NguDavid Swanson
Incwadi entsha kaChris Woods enhle kakhulu ibizwa Ubulungiswa Bokungazelelwe: Izimpi ZaseMelika Eziyimfihlo Ye-Drone. Isihloko sivela esimangalweni uMongameli wangaleso sikhathi uGeorge W. Bush asenzela izimpi zama-drone. Empeleni le ncwadi ilandisa indaba yokungabi nabulungisa kancane kancane. Umzila ovela kuhulumeni wase-US owagxeka njengobugebengu uhlobo lokubulala olusetshenziselwa ama-drones ukuya kulokho okuphatha ukubulawa okunjalo njengokusemthethweni ngokuphelele kanye nenqubo kube inqubo ehamba kancane futhi engekho emthethweni ngokuphelele.
Ukubulawa kwabantu nge-drone kwaqala ngo-Okthoba 2001 futhi, ngokwejwayelekile, isiteleka sokuqala sabulala abantu abangalungile. Umdlalo wokusola wawubandakanya umzabalazo wokulawula phakathi kweAir Force, CENTCOM, kanye neCIA. Ubuwula bomzabalazo bungase buvezwe ngokulungisa inkulumo ethi “Cabanga uyinyamazane” efilimini. Umzala wami uVinny: Zicabange ungum-Iraqi. Uhamba nawe, uyakoma, uyama ukuze uphuze amanzi apholile acwebile… BAM! Umcibisholo we-fuckin ukuklebhula ube yizicucu. Ubuchopho bakho bulenga esihlahleni ngezingcezu ezincane ezinegazi! Manje ngiyakubuza. Ungahle ucabange ukuthi iyiphi i-ejensi indodana yesoka elikudubule elisebenzela yona?
Nokho sekunakwe kakhulu ukuthi iyiphi i-ejensi eyenza ini kunokuthi ikwenze kanjani sengathi konke kusemthethweni. Abaholi beqembu le-CIA baqala ukuthola imiyalo yokubulala kunokuba babambe, futhi benza kanjalo. Njengoba kunjalo i-Air Force kanye ne-Army. Lena kwakuyinoveli uma kukhulunywa ngokubulawa kwabantu abathize, abaqanjwe ngokungafani nenqwaba yezitha ezingadalulwanga. NgokukaPaul Pillar, isekela lesikhulu se-CIA's Counter Terrorism Center ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, "Kwakunomqondo wokuthi i-White House yayingafuni ukubeka ngokucacile ephepheni noma yini eyayizobonakala njengegunyazwe lokubulala, kodwa esikhundleni salokho ikhetha okuningi ukucwayiza nokunqekuzisa ikhanda ekubulaleni u-bin Laden.”
Ezinyangeni zokuqala zikaBush-Cheney, i-Air Force kanye ne-CIA babezabalaza ngayinye yokuphoqelela uhlelo lokubulala i-drone kwenye. Akekho owayefuna ukuphelela enkingeni ngento engekho emthethweni. Ngemuva kukaSepthemba 11, uBush watshela iTenet ukuthi iCIA ingaqhubeka futhi ibulale abantu ngaphandle kokucela imvume yakhe isikhathi ngasinye. Imodeli eyodwa yalokhu kwakuwuhlelo lokubulala okuhloswe ngalo kwa-Israyeli, uhulumeni wase-US alulahla njengongekho emthethweni kwaze kwaba u-9-11-2001. OwayenguSenator waseMelika uGeorge Mitchell wayengumbhali oholayo wombiko kahulumeni wase-US wango-Ephreli 2001 owathi i-Israel kumele iyeke futhi iyeke, futhi wakugxeka ukusebenza kwayo njengokuhluleka ukuhlukanisa imibhikisho nobuphekula.
Uhulumeni wase-US wasuka kanjani lapho waya “Emnyangweni Wezokuphepha Kwezwe” oqeqesha amaphoyisa endawo ukuba abheke ababhikishi njengabashokobezi? Impendulo ithi: kancane kancane futhi ngokuyisisekelo ngokuguqulwa kokuziphatha namasiko kunokuba ngomthetho noma isinqumo senkantolo. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2002, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wawuphenywa ngemibuzo esithangamini sabezindaba ukuthi kungani ulahla ukubulawa kwabantu bakwa-Israel kodwa hhayi ukubulawa okufanayo kwase-US. Kungani kunezindinganiso ezimbili? UMnyango Wezwe awuzange ube nempendulo, futhi uvele uyeka ukugxeka u-Israel. Uhulumeni wase-US wathula iminyaka, nokho, mayelana neqiniso lokuthi abanye abantu ababebabulala kwakuyizakhamizi zase-US. Isisekelo besingakalungiswa ngokwanele ukuze umphakathi ukugwinye lokho.
Ezinye izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zeziteleka ze-drone zase-US bezisezinkundleni zempi okuthiwa. Njengesikhali esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi empini ekhona, ama-drones ahlomile athathwe njengezomthetho ngabameli namaqembu amalungelo abantu kulo lonke uhla oluphelele lwephesenti elincane labantu ohulumeni babo ababandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwe-drone - kanye "neNhlangano Yezizwe" esebenzela labo. ohulumeni. Okwenza izimpi zibe semthethweni akukaze kuchazwe, kodwa lokhu kukhwabanisa kwesandla kwakuyinyawo emnyango wokwamukela ukubulawa kwe-drone. Kuze kwaba yilapho ama-drones ebulala abantu kwamanye amazwe lapho ingekho impi eqhubekayo, lapho noma yibaphi abameli - okuhlanganisa nabangu-750 abasanda kusayina incwadi yezikhalazo yokweseka ukuvumela uHarold Koh (owathethelela ukubulawa kwe-drone eMnyangweni Wezwe) ukufundisa lokho okubizwa ngomthetho wamalungelo abantu eNyuvesi yaseNew York - wabona noma yisiphi isidingo sokuhlanganisa izizathu. I-UN ayikaze igunyaze izimpi e-Afghanistan noma e-Iraq noma e-Libya, hhayi ukuthi empeleni ingakwenza lokho ngaphansi kwe-Kellogg Briand Pact, kodwa nokho izimpi ezingekho emthethweni zathathwa njengezigunyaza inqwaba yokubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone. Ukusuka lapho, ubucwebe obuncane benkululeko “bungagunyaza” okunye.
U-Asma Jahangir woMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene umemezele ukubulala okungeyona eyempi ye-drone njengokubulala ekupheleni kuka-2002. Umphenyi we-UN (kanye nomlingani womthetho kankosikazi kaTony Blair) u-Ben Emmerson waphawula ukuthi ngokombono wase-US, impi manje isingakwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke. nomaphi lapho abantu ababi beya khona, ngaleyo ndlela benza ukubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone noma kuphi nje ngokungekho emthethweni njengezinye izimpi, okusemthethweni okungekho muntu owakugxekayo. Eqinisweni, umbono we-CIA, njengoba uchazelwe uKhongolose nguMeluleki Jikelele we-CIA uCaroline Krass ngo-2013, wawuwukuthi izivumelwano kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ongokwesiko kungase kwephulwe ngokuthanda kwakhe, kuyilapho umthetho wasekhaya wase-US kuphela odinga ukuthotshelwa. (Futhi, kunjalo, imithetho yasekhaya yase-US emelene nokubulala e-United States ingase ifane nemithetho yasekhaya yasePakistani noma yaseYemeni ngokumelene nokubulawa ePakistan noma e-Yemen, kodwa ukufana akukona ubunikazi, futhi yimithetho yase-US kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu.)
Ukwemukelwa okwandayo kokubulawa kwe-drone phakathi kwabameli bama-impiriyali aseNtshonalanga kuholele kuyo yonke imizamo evamile yokulungisa ubugebengu emaphethelweni: ukulinganisa, ukukhomba ngokucophelela, njll. Kodwa "ukulingana" kuhlezi kusesweni lombulali. U-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi wabulawa, kanye nabantu abehlukene abangenacala, ngesikhathi uStanley McChrystal ethi "kuyalingana" ukuqhunyiswa kwendlu yonke ukuze kubulawe indoda eyodwa. Ingabe kwakunjalo? Bekungenjalo? Ayikho impendulo yangempela. Ukumemezela ukubulala “kuyalingana” kuyinkulumo nje abameli abatshele osopolitiki nojenene ukuthi bafake izicelo ekubulaweni kwabantu. Esitelekeni esisodwa se-drone ngo-2006, i-CIA yabulala abantu abangaba ngu-80 abangenacala, iningi labo kuyizingane. U-Ben Emmerson uzwakalise ukungenami okuncane. Kodwa umbuzo othi “ukulinganisa” awuzange uphakanyiswe, ngoba kwakungeyona inkulumo-nkulumo ewusizo kuleso simo. Ngesikhathi kuthathwa i-Iraq, abaphathi baseMelika bebengahlela ukusebenza lapho bebelindele ukubulala abantu abangafika kwabangama-30 abangenacala, kodwa uma bebelindele i-31 bebedinga ukuthi uDonald Rumsfeld asayine kuyo. Lolo uhlobo lwezinga elisemthethweni ukubulawa kwe-drone okungena kulo kahle, ikakhulukazi uma noma yimuphi "owesilisa osekhulile" echazwe kabusha njengesitha. I-CIA ize ibale abesifazane nezingane abangenacala njengezitha, ngokusho kwe- New York Times.
Njengoba ukubulawa kwe-drone kwanda ngokushesha phakathi neminyaka yaseBush-Cheney (kamuva eyaqhuma ngokuphelele phakathi neminyaka ka-Obama) izinga kanye nefayela kwakujabulele ukwabelana ngamavidiyo azungezile. Abakhuzi bazame ukuwumisa lo mkhuba. Base beqala ukukhipha amavidiyo akhethiwe kuyilapho wonke amanye efihliwe.
Njengoba umkhuba wokubulala abantu ngama-drones ezizweni lapho ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwakungazange kugunyazwe ngandlela thize ngesibhengezo “sempi” uba umkhuba, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu njenge-Amnesty International zaqala ukusho ngokusobala ukuthi i-United States yephula umthetho. Kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka, lolo limi olucacile lwashabalala, esikhundleni salo kwaba ukungabaza nokungaqiniseki. Kulezi zinsuku, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zibhala amacala amaningi okubulawa kwabantu abangenacala ngama-drone bese zimemezela ukuthi kungenzeka zingekho emthethweni kuye ngokuthi ziyingxenye yempi noma cha, nombuzo wokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu ezweni elithile kuyingxenye yempi evuliwe. njengokungenzeka, futhi impendulo incike ekuboneni kukahulumeni wethula ama-drones.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka kaBush-Cheney, imithetho ye-CIA kwakufanele ishintshwe kusukela ekuqaliseni iziteleka ezibulalayo noma nini lapho benethuba elingu-90% “lokuphumelela” noma nini lapho benethuba elingu-50%. Futhi kwalinganiswa kanjani lokhu? Empeleni kwaqedwa umkhuba “wokusayina iziteleka” lapho kubulawa abantu kungaziwa ukuthi bangobani. IBrithani yona yavula indlela yokubulala izakhamuzi zayo ngokuphuca ubuzwe bazo njengoba kudingeka.
Konke lokhu kwaqhubeka ekusithekeni okusemthethweni, okusho ukuthi kwakwaziwa yinoma ngubani owayenendaba nokwazi, kodwa kwakungamele kukhulunywe ngakho. Ilungu elisebenze isikhathi eside kunawo wonke ekomitini eliqondisayo laseJalimane lavuma ukuthi ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga babethembele kakhulu kwabezindaba ukuze bathole ukuthi izinhloli namasosha abo benzani.
Ukufika koMklomelo Wokuthula kaKaputeni e-White House kuthathe ukubulawa kwe-drone kwafika ezingeni elisha, kwaphazamisa amazwe afana ne-Yemen, futhi kwaqondisa abangenacala ngezindlela ezintsha, okuhlanganisa nokukhomba abatakuli abasanda kufika endaweni egcwele igazi yesiteleka sangaphambilini. Baphindisele emuva ngokumelene ne-US ethathwe, kanye nokuphindisela ngokumelene nabantu bendawo ngamaqembu athi enza isenzo sokuziphindiselela ngokubulawa kwe-drone yase-US. Umonakalo owenziwe ngama-drones ezindaweni ezifana neLibya ngesikhathi sokuketulwa kwe-US-NATO ngowezi-2011 awuzange ubonakale njengesizathu sokuhlehla, kodwa njengezizathu zokubulawa okwengeziwe kwe-drone. Ukukhula kwezinxushunxushu eYemen, okwabikezelwa izingqapheli ezikhomba imiphumela engalungile yeziteleka zama-drones, kwathiwa kube yimpumelelo ngu-Obama. Abashayeli bezindiza be-Drone manje babezibulala futhi benengcindezi yokuziphatha ngamanani amakhulu, kodwa kwakungekho ukubuyela emuva. Iningi elingu-90% ku-National Dialogue yase-Yemen lalifuna ukuthi izindiza ezihlomile zibe yicala, kodwa uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wawufuna ukuthi amazwe omhlaba nawo athenge ama-drones.
Esikhundleni sokuqeda noma ukuhlehlisa uhlelo lokubulala, i-Obama White House yaqala ukulivikela esidlangalaleni futhi yakhangisa indima kaMongameli ekugunyazeni ukubulala. Noma okungenani lokho kwaba yisifundo ngemuva kokuthi uHarold Koh neqembu lezigelekeqe bethole ukuthi bafuna ukwenza kanjani sengathi “bagunyaza” ukubulala. Ngisho noBen Emmerson uthi kubathathe isikhathi eside ngoba bebengakaqondi ukuthi yiziphi izaba abazozisebenzisa. Ingabe inqwaba yezizwe manje ezizuza ama-drones ahlomile azodinga izaba?
