NguDavid Swanson Njengoba sifunda Ulysses ngeBloomsday njalo ngoJuni 16 (noma kufanele uma singakwenzi) ngicabanga ukuthi njalo ngoDisemba 7 akufanele kugcine nje ngokukhumbula uMthetho Omkhulu wango-1682 owavimbela impi ePennsylvania kodwa futhi kuphawule nePearl Harbor, hhayi ngokugubha isimo se-permawar ikhona iminyaka engama-73, kepha ngokufunda I-Golden Age ngo-Gore Vidal nokubeka uphawu oluthile lwe-Joyceka iminyaka yobudala ye-anti-isolationist emperial mass-killer ehlanganise ukuphila kwazo zonke izakhamuzi zase-US ngaphansi kweminyaka ye-73.
IGolden Age Day kufanele ifake ukufundwa komphakathi kwinoveli kaVidal nokuvunywa kwayo okukhanyayo ngu I-Washington Post, i-New York Times Book Review, nawo wonke amanye amaphepha ezinkampani ngonyaka we-2000, owaziwa nangokuthi unyaka we-1 BWT (ngaphambi kwempi ye-terra). Akukho nelilodwa kulawo maphephandaba, olwazini lwami, elake laphrinta ukuhlaziywa okuqondile okucacile kokuthi uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wahambisa kanjani iMelika eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba. Noma kunjalo inoveli kaVidal - evezwe njengenganekwane, kepha ixhomeke ngokuphelele kumaqiniso abhaliwe - ilandisa le ndaba ngokuthembeka okuphelele, futhi ngandlela thile uhlobo olusetshenzisiwe noma uhlu lozalo lomlobi noma ikhono lakhe lokubhala noma ubude bencwadi (amakhasi amaningi kakhulu abahleli abaphezulu ukuba babe okhathazekile) imnikeza ilayisense yokukhuluma iqiniso.
Yebo, abanye abantu baye bafunda I-Golden Age futhi bephikisana nokungafaneleki kwayo, kodwa lihlala lihloniphekile. Ngingahle ngilimaze imbangela ngokubhala ngokukhululekile mayelana nokuqukethwe kwayo. Ubuqili, engikhuthaza kakhulu kubo bonke, ukunikeza noma ukutusa le ncwadi kwabanye ngaphandle ebatshela okukuyo.
Yize umenzi wamafilimu engumlingiswa oqavile encwadini, ayenzelwanga ifilimu, ngokwazi kwami - kepha ukwenzeka okubanzi kokufundwa komphakathi kungenza lokho kwenzeke.
In I-Golden Age, silandela ngaphakathi kuyo yonke iminyango evaliwe, njengoba iBrithani ifuna ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eMpini Yezwe II, njengoba uMongameli Roosevelt enza ukuzibophezela kuNdunankulu uWinston Churchill, njengoba abafudumele beqhuba umhlangano waseRepublican ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi kokubili amaqembu akhethe ukukhethwa ku-1940 alungele ukukhankasa ngokuthula ngenkathi ehlela impi, njengoba i-FDR ifuna ukugijima isikhathi esingakapheli sesithathu njengomongameli wezempi kodwa kumele izitholele ngokuqala umkhankaso nokukhankasa njengomengameli we-drafttime ngesikhathi sokuthi ingozi yomphakathi, futhi njengoba i-FDR isebenza ukuvusa iJapan ukuba ihlasele isimiso sakhe esifisa.
Ama-echoes ayesabeka. Imikhankaso kaRoosevelt yokuthula ("ngaphandle uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa"), njengoWilson, njengoJohnson, njengoNixon, njengo-Obama, futhi njengalawo malungu eCongress asanda kukhethwa kabusha ngenkathi enqaba nangokusobala ngokomthethosisekelo ukumisa noma ukugunyaza impi yamanje. URoosevelt, okhethweni olwandulela ukhetho, ubeka uHenry Stimson njengoNobhala Wezempi olangazelela impi hhayi ngokuphelele ngokungafani no-Ash Carter njengophakanyiselwe uNobhala Wezokuvikela.
Izingxoxo zosuku lwe-Golden Age zingase zihlanganise amanye amaqiniso awaziwa ngale ndaba:
NgoDisemba 7, 1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wakhipha isimemezelo sempi eJapan naseJalimane, kepha wanquma ukuthi ngeke kusebenze wahamba neJapane yedwa. IGermany, njengoba bekulindelekile, yasheshe yamemezela impi ngeMelika.
U-FDR uzame ukuqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nemikhumbi yase-US kuhlanganise ne- Greer futhi Kerny, okwakusiza izindiza zaseBrithani zilandele izikebhe zasemfuleni zaseJalimane, kodwa yikuphi uRovelvelt ayezenza sengathi wahlaselwa ngokungenacala.
U-Roosevelt naye waqamba amanga ukuthi ubephethe imephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi yokunqoba iNingizimu Melika, kanye nenhlelo eyimfihlo yeNazi yokufaka zonke izinkolo ngeNazi.
Kusukela ngoDisemba 6, i-1941, amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye emphakathini wase-US aphikisana nokufaka impi. Kodwa u-Roosevelt usevele usemise lo mbhalo, wenza i-National Guard, wenza i-Navy enkulu emanzini amabili, abadayisi abadala baseNgilandi baqashisa ngokuqashisa izisekelo zawo eCaribbean naseBermuda, futhi bamemezela ngasese ukuthi kwakhiwe uhlu lwazo zonke Umuntu waseJapan noJapane-waseMelika e-United States.
Ngo-Ephreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala incwadi eyimfihlo eya kwikhabhinethi yakhe yempi: “Kungathathwa njengokuqinisekile ukuthi ukungena kweJapane empini kuzolandelwa ukungena ngokushesha kwe-United States ngasohlangothini lwethu.”
Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wahlangana nekhabhinethi yakhe e-10 Downing Street. Umhlangano waba nokufana okufanayo noJulayi 23, 2002, umhlangano ekhelini elifanayo, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Downing Street Minutes. Bobabili imihlangano yembula izimfihlo ze-US zokuya empini. Emhlanganweni we-1941, u-Churchill utshele iKhabhinethi yakhe, ngokusho kwemizuzu: "UMongameli utshele ukuthi uzoyilwa kodwa ngeke akhulume." Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Konke kwakuzokwenziwa ukuphoqa isenzakalo."
Kusukela maphakathi no-1930s izishoshovu zokuthula zase-US - labo bantu ababecasula impela ngezimpi zaseMelika zakamuva - babemasha beyokulwa nokuphikisana kweMelika neJapan kanye nezinhlelo zamasosha aseMelika zokulwa neJapan - inguMashi 8, 1939, inguqulo yayo eyayichaza “impi ehlaselayo isikhathi eside ”lokho kungabhubhisa amasosha futhi kuphazamise impilo yezomnotho yaseJapan.
NgoJanuwari 1941, the I-Japan Umkhangisi uzwakalise intukuthelo yakhe ngePearl Harbor esihlokweni sokuhlela, futhi inxusa laseMelika eJapan wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke: “Kunezinkulumo eziningi ezizungeze idolobha ukuthi amaJapan, uma kwenzeka ehlaba ikhefu ne-United States, ahlela baphume bonke ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu abaningi ePearl Harbor. Impela ngazise uhulumeni wami. ”
NgoFebhuwari 5, 1941, Admiral owedlule uRichmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMpi uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa okumangalisayo ePearl Harbour.
Ngesikhathi nje i-1932 i-United States isilokhu ikhuluma neChina ngokunikeza izindiza, abashayeli bezindiza, nokuqeqesha impi yayo neJapane. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt ukhokhelwe u-China izigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi ukulwa neJapane, futhi ngemuva kokubonisana noNgqongqoshe wezeMali waseBrithani, uHenry Morgenthau, uhlele izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ngokuqhuma amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane.
NgoDisemba 21, 1940, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali waseChina uSoong noColonel Claire Chennault, umhlalaphansi wase-US Army owayesethathe umhlalaphansi owayesebenzela amaShayina futhi ebekade ebanxusa ukuba basebenzise abashayeli bezindiza baseMelika ukuqhumisa iTokyo kusukela okungenani ngo-1937, bahlangana endaweni yokudlela kaHenry Morgenthau igumbi lokuhlela ukuqhuma komlilo eJapan. UMorgenthau uthe angakhipha abesilisa emsebenzini wabo e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina engabakhokhela u- $ 1,000 ngenyanga. USoong wavuma.
Ngo-May 24, i-1941, i- New York Times ibike ngokuqeqeshwa kweMelika ngamasosha omoya waseChina, kanye nokunikezwa “kwezindiza eziningi zokulwa nokuqhuma kwamabhomu” eChina yiMelika. “Kulindeleke ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emadolobheni aseJapan,” kufundeka isihloko esingezansi.
NgoJulayi, iJoint Army-Navy Board yayisemukele uhlelo olubizwa ngeJB 355 lokuqhumisa ibhomu eJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili ibizothenga izindiza zaseMelika ezizohanjiswa amavolontiya aseMelika aqeqeshwe yiChennault futhi akhokhelwe elinye iqembu langaphambili. URoosevelt uvumile, nochwepheshe wakhe waseChina uLauchlin Currie, ngokusho kukaNicholson Baker, "wafaka ucingo uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyayinxenxa ukuthi izinhloli zaseJapan zinqandwe." Noma ngabe bekuyiphuzu eliphelele lelo noma cha, le bekuyincwadi ebhalwe ukuthi: “Ngijabule kakhulu ukukwazi ukubika namuhla uMongameli uyalele ukuthi amabhomu angamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha atholakale eChina kulo nyaka kuthi angamashumi amabili nane ahanjiswe ngokushesha. Ubuye wavuma nohlelo lokuqeqeshwa kwezindiza lwaseChina lapha. Imininingwane ngeziteshi ezijwayelekile. Ozithobayo."
I-1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-Chinese Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubeka phambili ngokuqashwa nokuqeqeshwa ngokushesha futhi yanikezwa eChina ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.
Ngo-May 31, 1941, e-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikeza isixwayiso esibuhlungu: “Ukuduba ngokuphelele kwezomnotho eJapane, ukumiswa kokuthunyelwa kukawoyela ngokwesibonelo, kwakuzosunduza iJapane ezandleni ze-Axis. Impi yezomnotho ingaba yisandulela sempi yasolwandle neyempi. ”
NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, “Uma sinqamula uwoyela, [amaJapane] mhlawumbe ngabe wehlela eDutch East Indies ngonyaka owedlule, futhi ubuzoba nempi. Kwakudingeka kakhulu ngokombono wethu wobugovu ekuvikeleni ukuvimbela impi ukuthi iqale eSouth Pacific. Ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukunqanda impi ukuthi ingaqubuki lapho. ” Izintatheli ziqaphele ukuthi uRoosevelt uthe "kwakungu" kunokuba "ngu." Ngakusasa, uRoosevelt wakhipha i-oda eliphezulu lokuqandisa izimpahla zaseJapan. I-United States neBrithani basika uwoyela nezinsimbi ezindala eJapane. URadhabinod Pal, isazi sezomthetho saseNdiya esasisebenza enkantolo yamacala empi ngemuva kwempi, wabiza lezi zivimbelo “njengosongo olucacile nolunamandla ebukhoneni beJapan,” futhi waphetha ngokuthi i-United States yayicasule iJapan.
Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, the I-Japan Times Umkhangisi wabhala: “Okokuqala kwaba nokudalwa kwe-superbase eSingapore, kuqiniswa kakhulu ngamasosha waseBrithani nawaseMbusweni. Ukusuka kule ndawo kwakhiwa isondo elikhulu futhi laxhunyaniswa nezisekelo zaseMelika ukwakha indandatho enhle egcwele endaweni enkulu eningizimu nasentshonalanga ukusuka ePhilippines kudlula eMalaya naseBurma, ngesixhumanisi esiphihliwe kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseThailand. Manje sekuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe izingcingo ezivalekile, ezifika eRangoon. "
Ngo-September umshini waseJapane wacasulwa ukuthi i-United States isiqalile ukuhambisa amafutha okwedlule eJapane ukuze ifike eRussia. IJapane, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa kancane "empini yezomnotho."
Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower owayesebenza uColonel William Donovan owahlola uRoosevelt. Ugwayi ukhulume nomuntu waseManila ogama lakhe lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishani yaseMaritime, esho ukuthi ulindele ukuthi "IJaps izoyithatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ngiphume." Lapho uMowerower eveza ukumangala, uJohnson waphendula wathi: "Awaziwa yini uJap izimoto ziye zathuthela empumalanga, kungenzeka ukuba zihlasele izimoto zethu ePearl Harbor? "
NgoNovemba 3, 1941, inxusa lase-United States lathumela ucingo olude eMnyangweni Wezwe lixwayisa ngokuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho lungase luphoqe iJapane ukuba lenze i- “har-kiri kazwelonke.” Wabhala: “Impi ehlomile ne-United States ingafika ngokuzuma okukhulu okuyingozi.”
NgoNovemba 15th, uMphathi Wezabasebenzi wase-US uGeorge Marshall wazisa abezindaba ngento esingayikhumbuli ngokuthi "uhlelo lukaMarshall." Empeleni asikukhumbuli nakancane. "Silungiselela impi ezohlasela iJapan," kusho uMarshall, ecela izintatheli ukuthi zikugcine kuyimfihlo, lokhu engikwaziyo ukuthi bakwenze ngendlela efanele.
Ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva uNobhala Wezempi uStimson wabhala kudayari yakhe ukuthi wayehlangane eHhovisi le-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, kanye noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. URoosevelt ubatshele ukuthi amaJapan kungenzeka ahlasele kungekudala, mhlawumbe ngoMsombuluko olandelayo.
Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi i-United States yephule amakhodi amaJapan nokuthi uRoosevelt ubekwazi ukufinyelela kuwo. Kwakungenxa yokuthola umyalezo obizwa ngokuthi yi-Purple code lapho uRoosevelt athola khona izinhlelo zaseJalimane zokuhlasela iRussia. KwakunguHull owaputshuzela amaJapane abezindaba, okwaholela esihlokweni esithi Novemba 30, 1941, isihloko esithi “May May Strike Over Weekend.”
Lowo Msombuluko olandelayo ubuzoba ngoDisemba 1, ezinsukwini eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa empeleni. "Umbuzo," kubhala uStimson, "ukuthi kufanele sibashukumisele kanjani ukuba babe sethubeni lokudubula kuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kakhulu kithi. Bekuyisiphakamiso esinzima. ”
Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, iCongress yavotela impi. I-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Wema yedwa ekuvoteni u-no. Ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuvota, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, uRankin wabeka amazwi kwiCongress Record echaza ukuphikisa kwakhe. Ubalule umsebenzi womsakazi wenkulumo-ze waseBrithani owayephikise ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuletha iMelika empini. Ubalule ireferensi kaHenry Luce ku Ukuphila Iphephabhuku elalingoJulayi 20, 1942, “eChina amaSulumane ayethulele kuwo i-Pearl Harbor.” Wethule ubufakazi bokuthi engqungqutheleni ye-Atlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wayeqinisekisile Churchill ukuthi i-United States izoletha ingcindezi yezomnotho ukuthi ibekezelele eJapan. "Ngishilo," kusho u-Rankin ngemuva kwalokho wabhala, "kusho uMnyango Wezindaba ZikaZibandlela kaDisemba 20, i-1941, oveze ukuthi ngoSepthemba 3 ukuxhumana kwakuthunyelwe eJapan befuna ukuthi yamukele umgomo wokunganaki kwesimo esikhona ePacific, "obekungaba yisiqinisekiso sokufunwa kobumbuso bemibuso emhlophe eMpumalanga."
I-Rankin ithole ukuthi iBhodi YezokuVikela yezezeMnotho isithole izigwegwe zezomnotho ngaphansi kwesonto ngemuva kweNgqungquthela yase-Atlantic. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, the New York Times empeleni bekubikwe ukuthi iJapan "inqanyulwe cishe ngamaphesenti we-75 wokuhweba kwakhe okujwayelekile yi-Allies blockade." UCartin uphinde waveza isitatimende sikaLieutenant uClarence E. Dickinson, e-USN, esitatimendeni. NgoMgqibelo Evening Post ka-Okthoba 10, 1942, ukuthi ngoNovemba 28, 1941, ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, iPhini lika-Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Jr., (ngesiqubulo esithi "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") simnikeze imiyalo abanye “ukudubula noma yini esiyibone esibhakabhakeni nokuqhumisa noma yini esiyibonayo olwandle.”
UGenerali George Marshall wamukele kakhulu kwiCongress ku-1945: ukuthi amakhodi aphukile, ukuthi i-United States iqalile izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-American zokusebenzisana ngokumelene neJapane futhi zaziqalisa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor, nokuthi i-United States ukuhlinzeka ngezikhulu zempi yakhe eChina ngenhloso yokulwa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.
Imemorandamu ka-Okthoba 1940 kaLieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum yathathwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kanye nezikhulu zakhe ezingaphansi. Ibize izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili uMcCollum abikezela ukuthi zizoholela eJapan ukuba zihlasele, kufaka phakathi ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zaseBrithani eSingapore kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zaseDutch kulokho manje okuyi-Indonesia, okusiza uhulumeni waseChina, ukuthumela ukwahlukaniswa kwebanga elide abahamba ngezinyawo abasindayo ePhilippines noma eSingapore, bethumela izingxenye ezimbili zemikhumbi-ngwenya “eMpumalanga,” begcina amandla amakhulu emikhumbi eHawaii, begcizelela ukuthi amaDashi aphike uwoyela waseJapane, futhi avimbele konke ukuhweba neJapan ngokubambisana noMbuso WaseBrithani .
Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kwesimemo sikaMcCollum, uMnyango Wezwe watshela abaseMelika ukuthi basuse izizwe ezisempumalanga ekude, kanti uRoosevelt wayala ukuthi le mikhumbi igcinwe eHawaii ngenxa yesiphikiso esinzima sika-Admiral James O. Richardson ocaphune uMongameli ethi "Ngokushesha amaJapane azokwenza isivumelwano isenzo esenziwa ngokusobala ngokumelene ne-United States futhi isizwe sizovuma ukungena empini. ”
Umlayezo owathunyelwa ngu-Admiral Harold Stark ku-Admiral Husband Kimmel ngoNovemba 28, 1941, wawufundeka kanje, “UMA IZINDAWO ZOKUPHILA ZINGAPHINDE NGEKE ZIVIKELWE I-UNITED STATES IFISA UKUTHI IJAPANE LENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA WOKUQALA.”
UJoseph Rochefort, ongumsunguli woPhiko lwezobuNhloli kwezokuxhumana, owaba nesandla ekwehlulekeni ukuxhumana nePearl Harbor ngalokho okwakuzokwenzeka, kamuva wayezophawula: “Kwakuyimali eshibhile impela ukukhokha ukuhlanganisa izwe.”
Ngobusuku obulandela ukuhlaselwa, uMongameli Roosevelt wacela u-Edward R. Murrow we-CBS News kanye noMxhumanisi Wezokwazisa kaRoosevelt ukuthi badle isidlo e-White House, futhi konke uMongameli ayefuna ukwazi ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika sebezoyamukela yini impi. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bazoyamukela impi manje. Kamuva uDonovan watshela umsizi wakhe ukuthi ukumangala kukaRoosevelt kwakungekhona okwabanye ababemzungezile, nokuthi yena, uRoosevelt, wakwamukela ukuhlaselwa. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngalobo busuku futhi wahlushwa impilo yakhe yonke yilokho akubiza ngokuthi "yindaba enkulu kakhulu yempilo yami" angakaze ayisho.
Yiba Nosuku Oluhle Oluhle Oluhle Ngemnandi!
