Sala kahle ku-AUMF

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Juni 17, i-2021

Ngenkathi i-US House ivota kanye neSenate yaseMelika ithembisa ukuvota ngokuchitha i-AUMF (Ukugunyazwa Kokusetshenziswa Kombutho Wezempi) kusuka ngonyaka we-2002 (empeleni kwakuyimvume mbumbulu yemvume kaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush yokuzinqumela yedwa ukuthi uzohlasela yini futhi sibhubhise i-Iraq ngokwephula i-UN Charter kanye neKellogg-Briand Pact, phakathi kweminye imithetho), singagcina sesivalelisa umthetho ohlazisayo. Futhi ngaphandle kokushintshwa kwe-AUMF okwamanje okukhona ukuvikela izimpi ezintsha. Lokhu konke kuya kokuhle, kepha. . .

Lokhu akuyona iCongress eqinisekisa igunya layo. Lokhu kwenziwa yiCongress ngoba uMengameli wamanje ukutshele lokho.

Lokhu akukhona ukuthi iCongress ichitha i-AUMF ka-2001 ekhishwe kabanzi ngokusetshenziswa kwayo njengezaba zezimpi zobugebengu ezesabekayo iminyaka engama-20. Lowo ushiywe ngokusobala endaweni.

Lokhu akuyona iCongress eqeda impi eyodwa, ngisho nempi yaseYemen yokuthi zombili lezi zindlu zivotele ukuphela kabili lapho zingathembela ku-Trump veto, hhayi impi e-Afghanistan, hhayi impi yaseSyria (noma, njengoMongameli Biden ukuthandwa ukuyibiza, "iLibya"). Lokhu akukhona ukuthi iCongress yenqaba ukwenyuka okwengeziwe kobuhlanya ekusetshenzisweni kwempi. Lokhu akukhona ukuvimbela okuningi njengokubulala okukodwa kwe-drone. Eqinisweni, ayikho i-AUMF, ngisho ne-2001 AUMF, ebilokhu iba phakathi kwezizathu ezithiwe zezimpi zamanje isikhathi esithile. UTrump akazange athembele kuma-AUMF futhi kanjalo noBiden.

Lesi senzo "sokulwa nempi" sifana nokwehluleka ukuguqula kabusha amaphoyisa noma amajele noma intela noma izindleko zasekolishi noma izimalimboleko zabafundi noma umholo omncane, bese senza iShumi Nambili iholide. Kungukugqoka amawindi. Kepha ayivezi ingozi ethile, ukuthi iCongress ihlela ukudala i-AUMF entsha, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi esifanele sokwesaba nokwethuka, ngaphambi kokuqeda i-AUMF kusuka ngonyaka ka-2001. Nazi izizathu eziyisithupha lokho okungumbono omubi. Zizwe ukhululekile ukuthola ezinhlanu zalezi zizathu zingasile. Noma yimuphi wabo kufanele anele yedwa.

1. Impi ayikho emthethweni. Yize zonke izimpi zingekho emthethweni ngaphansi kweKellogg-Briand Pact, iningi labantu alikunaki lokho. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kakhulu abangalinaki iqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izimpi azikho emthethweni ngaphansi kweSivumelwano se-UN. UMongameli Biden uvikele imicibisholo yakhe yangoMashi eya eSyria ngesimangalo esingaqondakali sokuzivikela, ngokusobala ngoba kunenkinga yokuzivikela kwi-UN Charter. I-US yafuna ukugunyazwa yi-UN ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq ngo-2003 (kepha ayikutholanga) hhayi njengenhlonipho ezizweni ezinikezwa umhlaba, kepha ngoba lokho kuyimfuneko yezomthetho, noma ngabe ikushaya indiva ubukhona beKellogg-Briand Pact I-KBP). Akunandlela yokuthi iCongress isho ukugunyazwa kokusetshenziswa kweMpi Yezempi (i-AUMF) ukwenza ubugebengu bempi bube yinto esemthethweni. Ayikho indlela yeCongress yokuyihlawulisa ngokuthi elinye ibutho lamandla akuyona "impi" empeleni. Umqulu we-UN uvimbela ukuphoqelela ngisho nokusongelwa kokuphoqwa, futhi udinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuthula kuphela - njengoba kwenza i-KBP. ICongress ayinaso isikhathi esikhethekile sokwenza ubugebengu.
2. Ukuchazwa ngenxa yempikiswano yokuthi impi isemthethweni, i-AUMF isazoqhubeka ibe ingekho emthethweni. Umthethosisekelo wase-US unikeza iCongress amandla akhethekile okumemezela impi, futhi awekho amandla okugunyaza umphathi ukuba amemezele impi. Ukumisa ngenhloso yokuphikisana ngokuthi i-War Powers Resolution inguMthethosisekelo, imfuneko yayo yokuthi iCongress igunyaze ngqo noma iyiphi impi noma ubutha ayinakuhlangatshezwa ngokumemezela ukuthi ukugunyazwa okujwayelekile kwesigungu esiphezulu ukugunyaza noma yiziphi izimpi noma ubutha abona kufanelekile ukugunyazwa okuthile. Akunjalo.
3. Awuqedi izimpi ngokugunyaza izimpi noma ngokugunyaza omunye umuntu ukuba agunyaze izimpi. The 2001 AUMF yathi: “Ukuthi uMongameli ugunyaziwe ukusebenzisa wonke amandla adingekayo nalawo afanelekile kulawo mazwe, izinhlangano, noma abantu abona ukuthi kuhlelwe, kwagunyazwa, kwenziwa noma kwasizwa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenzeka ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, noma wafaka izinhlangano noma abantu abanjalo. , ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iziphi izenzo zesikhathi esizayo zobuphekula ezenziwa e-United States yizizwe, izinhlangano noma abantu abanjalo. ” I- 2002 AUMF uthe: “UMongameli ugunyaziwe ukusebenzisa iMpi Yezempi yase-United States njengoba enquma ukuthi kunesidingo futhi kufanelekile ukuze - (1) avikele ukuphepha kwezwe lase-United States kusongo oluqhubekayo olwenziwa yi-Iraq; futhi (2) kuphoqelelwe zonke izinqumo ezifanele zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Wezizwe Ezihlangene eziphathelene ne-Iraq. ” Le mithetho iyimbudane, hhayi nje ngoba ayihambisani nomthethosisekelo (bona # 2 ngenhla) kepha futhi nangenxa yokuthi owesibili ongathembekile kanti izigaba ezixhumanisa i-Iraq ne-9-11 ziyinikeza ukuthi ayinasidingo ngaphansi kowokuqala. Noma kunjalo, leyo yesibili yayidingeka kwezepolitiki e-United States. Kwakudingeka ne-AUMF entsha eSyria 2013 nase-Iran 2015, yingakho lezo zimpi zingenzekanga ngezinga elinjenge-Iraq. Ukuthi esinye isimemezelo noma i-AUMF bekungadingeki kwezinye izimpi eziningi, kufaka phakathi impi yaseLibya, kufaka phakathi isilinganiso esincane nempi yommeleli eSyria, iqiniso lezepolitiki elingaphezu kwelisemthethweni. Sikwazi ngokuphelele ukwenza kudingeke ukuthi uBiden athole isimemezelo esisha sempi sanoma iyiphi impi entsha, futhi asiphike kuye. Kepha ukumnikeza i-AUMF entsha manje futhi silindele ukuthi abeke yonke imicibisholo futhi aziphathe njengomuntu okhulile kungabopha isandla esisodwa ngemuva kwethu njengabagqugquzeli bokuthula.
4. Uma iCongress ingenakuphoqwa ukuba ichithe ama-AUMF akhona ngaphandle kokwenza okusha, kungcono ukuthi sigcine amadala. Abadala bangeze ungqimba lokuqina kwezomthetho ezimpini eziningi nasezenzweni zamasosha, kepha empeleni abethenjiwe nguBush noma u-Obama noma uTrump, ngamunye wabo ophikise, engenangqondo, ukuthi isenzo sakhe (a) sihambisana ne-UN Charter, (b) ngokuhambisana ne-War Powers Resolution, kanye (c) nokugunyazwa amandla empi kamongameli angekho okucatshangwa kuMthethosisekelo wase-US. Ngesinye isikhathi izaba zikaKhongolose zokudlulisa impunzi ziphela ekuhlekiseni. Kusenezincwadi ezisuka ku-1957 ukugunyazwa kokulwa nobukhomanisi bamazwe aphesheya eMiddle East, kepha akekho owashoyo. Ngingathanda ukulahla zonke izinto ezinjengalezi, futhi ngaleyo ndaba isigamu soMthethosisekelo, kepha uma imihlangano yeGeneva kanye neKellogg-Briand Pact ingafakwa enkumbulweni, kanjalo nalaba badonsela phansi baseCheney. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma udala entsha, izosetshenziswa, futhi izohlukunyezwa ngaphezu kwanoma yini ekusho ngokoqobo.
5. Noma ngubani obonile umonakalo owenziwe yizimpi zakamuva ngeke avume enye into ebunjiwe. Kusukela ngo-2001, i-United States ibilokhu ihlelekile ukubhubhisa isifunda somhlaba, siqhuma amabhomu e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, ePakistan, eLibya, eSomalia, eYemen naseSyria, ingasaphathwa eyasePhilippines nakwamanye amazwe ahlakazeke umhlaba wonke. Izwe laseMelika "linamandla akhethekile" asebenza emazweni amaningi. Abantu ababulawa yizimpi zangemva kuka-9-11 cishe bazungezile 6 abayizigidi ezingu. Izikhathi eziningi eziye zalimala, izikhathi eziningi ezabulala noma zalimaza ngokungaqondile, izikhathi eziningi lokho kwenza abantu bangabi nakhaya, futhi izikhathi eziningi lokho kwahlukumezeka. Amaphesenti amakhulu ezisulu kube yizingane ezincane. Izinhlangano zamaphekula nezinkinga zababaleki zenziwe ngejubane elimangalisayo. Lokhu kufa nokubhujiswa kuyiconsi ebhakedeni uma kuqhathaniswa namathuba alahlekile okusindisa abantu endlaleni nasekuguleni nasezinhlekeleleni zesimo sezulu. Izindleko zezezimali ezingaphezu kwe- $ 1 trillion unyaka nonyaka wezempi zase-US bekulokhu kungukuhweba. Bekungenza futhi kungenze umhlaba omuhle.
6. Okudingekayo kungenye into ngokuphelele. Okudingeka empeleni ukuphoqa ukuphela kwempi ngayinye, nokuthengiswa kwezikhali, nezisekelo. ICongress yase-US empeleni yasebenza (ngokudabukisayo kepha ngokusobala impela) yenqabela impi e-Yemen nase-Iran ngenkathi uTrump eseWhite House. Zombili lezi zenzo zivotelwe. Womabili la mavoti awazange abhalwe ngaphezulu. Manje uBiden uzibophezele ekuhlungeni ukubamba iqhaza kwe-US ngokwengxenye (ngaphandle kwezindlela ezithile) empini ye-Yemen, neCongress isithuli. Okudingeka kakhulu ukuthi iCongress ivimbele noma yikuphi ukubamba iqhaza empini yaseYemen futhi yenze iBiden isayine, bese iyafana nase-Afghanistan, bese iyafana naseSomalia, njll., Noma yenza kaningi ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa yenze, bese uyayenza UBiden ubasayine noma abavote. Okudingekayo ukuthi iCongress ivimbele ukubulala abantu emhlabeni wonke ngemicibisholo, noma ngabe ivela kuma-drones. Okudingakalayo ukuthi iCongress ihambise imali ekusetshenzisweni kwamasosha iye ezinkingeni zabantu nezemvelo. Okudingekayo ukuthi iCongress iqede ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zase-US okwamanje 48 kwabangu-50 XNUMX ohulumeni abaningi abacindezelayo emhlabeni. Okudingekayo ukuthi iCongress ikwazi vala izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe. Okudingekayo ukuthi iCongress iqede unswinyo olubulalayo nolungekho emthethweni kubantu abasemhlabeni jikelele.

Sisanda kubona umhlangano kaMongameli Biden noMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin, lapho abameli abakhulu benzondo nempi bonke babengamalungu emidiya yase-US. Singalindela ukuthi abezindaba base-US bakhalele i-AUMF entsha ngenxa yobutha obudalwe yimithombo yezindaba yase-US eRussia, China, Iran, North Korea, Venezuela, futhi - hleze sikhohlwe! - AmaUFO. Kepha lesi yisikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu, hhayi esingcono kakhulu sokwenza idokhumenti eyingozi kakhulu kunango-2001.