Umshini Wezempi kaFredric Jameson

NguDavid Swanson

Ukwemukelwa okuphelele kwezempi kudlulela ngale kwama-neoconservatives, abacwasi, amaRiphabhlikhi, amaqhawe alwela amalungelo abantu, amaDemocrats, kanye noquqaba “lwabazimele” bezepolitiki abathola noma iyiphi inkulumo yokuhlakaza ihlazo lezempi laseMelika. UFredric Jameson uyisihlakaniphi esingesokunxele esikhiphe incwadi, ehlelwe nguSlavoj Zizek, lapho ehlongoza khona ukuthi wonke umuntu waseMelika abuthelwe ebuthweni lezempi. Ezahlukweni ezilandelayo, ezinye izihlakaniphi okuthiwa zishiya i-leftist zigxeka isiphakamiso sika-Jameson ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokwanda komshini wokubulala abantu abaningi. UJameson wengeza i-Epilogue lapho engasho khona nhlobo inkinga.

Lokho uJameson akufunayo umbono we-Utopia. Incwadi yakhe ibizwa I-Utopia yaseMelika: Amandla Amabili kanye ne-Universal Army. Ufuna ukwenza amabhange kanye nezinkampani zomshwalensi kuzwelonke, abambe futhi avale ukusebenza kukaphethiloli, abeke izintela ezinkulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu, aqede ifa, enze imali eyisisekelo eqinisekisiwe, aqede i-NATO, enze ukulawulwa okudumile kwabezindaba, avimbele inkulumo-ze elungile, adale umhlaba wonke. I-Wi-Fi, yenza ikolishi libe mahhala, khokha kahle othisha, yenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kube mahhala, njll.

Kuzwakala kamnandi lokho! Ngibhalisa kuphi?

Impendulo kaJameson ithi: esiteshini sokuqasha amasosha. Engiphendula kukho: hamba uzitholele omunye othobela umthetho ozimisele ukubamba iqhaza ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi.

Ah, kodwa uJameson uthi amasosha akhe ngeke alwe nanoma yiziphi izimpi. Ngaphandle kwezimpi ezilwayo. Noma okuthize.

I-Utopianism idingeka kakhulu. Kodwa lokhu ukuphelelwa yithemba okudabukisayo. Lokhu kuphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane kunoRalph Nader ecela osozigidigidi ukuthi basisindise. Laba ngabavoti bakaClinton. Laba ngabavoti bakaTrump.

Futhi lokhu kuwubumpumputhe base-US ekuzuzeni umhlaba wonke. Ambalwa amanye amazwe nganoma iyiphi indlela asondela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo ngezempi kanye nokufa okukhiqizwa yi-United States. Leli zwe lisalele emuva kakhulu ngokusimama, ukuthula, imfundo, ezempilo, ukuvikeleka kanye nenjabulo. Isinyathelo sokuqala esibheke e-Utopia akudingekile ukuba sibe isikimu esinjengokuthatha ngokuphelele amasosha. Isinyathelo sokuqala kufanele kube ukuthola izindawo ezifana neScandinavia emkhakheni wezomnotho, noma iCosta Rica endaweni yokususa impi - noma ukuqaphela ukuhambisana ngokugcwele ne-Article Nine yase-Japan, njengoba kushiwo encwadini ka-Zizek. (Ukuze uthole ukuthi iScandinavia yafika kanjani lapho ikhona, funda I-Viking Economics nguGeorge Lakey. Kwakungahlangene nokuphoqelela izingane, ogogo nomkhulu, nabameli bokuthula ukuba bangene empini yombuso engalawuleki.)

E-United States, ngama-liberals kuCongress abafuna ukuphoqelela insizakalo ekhethiwe kwabesifazane, futhi abagubha zonke izinhlobo zabantu abasha abamukelwe esikhundleni esikhulu kwezempi. Umbono "oqhubekayo" manje ungowomnotho oshiye kancane noma oshisekayo, eceleni kwenqwaba yobuzwe obunobuzwe (okufika ku-$1 trillion ngonyaka) - wona kanye umqondo wokusebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe ususiwe ekucatshangweni. Umbono we-reformist we-American Dream ekhula njalo ungowokwenziwa kancane kancane kwentando yeningi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Izisulu zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emhlabeni wonke zingase zikwazi ukulangazelela ukuqhunyiswa ngebhomu ngumongameli wokuqala wesifazane wase-US. Isiphakamiso sikaJameson siyintuthuko enkulu kule ndlela efanayo.

Ngiyangabaza ukunakwa incwadi kaJameson ngoba yimbi kakhulu futhi lo mkhuba awukhohlisi. Kodwa, eqinisweni, izingcezu zendatshana yakhe kanye nezalabo abayigxekayo ekhuluma ngokubuthwa emhlabeni wonke, naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kuphrojekthi kaJameson, zimbalwa futhi ziphakathi nendawo. Angatholakala encwajaneni encane. Yonke enye incwadi iwukubheka okuhlukahlukene okuvela kuyo yonke into kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwengqondo kuya kuMarxism kuya kunoma yikuphi ukunengeka kwamasiko uZizek asanda kuwela kuwo. Okuningi kwalokhu okunye kuyasebenziseka noma kuyajabulisa, kodwa kuhlukile ekwamukeleni okubonakala kufiphele kokungagwemeki kwebutho lezempi.

UJameson umile kwelokuthi singakwenqaba ukungagwemeki konxiwankulu, futhi cishe noma yini enye esiyibona ifanelekile. “Imvelo yomuntu” uveza, ngokufanelekile, ayikho. Kodwa-ke, umbono wokuthi ukuphela kwendawo lapho uhulumeni wase-US angafaka khona imali enkulu ukuthi amasosha amukelwa buthule emakhasini amaningi futhi abekwe ngokucacile njengeqiniso: "[I] izakhamuzi - noma uhulumeni wayo - akunakwenzeka ukuthi uchithe imali. impi yemali yentela ifuna ocwaningweni lwesikhathi sokuthula olungenangqondo.”

Lokho kuzwakala njengencazelo kahulumeni wamanje wase-US, hhayi bonke ohulumeni bakudala nabazayo. Inani labantu abavamile akunakwenzeka njengesihogo ukwamukela ukubuthelwa empini ngokugcwele emhlabeni wonke. Lokho, hhayi ukutshalwa kwezimali ezimbonini ezinokuthula, bekungeke kwenzeke.

U-Jameson, uzoqaphela, uthembela “empini” ukuze akhuthaze amandla ombono wakhe wokusebenzisa amasosha ukushintsha kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Lokho kunengqondo, njengebutho lezempi, ngokwencazelo, isikhungo esisetshenziselwa ukulwa. Kodwa-ke, uJameson ucabanga ukuthi amasosha akhe ngeke alwe izimpi - uhlobo - kodwa ngesizathu esithile azoqhubeka nokuxhaswa ngezimali - futhi ngokwanda okukhulu.

Ibutho lezempi, uJameson ugcizelela ukuthi, liyindlela yokuphoqa abantu ukuthi baxubane bodwa futhi bakhe umphakathi kuyo yonke imigqa evamile yokuhlukana. Kuphinde kube yindlela yokuphoqa abantu ukuthi benze lokho abayalelwe ukuthi bakwenze njalo ngehora lemini nasebusuku, kusukela ekudleni kuye ngesikhathi sokuzikhulula, nokubabeka esimweni sokuthi benze izenzo zonya ngomyalo ngaphandle kokuma bacabange. Lokho akuhambisani nokuthi ibutho liyini. UJameson akawuphenduli neze umbuzo wokuthi kungani efuna amasosha asemhlabeni wonke kunokuba athi, amasosha asemhlabeni wonke alondolozwayo. Uchaza isiphakamiso sakhe “njengokubuthelwa kwesizwe sonke ukuba sibuthelwe eButhweni Likazwelonke elikhazinyulisiwe.” Ingabe i-National Guard ekhona ingadunyiswa ngaphezu kwalokho okuvezwa yizikhangiso zayo manje? Sekuvele kukhazinyuliswe ngokudukisayo kangangokuthi uJameson uphakamisa ngephutha ukuthi Onogada baphendula ohulumeni bezifundazwe kuphela, njengoba nje iWashington isithumele ezimpini zakwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokuphikiswa yizifundazwe.

I-United States inamasosha emazweni angu-175. Ingabe kuyonezela ngokuphawulekayo kubo? Nwebela kuma-holdout asele? Letha wonke amabutho ekhaya? UJameson akasho. I-United States iqhumisa ngamabhomu izizwe eziyisikhombisa esizaziyo. Ingabe lokho kuzokwanda noma kunciphe? Nakhu konke uJameson akushoyo:

"[T] indikimba yababhalisiwe abafanelekile izokwenyuswa ngokufaka wonke umuntu kusukela kweyishumi nesithupha kuya kwamashumi amahlanu, noma uma uthanda, iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha: okungukuthi, cishe bonke abantu abadala. [Ngiyakuzwa ukukhala kokucwaswa kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-61 ubudala, akunjalo?] Umgwamanda ongalawuleki kangako kusukela manje ubungeke ukwazi ukulwa izimpi zakwamanye amazwe, ingasaphathwa eyokuqhuba ukuketula umbuso ngempumelelo. Ukuze sigcizelele ukuthi le nqubo yenziwa yonke indawo, ake senezele ngokuthi bonke abakhubazekile bayotholwa izikhundla ezifanele kulesi simiso, nokuthi abantu abalwela ukulwa nempi ngenxa kanembeza bayoba izindawo zokulawula ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali, ukugcinwa kwezikhali, nokunye okunjalo.”

Futhi yilokho. Ngenxa yokuthi ibutho lezempi laliyoba namasosha amaningi, lalingeke “likwazi” ukulwa izimpi. Ungacabanga ukwethula lowo mbono ePentagon? Ngingalindela impendulo yokuthi “Yeeeeeaaaaah, impela, yilokho kanye obekungadingeka ukusivala. Vele usinikeze amasosha ayizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa futhi konke kuzolunga. Sizokwenza nje ukulungisa kancane umhlaba wonke, kuqala, kodwa kuzoba nokuthula maduzane. Kuqinisekisiwe.”

Futhi “abalwela ukuthula” nabantu abanonembeza babeyobelwa umsebenzi wokwakha izikhali? Futhi bayokwamukela lokho? Izigidi zazo? Futhi kwakuzodingeka izikhali ezimpini ezazingeke zisenzeka?

UJameson, njengesishoshovu sokuthula esinenhloso enhle, angathanda ukuthi amasosha enze uhlobo lwezinto ozibona ezikhangisweni Zonogada Bakazwelonke: ukusiza ezinhlekeleleni, usizo lokusiza abantu. Kodwa amasosha akwenza lokho kuphela lapho futhi kuphela lapho ewusizo emkhankasweni wawo wokubusa umhlaba ngobudlova. Futhi ukwenza usizo lwezinhlekelele akudingi ukuzithoba ngokuphelele. Abahlanganyeli kulolo hlobo lomsebenzi akudingeki babekwe esimweni sokubulala futhi babhekane nokufa. Bangaphathwa ngohlobo lwenhlonipho olusiza ukubenza babambiqhaza ku-utopia yentando yeningi-socialist, esikhundleni sohlobo lokwedelela olubaholela ekuzibulaleni ngaphandle kwehhovisi lokulaliswa esibhedlela i-VA.

UJameson uyawuncoma umbono “wempi yokuzivikela” athi uvela kuJaurès, kanye nokubaluleka “kwesiyalo” athi uTrotsky. Jameson ukuthandwa amasosha, futhi ugcizelela ukuthi esimweni sakhe "ibutho lezempi lomhlaba wonke" lizoba yisimo sokuphela, hhayi isikhathi soguquko. Kuleso simo sokuphela, amasosha ayezothatha yonke enye into kusukela kwezemfundo kuye ekunakekelweni kwezempilo.

UJameson usondela ekuvumeni ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona abantu abangaphikisana nalokhu ngesizathu sokuthi imboni yezimboni yamasosha idala ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Uthi ubhekene nokwesaba okubili: ukwesaba amasosha nokwesaba noma iyiphi i-utopia. Ube esekhuluma nabakamuva, ehudula uFreud, Trotsky, Kant, nabanye ukuze bamsize. Akagodle nelilodwa igama kulowo wokuqala. Kamuva uthi i real isizathu sokuthi abantu bamelene nombono wokusebenzisa amasosha yingoba ngaphakathi kwezempi abantu bayaphoqeleka ukuthi bazihlanganise nalabo abavela kwezinye izigaba zomphakathi. (Oh the horror!)

Kodwa, emakhasini angamashumi amahlanu nesithupha, uJameson “ukhumbuza” umfundi ngento ayengakaze ayithinte ngaphambilini: “Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbuza umfundi ukuthi ibutho lomhlaba wonke elihlongozwayo lapha aliselona ibutho lochwepheshe elibhekele noma yiliphi inani lokuchitha igazi nokubulala. ukuketula umbuso ezikhathini zamuva nje, okunonya nengqondo yobushiqela noma yobushiqela ebangela ukwesaba nokukhumbula okusacacile okuyomangaza noma ubani uma ecabanga ukuphathisa umbuso noma umphakathi wonke.” Kodwa kungani amasosha amasha angafani nendala? Yini eyenza ihluke? Ngakho-ke, ingabe ilawulwa kanjani, njengoba ithatha amandla kuhulumeni wezakhamuzi? Ingabe kucatshangwa njengentando yeningi eqondile?

Khona-ke kungani singacabangi nje ngentando yeningi eqondile ngaphandle kwamasosha, futhi sisebenzele ukuyifinyelela, okubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi yenziwe esimweni esingesomphakathi?

Ekusaseni likaJameson elihlomile kwezempi, uyasho - futhi, njengokungathi bekufanele ngabe sesikwazile - ukuthi "wonke umuntu uqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa izikhali futhi akekho ovunyelwe ukuba nazo ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe nezicaciswe ngokucophelela." Njengasezimpini? Bheka lesi siqephu esivela “kugxeka” kuka-Zizek ka-Jameson:

“Yebo, ibutho likaJameson ‘liyibutho elivinjiwe,’ ibutho elingenazimpi . . . (Futhi leli butho belizosebenza kanjani empini yangempela, eyanda kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla elixubile?)”

Ukutholile lokho? UZizeki uthi leli butho ngeke lilwe izimpi. Bese ezibuza ukuthi kazi izozilwa kanjani izimpi zayo. Futhi ngenkathi amasosha ase-US enamasosha nemikhankaso yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eqhubekayo emazweni ayisikhombisa, kanye namabutho “akhethekile” alwa namanye amaningi, uZizek ukhathazekile ngokuthi kungase kube nempi ngelinye ilanga.

Futhi ingabe leyo mpi yayizoqhutshwa ukuthengiswa kwezikhali? Ngokucasulwa amasosha? Ngamasiko ezempi? Nge "diplomacy" enobutha esekelwe empini yama-imperialism? Cha, kwakungeke kwenzeke. Okokuqala, awekho amagama ahilelekile amahle njengokuthi “multicentric.” Impela inkinga - noma incane futhi inamandla - ukuthi isimo somhlaba esigxile kakhulu singaqala impi maduze. U-Zizek uqhubeka nokusho ukuthi, emcimbini womphakathi, u-Jameson ubone ngeso lengqondo izindlela zokudala ibutho lakhe lendawo yonke ngokwemibandela ye-Shock Doctrine, njengendlela yokusabela enhlekeleleni noma esiphithiphithini.

Ngivumelana no-Jameson kuphela ngesisekelo lapho eqala khona ukuzingela i-utopia, okungukuthi amasu ajwayelekile ayinyumba noma afile. Kodwa leso akusona isizathu sokusungula inhlekelele eqinisekisiwe nokuzama ukuyiphoqelela ngezindlela ezimelene kakhulu nentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi lapho ezinye izizwe eziningi sezivele zikhomba indlela ezweni elingcono. Indlela eya ekusaseni lezomnotho elithuthukayo lapho abacebile bekhokhiswa intela futhi abampofu bengaphumelela ingavela kuphela ngokuqondisa kabusha izimali ezingenakuqondakala ezilahlwa emalungiselelweni empi. Ukuthi amaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrat akunaki umhlaba wonke lokho akusona isizathu sokuthi uJameson abajoyine.