by Nan Levinson, TomDispatch, Januwari 19, 2023
Ngithanda ukucula futhi engikuthanda kakhulu ukwenza kanjalo phezulu kwephaphu lami lapho ngingedwa. Ngehlobo eledlule, ngihamba ngezinyawo emasimini ommbila e-Hudson River Valley yaseNew York kungekho muntu eduze kwendlu yokugwinya, ngizithole ngikhipha ingoma emayelana nokuthula kusukela eminyakeni yami yakudala, yekamu lasehlobo. Lokho kwakusekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1950, lapho usizi lweMpi Yezwe II lwaluselusha, i-UN yayibukeka njengentuthuko ethembisayo, futhi umculo wesintu wawumnandi kakhulu.
Ekhempini yami enezisusa ezinhle, evame ukuzenza abalungile, ehlala imnandi, izingane eziyi-110 zazivame ukulwa nalokhu. isithembiso esimnandi:
“Isibhakabhaka sezwe lami siluhlaza ngaphezu kolwandle
kanye nokukhanya kwelanga ku-cloverleaf nophayini
kodwa amanye amazwe anokukhanya kwelanga kanye ne-clover
futhi isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yonke indawo njengesami”
Kwakubonakala kunengqondo, indlela yokucabanga yabantu abadala - njengokuthi, duh! singakwazi konke yiba nezinto ezinhle. Lokho kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ngikhule futhi ngabona ukuthi abantu abadala abacabangi ngokunengqondo. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho ngiqeda ingoma yokugcina, ngazibuza: Ubani okhulumayo, ingasaphathwa eyokucula, ngaleyo ndlela ngokuthula? Ngisho, ngaphandle kwenhlamba kanye nethemba langempela?
Kusukela i-summer ramble yami, Usuku Lokuthula Lomhlaba Wonke ufikile wadlula. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha abulala izakhamizi (futhi kwesinye isikhathi okuphambene nalokho) ezindaweni ezihlukene njenge Ukraine, Ethiopia, Iran, Syria, lo I-West Bank, Futhi Yemen. Imane iqhubeke njalo, akunjalo? Futhi lokho akusaphathwa ngisho zonke izingxabano ezintekenteke, izenzo zobuphekula (nokuziphindiselela), ukuxosha ukuvukela, kanye nokucindezelwa kwezingxabano kule planethi.
Ungangiqalisi, ngendlela, ukuthi ulimi lwempi luvame ukugcwala kanjani empilweni yethu yansuku zonke. Akumangalisi ukuthi uPapa, esigijimini sakhe sakamuva sikaKhisimusi, wakhalaza “indlala yokuthula. "
Phakathi kwakho konke lokho, akunzima yini ukucabanga ukuthi ukuthula kunethuba?
Culela!
Kunomkhawulo wokuthi kungakanani izingoma ezingaba nokubaluleka, kodwa inhlangano yezombusazwe ephumelelayo idinga iculo elihle. (Njengoba ngathola isikhathi ukubika bese, Ukufutheka Komshini yafeza leyo njongo kumasosha athile alwa nempi yangemva komhla ka-9/11.) Okungcono nokho iculo izixuku ezingacula lapho zibuthana ngokubambisana ukuze zithole ingcindezi yezombangazwe. Phela kuzwakala kumnandi ukucula njengeqembu ngesikhathi lapho kungenandaba noma ningaphatha ingoma inqobo nje uma amagama eshaya ingoma. Kodwa ingoma yombhikisho, ngokwencazelo, ayilona iculo lokuthula - futhi kuvela ukuthi izingoma zakamuva zokuthula nazo azinalo ukuthula.
Njengoba abaningi bethu beminyaka ethile bekhumbula, izingoma ezimelene nempi zachuma phakathi neminyaka yeMpi YaseVietnam. Kwakukhona isithonjana "Nikeza Ukuthula Ithuba,” eyaqoshwa uJohn Lennon, uYoko Ono, nabangane egunjini lehhotela laseMontreal ngo-1969; “War,” eyaqoshwa okokuqala yi-Temptations ngo-1970 (Ngisakwazi ukuzwa ukuthi “akukho lutho!” impendulo ethi “Ilungele Ukuthini?”); I-Cat Stevens's "Isitimela Sokuthula,” kusukela ngo-1971; futhi lokho nje ukuqala uhlu. Kodwa kuleli khulu leminyaka? Iningi engihlangane nalo lalikhuluma ngokuthula kwangaphakathi noma ukwenza ukuthula nawe; bangama-mantras wokuzinakekela du jour. Abambalwa mayelana nokuthula kwezwe noma kwezizwe zonke babethukuthele ngendlela exakile futhi befiphele, nakho okwakubonakala kubonisa isimo sangaleso sikhathi.
Akunjengokungathi igama elithi “ukuthula” selikhanseliwe. Umpheme womakhelwane wami wezemidlalo ifulege lokuthula elifiphele; I-Trader Joe's ingigcina ngihlinzekwa kahle nge-Inner Peas; futhi ukuthula kusathola ukwelashwa okugcwele kwezohwebo ngezinye izikhathi, njengakumklami T-shirts evela enkampanini yokugqoka yaseShayina i-Uniqlo. Kodwa izinhlangano eziningi umgomo wazo uwukuthula komhlaba zikhethe ukungalifaki igama emagameni azo futhi elithi “peacenik,” elihlazisayo ngisho nangesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwalo, manje selidlulile ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ingabe umsebenzi wokuthula usanda kushintsha indlela yawo noma usuvele wavela ngezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu?
Ukuthula 101
Ukuthula yisimo sokuba khona, mhlawumbe isimo somusa. Kungaba okungaphakathi njengokuzola komuntu ngamunye noma kube banzi njengokuzijabulisa phakathi kwezizwe. Kodwa okuhle kakhulu, ayizinzile, isengozini yokulahleka ingunaphakade. Idinga isenzo nayo - funa, phishekela, uwine, ugcine - ube nomthelela wangempela futhi, nakuba kube khona isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwempi ezindaweni ezithile (i-post-WW II Europe kuze kube muva nje, isibonelo), lokho ngokuqinisekile akubonakali kuyisimo semvelo salo lonke izwe lethu.
Iningi labasebenzi bokuthula mhlawumbe abavumelani noma ngabe abakwenzi abakwenzayo. Kuleli khulu leminyaka, ngiqale ngabhekana nokuhlehla emcabangweni wokuthi impi ingokwemvelo noma ayinakugwenywa engxoxweni yocingo yango-2008 noJonathan Shay, udokotela wengqondo owaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe namakadebona eMpi yaseVietnam ehlushwa yi-post-traumatic stress syndrome. Leyo kwakuyisihloko esasikhuluma ngaso lapho ephuma esihlokweni futhi egomela inkolelo yakhe yokuthi kwakungenzeka ngempela ukuqeda yonke impi.
Wayecabanga ukuthi izingxabano eziningi ezinjalo zazibangelwa ukwesaba nendlela hhayi nje izakhamuzi kodwa nebutho lezempi elivame “ukulidla” njengokuzijabulisa. Wanginxusa ukuba ngifunde incwadi yefilosofi yokuKhanya u-Immanuel Kant Ukuthula Okuphakade. Lapho ngenza kanjalo, ngahlatshwa umxhwele ngempela ukunanela kwayo ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva. Ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo mayelana ukubuyisela okusalungiswa, ukuze sithathe isibonelo esisodwa, cabangela ukusikisela kukaKant kokuthi amabutho amiyo enza kube lula ukuba amazwe aye empini. Khona-ke wabhala: “Bagqugquzela izifunda ezihlukahlukene ukuba zinqobe zodwa ngenani lamasosha azo, futhi kuleli nani akukho mkhawulo ongabekwa.”
Inkambu yesimanje yezemfundo yezifundo zokuthula nokungqubuzana - sekukhona manje mayelana 400 izinhlelo ezinjalo emhlabeni wonke - waqala cishe eminyakeni engu-60 edlule. I-Underpinning peace theory imiqondo ye ukuthula okungalungile nokuhle okokuqala kabanzi yethulwa isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseNorway uJohan Galtung (nakuba uJane Addams noMartin Luther King bobabili basebenzise la magama ngaphambili). Ukuthula okungekuhle ukungabikho kodlame olusheshayo kanye nokungqubuzana kwezikhali, ukukholelwa ukuthi ungathenga igrosa ngaphandle kokuthatha ithuba lokushaywa umoya kuma-smithereens (njengase-Ukraine namuhla). Ukuthula okuhle yisimo sokuzwana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezizwe. Lokho akusho ukuthi akekho oke angavumelani, kuphela ukuthi izinhlangothi ezithintekayo zibhekana nanoma yikuphi ukushayisana kwemigomo ngaphandle kobudlova. Futhi njengoba izingxabano eziningi ezinodlame zivela ezimweni eziyisisekelo zomphakathi, ukusebenzisa uzwela nokudala ukuphulukisa amanxeba kubalulekile kule nqubo.
Ukuthula okuphazamisayo kuhlose ukugwema, ukuthula okuhle ekukhuthazeleni. Kodwa ukuthula okubi kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo ngoba izimpi ziningi kulula ukuqala kunokumisa, okwenza Le yindawo ka Galtung okusebenza kakhulu kunomesiya. “Anginandaba nokusindisa umhlaba,” ebhala. "Ngikhathazekile ngokuthola izixazululo ezingxabanweni ezithile ngaphambi kokuthi zibe nodlame."
UDavid Cortright, umakadebona weMpi yaseVietnam, uprofesa ophuma e-Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, kanye nomdidiyeli we Ukunqoba Ngaphandle Kwempi, unginikeze le ncazelo yomsebenzi onjalo nge-imeyili: “Kimina, umbuzo akukhona 'ukuthula komhlaba,' okuphuphile futhi okunengqondo futhi okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhleka usulu thina esikholelwa futhi sisebenzela ukuthula, kodwa kunalokho ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwezikhali nobudlova.”
Ukuthula Kuza Kwehla Kancane
Ukunyakaza kokuthula kuvame ukuhlanganisa izimpi ezithile, ukuvuvukala nokwehla njengoba lezo zingxabano zenza, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zihlala emhlabeni wethu kamuva. USuku Lomama, ngokwesibonelo, lwakhula obizweni lokuthula ngemva kweMpi Yombango. (Abesifazane bebehamba phambili ezenzweni zokuthula kusukela ngaleso sikhathi I-Lysistrata wahlela abesifazane baseGreece yasendulo ukuba banqabele amadoda ubulili kuze kube yilapho beqeda iMpi YasePeloponnesi.) Izinhlangano ezimbalwa ezisasebenza ezilwa nempi zaqala ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I futhi eziningana zavela embuthweni wokumelana neMpi YaseVietnam kanye ne-anuclear yokuqala yama-1980s. Ezinye zamuva nje Abamele, ehlelwe ngo-2017 yizishoshovu ezincane zombala.
Namuhla, uhlu olude lwezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, amaqembu enkolo, ama-NGO, imikhankaso yokunxenxa, izincwadi, nezinhlelo zezazi zihlose ukuqeda impi. Ngokuvamile bagxila emizamweni yabo ekufundiseni izakhamizi ukuthi zingayibamba kanjani impi kanye noxhaso lwezempi, kuyilapho bekhuthaza izindlela ezingcono zokuthi amazwe ahlalisane ngokuthula noma anqande izingxabano zangaphakathi.
Nokho, bala entweni eyodwa: akuwona neze umsebenzi olula, ngisho noma uzikhawulele e-United States, lapho impi ivame ukuvezwa njengokushisekela izwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali okungalawuleki ezikhalini ezibulalayo njengokuvimba, kuyilapho ukwenza inzuzo ngempi kade kuyimidlalo yezwe. Yiqiniso, owasayina iSimemezelo Senkululeko kamuva wahlongoza a Ihhovisi Lokuthula ezoholwa nguNobhala Wokuthula futhi ibekwe esimeni esilinganayo noMnyango Wezempi. Umbono onjalo awuzange uqhubeke, nokho, kunokuqamba kabusha lowo Mnyango Wezempi njengoMnyango Wezokuvikela ozwakala ungathathi hlangothi ngo-1949, ngemuva kokuthi i-UN Charter ikhiphe umthetho wezimpi ezinonya. (Uma kuphele!)
Ngokwe-database ehlanganiswe yi- Iphrojekthi Yokungenelela Kwezempi, leli zwe liye langenela ukungenelela kwezempi okungu-392 kusukela ngo-1776, ingxenye yako eminyakeni engu-70 edlule. Okwamanje, leli zwe alilwi ngqo nanoma yiziphi izingxabano ezigcwele, nakuba amasosha ase-US ukulwa eSiriya futhi izindiza zayo zisaqala ukuteleka eSomalia, ingasaphathwa eye-85 counterterror operations ye-Brown University's Costs of War Project okutholiwe i-US ibizibandakanye kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020, ezinye zazo ngokungangabazeki eziqhubekayo. I-Institute for Economics and Peace ibeka i-US 129th emazweni ayi-163 ngo-2022 wayo. I-Global Peace Index. Phakathi kwezigaba esingene kuzo kulokho kubala ubukhulu besibalo sabantu ababoshiwe, inani lezenzo zokulwa namaphekula ezenziwe, izindleko zempi (okuyinto hamba yonke iplanethi othulini), impi evamile, izikhali zethu zenuzi "zenziwe zanamuhla” elinganiselwa ku-$2 trillion emashumini eminyaka ezayo, inani elimangalisayo lezikhali esizithumelayo noma esizithumelayo. thengisa phesheya, nenani lezingxabano ezilwiwayo. Ngeza kulokho ezinye izinkinga eziningi eziphuthumayo, ezihlanganayo kanye nonya oluvamile olubhekiswe kulo mhlaba kanye nabantu abakuwo futhi kulula ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuphishekela ukuthula okuqhubekayo akukhona nje okungenangqondo kodwa ngokusobala akukona okwaseMelika.
Ngaphandle kokuthi akunjalo. Umsebenzi wokuthula ubaluleke kakhulu, uma nje kungenxa yokuthi isabelomali sePentagon esibalelwa okungenani u-53% wesabelomali sokuzikhethela saleli zwe sehlisa futhi sicekela phansi imizamo yokubhekana nenqwaba yezidingo zomphakathi ezibalulekile. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi izishoshovu zokuthula zase-US kuye kwadingeka ukuthi zilungise amasu azo kanye nesilulumagama sazo. Manje bagcizelela ukuhlangana kwempi nezinye izindaba eziningi, ngokwengxenye njengeqhinga, kodwa futhi ngoba “abukho ubulungisa, akukho ukuthula” kungaphezu kwesiqubulo. Kuwumbandela wokuzuza impilo enokuthula kuleli zwe.
Ukubona ukuhlangana kwalokhu okusihluphayo kusho okungaphezu kokunxenxa ezinye izifunda ukuthi zengeze ukuthula ezikhundleni zazo. Kusho ukwamukela nokusebenzisana nezinye izinhlangano ezindabeni zazo, futhi. NjengoJonathan King, usihlalo ohlanganyele I-Massachusetts Peace Action kanye noprofesa ophuma e-MIT, wakubeka kahle, "Udinga ukuya lapho abantu bekhona, uhlangane nabo ngezinto ezibakhathazayo nezidingo zabo." Ngakho-ke, iNkosi, isishoshovu sokuthula osenesikhathi eside, iphinde isebenze ekomitini lokuxhumanisa iMassachusetts Poor People's Campaign, okuhlanganisa ukuqeda “udlame lwamasosha kanye nokususa impi” ohlwini lwayo izimfuno, kuyilapho i-Veterans For Peace manje inomshini osebenzayo Iphrojekthi Yezinhlekelele Zesimo Sezulu kanye Nezempi. UDavid Cortright ngokufanayo ukhomba endikimbeni ekhulayo yocwaningo lokuthula, edweba isayensi neminye imikhakha yezazi, okuhlanganisa nezifundo zabesifazane kanye nezangemva kobukoloni, kuyilapho ephusha ukucabanga kabusha okujulile kokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthula.
Bese kuba nombuzo wokuthi umnyakazo ufeza kanjani noma yini ngenhlanganisela ethile yomsebenzi wangaphakathi wesikhungo, amandla ezepolitiki ajwayelekile, kanye nengcindezi yomphakathi. Yebo, mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku uKhongolose ungagcina uthonywe umkhankaso wokunxenxa ukuthi uhoxise lezo Zigunyazo eseziphelelwe yisikhathi Zokusetshenziswa Kwebutho Lezempi ezaphasiswa ngo-2001 nango-2002 ngenxa yokuhlasela kuka-9/11 kanye nezimpi ezalandela. Lokho, okungenani, kungenza kube nzima kumongameli ukuthi athumele amasosha ase-US ezingxabanweni ezikude ngokuthanda kwakhe. Kodwa-ke, ukuthola amalungu anele eCongress ukuthi avume ukubuyisela isabelomali sezokuvikela kungadinga umkhankaso osezingeni eliphansi wobukhulu obumangalisayo. Konke lokho, ngokungangabazeki kungasho ukuhlangana kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano yokuthula ibe yinto enkulu kakhulu, kanye nochungechunge lokuyekethisa ikhala lakho kanye nezikhalazo ezingapheli zokuqongelela imali (njengesicelo sakamuva engicela ukuthi "ngenze inkokhelo ukuthula").
I-Peace Beat?
Ngekwindla, ngaya esigcawini esithi, “Chronicling War and Occupation,” engqungqutheleni eyayihlelelwe abafundi eyayikhuluma ngenkululeko yabezindaba. Amaphaneli amane - ababhali bempi abahlaba umxhwele, abanolwazi, abahlukunyeziwe - bakhulume ngokucabangisisa ngokuthi kungani benza umsebenzi onjalo, abathemba ukuthi bazomthonya, kanye nezingozi ababhekana nazo, okuhlanganisa nokwenzeka "yokwenza impi ibe yinto evamile". Ngesikhathi sombuzo, ngabuza mayelana nokufakwa kwemisebenzi emelene nempi futhi ngahlangatshezwana nokuthula, okwalandelwa ireferensi engaphelele yokucindezelwa kokungavumelani eRussia.
Yiqiniso, lapho izinhlamvu zindiza, akusona isikhathi sokuzindla ngenye indlela, kodwa izinhlamvu zazingandizi kulelo hholo futhi ngazibuza ukuthi ingabe wonke amaphaneli mayelana nokubikwa kwempi akufanele afake umuntu obika ngokuthula. Ngiyangabaza ukuthi kungumcabango osemagunjini wezindaba ukuthi, kanye nezintatheli zempi, kungase kube nezintatheli zokuthula. Futhi, ngiyazibuza, ngabe leso sigqi singabukeka kanjani? Yini engayithola?
Ngiyangabaza ukuthi ngake ngalindela ukubona ukuthula esikhathini sethu, esikhathini esingeside esidlule lapho sicula lawomaculo ahlabayo. Kodwa ngiye ngabona izimpi ziphela futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, zize zigwenywe. Ngizibonile izingxabano zixazululwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe labo abahililekile futhi ngiyaqhubeka nokubancoma abasebenzi bokuthula ababe neqhaza ekwenzeni lokho kwenzeke.
NjengoDavid Swanson, umsunguli kanye nomqondisi omkhulu we World Beyond War, wangikhumbuza ocingweni lwamuva nje, usebenzela ukuthula ngoba “kuwumthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha ukumelana nempi. Futhi inqobo nje uma linethuba futhi usebenza kulokho okungase kube nethuba elihle lokuphumelela, kufanele ukwenze.”
Kuyinto elula - futhi njenge-bedeviling - njengalokho. Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele sinikeze ukuthula ithuba.
Copyright 2023 Nan Levinson
Isithombe esifakiwe: Imashi yokulwa nempi eWashington, 24 Septhemba 2005 by Rob ilayisense ngaphansi I-CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 / Flickr
Landela TomDispatch on Twitter futhi ujoyine nathi Facebook. Bheka iDispatch Books entsha, inoveli entsha kaJohn Feffer, ESinglands (owokugcina ochungechungeni lwakhe lweSplinterlands), inoveli kaBeverly Gologorsky Wonke Umzimba Unendaba, noTom Engelhardt Isizwe Esenziwe Ngempi, kanye no-Alfred McCoy Emthunzini Wenkulungwane YaseMelika: Ukuvuka Nokwehla Kwamandla Amandla OseMelika, John Dower's I-American Century Ebudlova: Impi Nezobuphekula Kusukela Empi Yezwe II, kanye no-Ann Jones Babengamasosha: INDLELA Ababulala Ngayo Ababuya Ezimpini ZaseMelika: Indaba Engasoze Yenzeka.
