda izincwadi eziningana ngeMpi Yombango, ngifundisa umlando waseMelika e-Columbus School futhi ngibona i-documentary edumile kaKen Burns, ngingaphetha ngokuthi akekho omunye owaqaphela. Ikhodi noma.
Njengoba cishe zonke izimpi zaziliwa eNingizimu, abantu abamnyama nabamhlophe babebhekene nomnotho ompofu. Okwakubi kakhulu kwakuwukubhujiswa ngamabomu kweButho Lezempi elalingenanjongo yezempi. Imashi kaSherman enqamula eGeorgia yayidingeka kodwa inqubomgomo yakhe yomhlaba oshisiwe yayingeyempindiselo kuphela. Ngokufanayo namazwi ka-Admiral Halsey okuqothula uhlanga mayelana namaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, uSherman wamemezela ngo-1864 “kubashisekeli bokuhlubuka abaphikelelayo, ingani, ukufa kuyisihe.” Elinye iqhawe lempi elidumile uGeneral Philip Sheridan empeleni wayeyisigebengu sempi. Ekwindla ka-1864, amasosha akhe angama-35,000 ashisa iSigodi saseShenandoah phansi. Encwadini ayibhalela uJenene Grant, echaza emsebenzini wakhe wezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala, amasosha akhe “acekele phansi izibaya ezingaphezu kuka-2200…ngaphezu kwezigayo ezingama-70… izimvu… Kusasa ngizoqhubeka nokubhubhisa.”
Isinyathelo esikhulu sokuqeda udlame phakathi kwezizwe ukuqaphela izigebengu zempi ngamacala azo amabi esikhundleni sokuzihlonipha ngezinsimbi nokuqamba izikole, amapaki nezakhiwo zomphakathi ngamagama azo. Amahloni kulabo ababhala izincwadi zethu zomlando. Babeke emacaleni obugebengu bempi njengezesekeli ngemuva kweqiniso.
Kukho konke ukuyekethisa okukhulu, ngo-1820, 1833 kanye no-1850, akuzange kube khona ukucatshangelwa okujulile mayelana nokuthi yimiphi imigomo yokwehlukana eyayingamukeleka. Isizwe sasinolimi olufanayo, isakhiwo somthetho, inkolo yobuProthestani kanye nomlando. Ngaso leso sikhathi, iNyakatho neNingizimu zazihamba ngezindlela zazo, ngokwesiko, emnothweni nasemabandleni. Ekuqaleni kuka-1861, iSonto LasePresbyterian lahlukana laba amasonto amabili, elilodwa enyakatho nelinye eningizimu. Amanye amasonto amathathu amakhulu obuProthestani ayehlukene ngaphambi kwalokho. Ubugqila kwakuyindlovu ekamelweni eyayigcwele yonke into.
Engingakaze ngikubone ezincwadini zomlando wukucutshungulwa okunzulu noma ngisho nomqondo wokuthi kube nekhomishana, abantu baseNyakatho, abaseNingizimu, osomnotho, izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nosopolitiki ukuthi benze izincomo mayelana nemibandela yokuhlukana. Ngemva kokuhlukana, i-Union states izoyichitha imithetho yesigqila esibalekile. Abantu baseNingizimu bebengathanda ukwengeza indawo eyengeziwe emazweni asentshonalanga, eMexico, eCuba naseCaribbean. I-US Navy yayizonqamula ukuthengiswa kwezigqila ezengeziwe ezivela e-Afrika. Ngicabanga ukuthi bekungaba nezingxabano ezinegazi kodwa hhayi into efana ne-Civil War's 600,000 efile.
Kwakuzodingeka kube nezivumelwano zokuhweba nezokuvakasha. Kuzodingeka kube nokuhlukaniswa okuvunyelwene ngakho kwesikweletu somphakathi sase-US. Icala elilodwa lapho ukwehlukana kwakunegazi njenge-US yayiyiPakistan neNdiya ngenkathi amaBritish ehamba. AbaseBrithani babekwazi ukuxhaphaza kodwa benza okuncane ukulungiselela inguquko enokuthula. Namuhla kunechweba elilodwa kuphela lokungena emngceleni wamamayela ayi-1,500. AbaseNyakatho nabaseNingizimu bebengenza umsebenzi ongcono.
Yiqiniso, njengoba imizwelo yayivutha, ikhomishini ecatshangelwayo kungenzeka ayiphumelelanga. Izwe lalihlukene phakathi. Ngokhetho luka-Abraham Lincoln ngo-1860, kwase kwephuze kakhulu ukuxoxisana nganoma yini. Ikhomishana kwakuzodingeka isungulwe iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kuka-1860.
Lapho izwe lidinga ubuholi bomongameli abanengqondo ehlakaniphile ngesikhathi sika-1853-1861, sasingenabo. Izazi-mlando zilinganisela uFranklin Pierce noJames Buchanan njengomongameli ababi kakhulu. UFranklin Pierce wayeyisidakwa esicindezelekile. Omunye umgxeki wathi uJames Buchanan wayengenawo umqondo owodwa phakathi neminyaka yakhe eminingi enkonzweni yomphakathi.
Umuzwa wami ukuthi, noma ngabe i-US ibingahlukana ibe yizinhlangano ezimbalwa, leyo nqubekelaphambili yezimboni nokuchuma bekuzoqhubeka. Ukube ama-Confederates abezoshiya i-Fort Sumter yodwa, ngabe kube nezimpi kodwa ayikho impi enkulu. Ukushisekela impi ngabe kuphelile. I-Fort Sumter yayingase ibe indawo encane njengoba i-Gibraltar yase iphenduke yaseSpain naseGreat Britain. Isigameko sase-Fort Sumter sasifana nokuhlasela kwePearl Harbour, inhlansi kumphongolo wempushana.
Imithombo Eyinhloko:
U-DiLorenzo, uThomas J. "Ukuqondisa Izakhamuzi" http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo8.html
McPherson James M. I-Battle Cry of Freedom: Inkathi Yempi Yombango, Izincwadi zeBallantine, 1989, 905 amakhasi.
U-Ed O'Rourke ungumcwaningi mabhuku osemthethweni osethathe umhlalaphansi ohlala e-Medellin, e-Colombia. Njengamanje ubhala incwadi, Ukuthula Komhlaba, I-Blueprint: Ungafika Lapho usuka Lapha.
eurourke@pdq.net
