Ngu-Tad Daley, Novemba 16, 2018
Kusukela I-inkistic
Mhlawumbe uye waqaphela ukuthi impi yokuqeda impi ayizange.
Sekucishe kube yinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ukubona ukuthi iMpi Enkulu, eyaphela eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule kuleli sonto, yasebenza njengendawo yokuqala cishe yonke imiphumela yamazwe ngamazwe phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elide nelibuhlungu elalandela. Kwaholela ekuweni kwemibuso emithathu, ukukhuphuka kombuso wobushiqela, impi yesibili yomhlaba wonke enkulu emkhathini, eyesabekayo nesihluku kuneyokuqala, “iMpi Yomshoshaphansi” eyathatha cishe isigamu sekhulunyaka phakathi kwabanqobi ababili abaphambili baleyo mpi, kanye ukusa kwenkathi ye-athomu. Isazi-mlando saseColumbia University esingasekho uFritz Stern sathi iMpi Yezwe I yaba “inhlekelele yokuqala ekhulwini lama-20… inhlekelele okwavela kuyo zonke ezinye izinhlekelele.”
Kodwa umphumela owodwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungase ube mkhulu kunanoma iyiphi yalezi. Ngoba iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, eyalandela ngokubikezelwa kusukela eMpini Yomhlaba Yokuqala, yabangela umnyakazo ocishe wakhohlwa ngokuphelele wokuqeda impi - ngokuhlanganiswa kwesintu kwezombusazwe, izikhungo, kanye nomthethosisekelo.
AYIKHO IMPI ENGAYIQEDA KANJANI IMPI?
Umbango wokuthi iMpi Enkulu ingase isebenze “njengempi yokuqeda impi” ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomongameli waseMelika phakathi naleyo mpi, uWoodrow Wilson. Kodwa empeleni, kwavela kuSocialist waseBrithani, i-feminist, i-futurist, isazi-mlando esidumile kanye nephayona lesayensi yezinganekwane u-HG Wells, ochungechungeni lwezihloko ezikhishwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuqhuma kwezibhamu zika-August ezibizwa ngokuthi. Impi Eyoqeda Impi. U-Wells waphikisa ngokuthi ububanzi obungakaze bubonwe kanye nesilinganiso salokhu kwakamuva kokugeleza okungapheli kuwo wonke umlando wezingxabano ezinodlame zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlangene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okwakubonakala kungenakuvinjelwa abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi njengoba kwenza kweyethu, kunikeze isintu ithuba lokuthola usizo. indlela yokuzibusa njengomphakathi owodwa obumbene ngokwepolitiki.
Impi phakathi kwezifunda zezwe, kanye namabutho ezempi anomphela lawo zonke izifundazwe ezaziwagcina ukuze azivikele embuthweni wamasosha unomphela wezinye izifundazwe, ingaqedwa ngokwakhiwa kombuso ophakeme kunawo wonke. U-Wells wayenethemba lokuthi ukuphela kweMpi Enkulu kwakuzoletha isiphetho sokugcina salo mbono, owawushiwo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule abantu abafana noVictor Hugo, u-Alfred Lord Tennyson, u-Ulysses S. Grant, u-Baha'u'llah, u-Charlotte Bronte. , Immanuel Kant, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, William Penn, kanye noDante. “Izigidigidi zezimiso zezizwe ezincane zeminyaka engu-10,000 60 edlule ziye zalwa futhi zahlangana kohulumeni banamuhla abaneminyaka engu-70 noma engu-XNUMX,” kusho u-Wells, “futhi manje zishikashikeka ngaphansi kwamandla okumelwe afeze ukuhlangana kwawo kokugcina okwamanje.”
Ngempela, emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokudutshulwa kokuqala kweMpi Enkulu, u-Wells washicilela inoveli ebizwa ngokuthi Umhlaba Ukhululiwe. Ifanekisela ikusasa lapho uhlanga lwesintu lujabulela khona izinzuzo zamandla e-athomu amaningi cishe angenamkhawulo futhi akhululekile, kodwa bese ecekelwa phansi umlilo omkhulu owenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngezikhali ze-athomu. Bekungokokuqala ngqa, emibhalweni, kokubili kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nempi yenuzi. Kodwa le mpi eyinhlekelele ilandelwa kule noveli ekupheleni kwempi, ngokusungulwa kwalokho uWells akubiza lapha, nakweminye imibhalo, “izwe lomhlaba.”
KWAKE KWABA NOMVUTHO WOKUQEDA IMPI
U-HG Wells washona ngo-1946, edangele kakhulu ngethemba lomuntu ngemva kweNagasaki neHiroshima. Impi yakhe ye-athomu yase yenzekile ngempela ... kodwa kubonakala sengathi ayizange iqede impi. Okwakuletha kwaba yinhlangano emfushane kodwa engapheli yezenhlalakahle, eyamemezela ukuthi ukuqedwa kwempi - ngenxa yengozi manje ebeka ukusinda komuntu ngethemba lempi ye-athomu yomhlaba - manje kwase kuyisidingo esiphelele kanye nomgomo womlando ongafinyeleleka. . Kanjani? Ngokuvumelana kokugcina u-Wells (ngaphambi kwesikhathi) abikezela - ukushaywa komthethosisekelo womhlaba, ukusungulwa kukahulumeni womhlaba wentando yeningi, kanye nesiphetho enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe "yempi yaphakade yesazi sefilosofi uThomas Hobbes" yaphakade.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, umzuzwana owawubonakala kulabo ababephila kuwo ukubamba isithembiso esikhulu nobungozi obungapheli, kwaqala ukuvela inhlangano yangempela yezenhlalo yabantu emhlabeni wonke, imemezela ukuthi uhulumeni womhlaba wawuwukuphela kwekhambi elingenzeka enkingeni entsha yezikhali zenuzi, futhi. inkinga yasendulo yempi ngokwayo. Eminyakeni eyalandela ngokushesha i-WWII umbono kahulumeni womhlaba kwaxoxwa ngakho futhi kwaphikiswana ngawo ezindaweni zokulala, ezindaweni zokuphumula, emaphathini okudla kwakusihlwa, nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zezingxoxo. Cishe iminyaka emihlanu, umnyakazo wokuletha iRiphabhulikhi yomhlaba wonke wawungamandla ezenhlalo nezepolitiki njengamalungelo abesifazane kanye nobunikazi bobulili kanye nokunyakaza kobulungiswa bobuhlanga namuhla, noma ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi kanye neMpi YeVietnam ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, noma inhlangano yabasebenzi kanye nomnyakazo wabesifazane wokuthola amandla emashumini ambalwa eminyaka okuqala eNkulungwane yama-20. Awukukholwa?
Isihloko seNational Debate Tournament kuzo zonke izikole eziphakeme zaseMelika ngo-1947-1948 sasiwukuthi: “SIXAZULULIWE: Ukuthi kufanele kusungulwe uhulumeni womhlaba wonke.” Umakadebona wezempi osemusha waseMelika obukekayo ogama lakhe linguGarry Davis wagxumeka itende endaweni encane ye-UN eParis ngo-1948, wamemezela ukuthi “izwe lami liwumhlaba,” futhi wamisa “irejista yezakhamuzi zomhlaba wonke” eyaheha abantu abangaphezu kuka-500,000 1947 ababhalisele ukubhala. Umongameli weNyuvesi yaseChicago, uRobert Maynard Hutchins, wabiza ngo-720 ezinye zezihlakaniphi zezenhlalo ezazivelele ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise noprofesa baseStanford, eHarvard, naseSt. Umthethosisekelo.” (“Uhlaka lokuqala” kamuva abalunikeza abaholi bomhlaba ababenombono wokuthi basungula “iFederal Republic of the World, lapho sinikela khona izikhali.”) I-American “United World Federalists” (UWF), eyayihlose ngokukhethekile “ukuqinisa i-UN ukuba ibe yiqembu elibusayo. uhulumeni womhlaba wonke,” yayisimise izahluko ezingu-50,000 futhi yafaka amalungu acishe abe ngu-1947 56 ngaphambi kokuphela kweshumi leminyaka. (I-UWF isekhona nanamuhla, eyaziwa namuhla ngokuthi “Citizens for Global Solutions,” enamahhovisi eWashington DC. Iyingxenye yaseMelika ye-“World Federalist Movement,” enamahhovisi eNew York City.) Futhi inhlolovo ka-Gallup ka-XNUMX yabonisa ukuthi Ama-XNUMX% abantu baseMelika baseseka isiphakamiso sokuthi "i-UN kufanele iqiniswe ukuze ibe uhulumeni womhlaba."
Abantu abavelele bosuku ababekhulumela obala ukusungulwa kweriphabhulikhi yomhlaba wonke bahlanganisa u-Albert Einstein, EB White, Jean-Paul Sartre, Aldous Huxley, Oscar Hammerstein II, Clare Boothe Luce, Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Albert Camus, Dorothy Thompson, Bertrand URussell, u-Arnold Toynbee, u-Ingrid Bergman, uHenry Fonda, uBette Davis, uThomas Mann, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States u-Owen J. Roberts noWilliam O. Douglas, uJawaharlal Nehru, noWinston Churchill.
Lo mbono waze waheha ukwesekwa okusemthethweni komthetho waseMelika. Izishayamthetho zezifundazwe ezingekho ngaphansi kwezingama-30 e-US ziphasise izinqumo ezivuna uhulumeni womhlaba. Futhi isinqumo esihlanganyelwe sango-1949 kuyi-US Congress, esamemezela ukuthi “kufanele kube umgomo oyinhloko wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-United States ukusekela nokuqinisa iZizwe Ezihlangene kanye nokufuna ukuthuthukiswa kwayo ibe umfelandawonye womhlaba,” sasekelwa i-111. abameleli kanye namasenenja, okuhlanganisa imidondoshiya yesimo sezombangazwe saseMelika esizayo njengoGerald Ford, uMike Mansfield, uHenry Cabot Lodge, uPeter Rodino, uHenry Jackson, uJacob Javits, uHubert Humphrey, noJohn F. Kennedy.
Ngempela, uMongameli uHarry S. Truman wayezwelana kakhulu nemimoya kahulumeni womhlaba eyayiyingxenye enkulu ye-zeitgeist ngesikhathi sobumongameli bakhe. UStrobe Talbott, encwadini yakhe ka-2008 ISIVIVINYO ESIKHULU: Indaba Yemibuso Yasendulo, Izizwe Zanamuhla, kanye Nokufuna Isizwe Somhlaba Wonke, usitshela ukuthi uTruman empilweni yakhe yonke yobudala wayephethe isikhwama sakhe semali uTennyson's 1842 I-Locksley Hall amavesi amayelana “nephalamende lomuntu, umfelandawonye womhlaba” - futhi wawakopisha ngesandla izikhathi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. Futhi lapho ebuya ngesitimela esuka eSan Francisco eya eWashington ngemva kokusayina i-UN Charter ngo-June 26, 1945, umongameli wama endaweni yakubo eMissouri, wathi: “Kuyoba lula kanjalo ngezizwe ukuba zisebenzisane. iriphabhulikhi yomhlaba njengoba kungokwakho ukuzwana eriphabhulikhi yase-United States. Manje uma i-Kansas ne-Colorado zinengxabano emanzini e-Arkansas River ... awayi empini ngenxa yawo. Bafaka icala eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States futhi bathobela isinqumo. Asikho isizathu emhlabeni sokuthi kungani singakwazi ukwenza lokho emazweni omhlaba.”
UKUTHULA KOMHLABA NGOMTHETHO WOMHLABA
Ngezinye izikhathi namuhla abantu abavelele abanombono omkhulu womlando babeka umbono wombuso wezwe etafuleni. "Uma uke wafuna ingxabano ngohulumeni womhlaba, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyakunikeza," kusho uBill McKibben ngonyaka ka-2017, ngokungangabazeki ummeli wezemvelo ovelele emhlabeni. Ngo-2015, uBill Gates wenze inhlolokhono ebanzi ephephandabeni laseJalimane Suddeutsche Zeitung mayelana nesimo somhlaba. Kuyo, wathi: “Uhlelo lwe-UN lwehlulekile … Bekudabukisa ukuthi ingqungquthela (yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ye-UN) eCopenhagen yaqhutshwa kanjani … Siyilungele impi… Kodwa kuyini ngezifo eziwumshayabhuqe? ... Ukube bekukhona into efana nohulumeni womhlaba, besiyobe sizilungiselele kangcono.” Futhi ngo-2017, umufi uStephen Hawking wathi: “Selokhu kwaqala impucuko, ubudlova beluwusizo njengoba bunezinzuzo eziqondile zokusinda ... Nokho, manje, ubuchwepheshe buthuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi lolu dlame lungasibhubhisa sonke ... Sidinga ukulawula. lokhu kungokwemvelo okuzuzwe njengefa ngokunengqondo nesizathu sethu ... Lokhu kungase kusho uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni womhlaba.”
Kepha naphezu kwalezi zindaba, umbono wokuthi okuthile okufana nomfelandawonye womhlaba ngelinye ilanga kungase kusebenze njengesixazululo senkinga yempi ubonakala ikakhulukazi ngokungabibikho kwayo engxoxweni yenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Abantu abaningi abahambisani nakho noma abamelene nakho, ngoba abantu abaningi abakaze bacabange ngakho, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abakaze bezwe ngisho ngakho. Futhi umlando omangalisayo walo mbono - phakathi nesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwawo kuleyo minyaka embalwa emifushane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili futhi njengoba ushiwo izihlakaniphi eziningi zomlando emakhulwini eminyaka adlule - ngandlela thize cishe awazi nhlobo ngisho nakubantu abanolwazi lomlando kanye nababambe iqhaza kwezombusazwe.
Kodwa lo mbono ungase uvele futhi - ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo ezaqhubeza u-Wells ukuthi enze "izwe lomhlaba" imbangela yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nokukholelwa kwakhe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Nakuba abantu baseMelika abaningi bemukela ubuzwe nobuzwe kanye nenkulumo ethi “America First” kaSteve Bannon, Stephen Miller, noDonald Trump, abanye abaningi - ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-United States - bagcizelela ukuthi ukwethembeka komuntu esizweni sakubo kungahambisana nokwethembeka komuntu ubuntu, ukuthi ukuphishekela izithakazelo zezwe kumele kuhambisane nombono othile wezithakazelo zomuntu ezivamile, nokuthi sonke kule planethi ebuthakathaka kufanele sizicabangele ngokwethu, emshweni okhumbulekayo womlobi wesayensi uSpider Robinson, “njengabasebenzi abasebenza e-Spaceship Earth. ”
“Umfelandawonye wabo bonke abantu,” kusho u-HG Wells, “kanye nesilinganiso esanele sobulungisa bomphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo, imfundo, nokulingana kwamathuba kwabaningi bezingane ezizalwa emhlabeni, kungasho ukukhululwa nokwanda okunjalo. wamandla omuntu ukuze avule isigaba esisha emlandweni wesintu.”
Mhlawumbe, ngolunye usuku olukude, lokho kungase kube impi ezoqeda impi.
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U-Tad Daley unguMqondisi Wokuhlaziya Inqubomgomo kwa Izakhamizi ze Global Solutions, kanye nombhali wencwadi I-APOCALYPSE NEVER: Ukwakha Indlela Eya Emhlabeni Ongenazo Izikhali Zenuzi kusuka eRutgers University Press.
