By UDavid Swanson
Isithombe, uma uthanda, amavidyo evidiyo (ekuqaleni kuka-2016) uDonald Trump buffoonery ne-CEO ye-CBS Leslie Moonves bephawula ngesinqumo esikhulu semithombo yezindaba sokunikeza uTrump isikhathi esiningi somoya kunabanye abazongenela ukhetho: “Kungase kungabi kuhle eMelika, kodwa ilungele i-CBS. ”
Lesi yisingeniso ekuhlaziyweni okunamandla kwemithombo yezindaba yase-US. Isikrini esisha sefilimu eNew York naseLos Angeles kuleli sonto sibiziwe Wonke Ohulumeni Baqamba Amanga: Iqiniso, Inkohliso, noMoya we-IF Stone.
I-website ethi AllGovernmentsLie.com inayo izinsuku zokuhlola, a uhlu lwamanga, Futhi uhlu lwezintatheli ezinhle eziveza amanga. Izinhlu ezikule webhusayithi azifani nokuqukethwe yifilimu, kepha kukhona ukuhlangana okuningi - okwanele ukukunika umuzwa wokuthi le projekthi imayelana nani.
Ngabe ngenze izinguquko ezahlukahlukene nezengezo kwifilimu. Ikakhulukazi, ngikhathele yikho konke ukugxila e-Iraq 2003. Le filimu ithinta impi ilele kusukela lapho, kepha isanikeza ukuthi iqoqo elithile lempi ligqame.
Noma kunjalo, le ifilimu okufanele ikhonjiswe emadolobheni, emakhaya, nasemakilasini e-United States yonke. Kubandakanya futhi kuqhutshwa ukuhlaziywa kukaNoam Chomsky kokuthi uhlelo lwezindaba “luboshiwe” kanjani ngaphandle kwalabo abenza lo mkhuba bekholelwa ukuthi benze noma yini. Kuyinhlolovo yokwenziwa kwamakhanka ngabezindaba bezinkampani. Isingeniso sezintatheli eziningi eziphakeme kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Futhi isingeniso ku-IF Stone. Kubandakanya nezithombe ezethulwayo zonyaka Umklomelo we-Izzy okuya kuzintatheli ezenza ngokwesiko likaStone.
Amanye wamanga asohlwini lwefilimu nakuwebhusayithi yilelo lesehlakalo seGulf of Tonkin (non-). Noma ngubani onakayo manje uyazi njengamanga empi. Futhi kwakuyimpi esobala eyayilele ngaleso sikhathi ngomqondo othile. Lokho kungukuthi: ukube abaseNyakatho neVietnam badubule babuyela emuva emkhunjini wase-US osogwini lwabo, lokho bekungeke kube yiluphi uhlobo lwezomthetho, okungaphansi kokuziphatha, kube yisizathu sokwanda kwempi. Ngingayithanda uma abantu bengakwazi ukuqonda lowo mqondo futhi bawusebenzise oLwandle Olumnyama, oLwandle Olubomvu, nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba namuhla.
Kodwa iGulf of Tonkin ikhuluma ngokuhlukumezeka kweVietnam ngokumelene nemikhumbi yase-US ngokungahambi kahle futhi idubula ogwini lwaseVietnam yayingabonakali kubantu abanokholo endimeni yase-US ye-Global Policeman. Omunye kwadingeka enze amanga avelele. Omunye umuntu kwakudingeka abhale ukuthi empeleni uNobhala we-So-Called Defence noMongameli babeqamba amanga. Ngokudabukisayo, akekho owenza lokho emahoreni okuqala e-24 ngemuva kokulalelwa kwekomidi leCongress, futhi lokho kwakudingeka ukuba iCongress inike umengameli impi.
Futhi kwakungamashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iNkantolo eNkulu yasePhalamende futhi ngaphambi kokuba i-National Security Agency ivume, futhi eminyakeni eyengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba uNobhala uRobert McNamara akwenze. Noma kunjalo, lezo zembonakaliso zivele ziqiniseke lokho abantu abakhathalelayo abazi. Futhi babesazi ngenxa ye-IF Stone eyayisemasontweni ambalwa emva kwesigameko (esingezona) washicilela umagazini wezinsuku ezine wephephandaba lakhe lamasonto onke ngokuphathelene neT Tonkin.
Ukuhlaziywa kukaStone kuyasiza ekubukeni lesi sigameko noma ukuntuleka kwayo kule nyanga edlule eLwandle Olubomvu eYemen. Futhi empeleni yiJemen ukuthi lelo dolo liphendulela ikhasi 1 ku-1964. I-United Nations, kuhlanganise ne-ambassador yayo yase-United States, isanda kulahla ukuhlaselwa kweBrithani eJenen ukuthi iBrithani ivikela njengempindiselo. UMongameli uDwight Eisenhower uphinde waxwayisa amaFrance ngokulwa nokuhlaselwa okubuyiselwa eTurisia. Futhi uMongameli uLyndon Johnson, ngisho nasesikhathini sikaTonkin, Stone amanothi, wayexwayisa iGrisi kanye neTurkey ukuba bangahlanganyeli ekuhlaselweni okuphindiselayo komunye nomunye.
UMatshe, owavame ukubheka ngisho nemithetho ebhaliwe engekho omunye obalalele, wabonisa ukuthi abathathu kubo bavimbela lezi zinhlobo zokuhlaselwa: isivumelwano se-League of Nations, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact kanye ne-UN Charter. Lezi zinsuku ezimbili ezisekhona zikhona okwenzekayo kuhulumeni wase-US.
I-United States eVietnam, i-Stone iyaqhubeka ukukhombisa, ayikwazanga ukuhlaselwa ngokungenacala kodwa yona ngokwayo ivume ukuthi sekuvele isikebhe sezikebhe eziningi zaseVietnam. Futhi ngempela imikhumbi yase-United States, i-Stone ibika, yayisemanzini aseNyakatho Vietnam futhi yayikhona lapho ukusiza imikhumbi yaseNingizimu Vietnam eyayigubha iziqhingi ezimbili zaseNyakatho Vietnam. Futhi empeleni leyo mikhumbi yayinikezwe iNingizimu Vietnam ngezempi zase-US kanye nabakhokhi bentela abadala baseMelika.
UStone ubengenakuthola ukulalelwa kwamakomidi avaliwe, kepha ubengakudingi neze. Ubhekele okushiwo okwenziwe ezinkulumweni ngabasenenja ababili kuphela abavote ngokumelene nempi. Wabe esefuna noma yikuphi ukuhlangana kabusha ngabagcinisihlalo bamakomidi. Wathola ukuthi ukuphika kwabo kwakungekhona ukuphika futhi kungacabangi. Kwakungenangqondo ukuthi imikhumbi yase-US ivele ivele ihlale izungeze eduze kwemikhumbi yaseNingizimu Vietnam. UStone akazange akholwe.
Amatshe abuye agcwaliswe ngolwazi olulandelayo. I-United States yayisekela ukuhlaselwa kwama-guerrilla eNyakatho yeVietnam iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokungekhona isigameko. Futhi amatshe aphakamisa izinsolo eziningi, kuhlanganise nombuzo wokuthi kungani imikhumbi yase-United States iqinisekisile ukuthi iyaphuma emanzini angaphandle ukuze kwenzeke lesi sigameko (okungezona) ukuba (hhayi), futhi umbuzo wokuthi kungani ezweni laseVietnam lizoqala Impi yase-United States (okungekho muntu ongayichaza, nakuba u-Eugene McCarthy ehlongoze ukuthi mhlawumbe babenesizungu).
Ukungabikho kwifilimu nakwebhusayithi ye- Wonke Ohulumeni Baqamba Amanga kungumsebenzi ka-IF Stone ngamanga ngokugqashuka kweMpi yaseKorea. Sifunde okuningi selokhu akubhala, kepha sabona ukuqonda okuningi, kufanelekile, noma ngesikhathi esifanele ukuqonda kwethu iKorea nezwe namuhla.
