NguDaniel Immerwahr, Novemba 30, 2020
Kusukela The Nation
Sngemuva nje kokuba ubhadane lweCovid-19 luhlasele i-United States, intatheli yabuza uDonald Trump ukuthi ngabe usezibheka njengomengameli wesikhathi sempi yini. "Ngiyavuma. Ngiyakwenza ngempela, ”ephendula. Ukuvuvukala ngenhloso, uvule isithangami nabezindaba ngokukhuluma ngakho. “Empeleni, sisempini,” kusho yena. Kodwa-ke abezindaba nabacwaningi bakhiphe amehlo abo. "Umongameli wesikhathi sempi?" bagconwa I-New York Times. "Akukacaci ukuthi abavoti abaningi bazowamukela yini umqondo wokuba ngumholi ngesikhathi sempi." "Imizamo yakhe yokwamukela ubusosha yamasosha ivuse amashiya ambalwa," kubika iNPR. Okumbalwa okwaphawulwa ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi uTrump, kunjalo, kwaba umongameli wesikhathi sempi, hhayi ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Wengamele — futhi namanje usengamele — ukuhambela kwamasosha okubili okuqhubekayo, iSentinel ka-Operation Freedom e-Afghanistan ne-Operation Inherent Resolve e-Iraq naseSyria. Ngokuthula kakhudlwana, izinkulungwane zamasosha ase-US azulazula e-Afrika futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje abekezelele ukulimala eChad, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, naseSouth Sudan. Izindiza nama-drones ase-US, okwamanje, zigcwalisa isibhakabhaka futhi kusukela ngo-2015 zibulale abantu abangaphezu kwe-5,000 (futhi mhlawumbe abaningi njenge-12,000) e-Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia nase Yemen.
Kungani kulula kakhulu ukukhipha la maqiniso? Inani eliphansi kakhulu labalimele e-US lidlala indima ebonakalayo. Kodwa-ke okusemqoka kakhulu ukuthi ukudonsa kancane kokubika kwezindaba kungayeki. I-United States ibilokhu ilwa ezindaweni eziningi, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezichazwe ngokungaqondakali, ukuthi kulula kwabanye ukuthi bakhohlwe impi yonke bese bebuza ukuthi ngabe igciwane lenze uTrump umholi wesikhathi sempi yini. Ezimpikiswaneni ezimbili zikamongameli, akekho noyedwa umuntu okhethwe oke washo nokuthi i-United States isempini.
Kepha kunjalo, futhi akukhathazi ukucabanga ukuthi izwe selinesikhathi esingakanani. Abafundi abangena ekolishi lokhu kuwa baphila impilo yabo yonke phakathi neMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula nemikhankaso yabo eyalandela. Iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kwalokho yabona ukuthunyelwa kwaseMelika eGulf War, izingxabano zaseBalkan, eHaiti, eMakedoniya naseSomalia. Eqinisweni, kusukela ngo-1945, lapho iWashington izibeka njengomgcini wokuthula emhlabeni wonke, impi ibiyindlela yokuphila. Ukuhlukanisa ukubandakanyeka kwezempi kungaba yinkohliso, kepha ngokusobala kube neminyaka emibili kuphela emashumini ayisikhombisa nohhafu edlule — ngo-1977 nango-1979 — lapho i-United States yayingagadli noma ilwa kwelinye izwe.
Umbuzo uthi kungani. Ingabe kuyinto ejulile isiko? Izishaya-mthetho ephaketheni lezakhiwo zezempi nezimboni? Ubumongameli obungalawuleki? Ngokuqinisekile bonke babambe iqhaza. Incwadi entsha evelayo kaDavid Vine, The I-United States of War, ibala esinye isici esibalulekile, esivame ukunganakwa: izisekelo zamasosha. Kusukela eminyakeni yayo yokuqala, i-United States isebenze izisekelo emazweni aphesheya. Lezi zinendlela yokumema impi, ngokubamba intukuthelo nge-United States nangokukhuthaza abaholi base-US ukuthi baphendule ngamandla. Njengoba izingxabano zikhula, ezempi zakha okuningi, okuholela kumbuthano ononya. Izisekelo zenza izimpi, ezenza izisekelo, njalonjalo. Namuhla, iWashington ilawula ezinye izisekelo ezingama-750 emazweni aphesheya nakwamanye amazwe.
I-China, ngokuhlukile, inesizinda esisodwa nje sase-Djibouti. Futhi izimpi zayo zempi kusukela ngawo-1970 bezicishe zilinganiselwe ngokuphelele ekuxabaneni nasemingceleni yezwe eziqhingini ezincane. Yize ingumbuso okhulayo onombutho omkhulu wamasosha, bambalwa abatatazelayo ngodlame, futhi kungekho ukushoda kwezitha okungenzeka ukuthi zikhona, iChina isanda kuphula umzila wayo wamashumi eminyaka wokungalahlekelwa ngamabutho empi asebenzayo. E-United States, eyayilwela unyaka nonyaka waleso sikhathi, ukuthula okunjalo akunakwenzeka. Umbuzo uthi ngabe, ngokuhoxisa izisekelo zawo, ingazilapha yini esihlahleni sempi engapheli.
IKulula ukungacabangi ngezisekelo. Bheka ibalazwe lase-United States, uzobona izifunda ezingama-50 kuphela; ngeke uwabone amanye amasayithi angamakhulu lapho ifulegi lase-US lindiza phezu kwawo. Kulabo abangazange basebenze ebusosheni, lawo machashazi amancane awabonakali neze. Futhi mancane ngokweqiniso: Hlanganisa ndawonye zonke izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle uhulumeni wase-US avumayo ukuzilawula, futhi uzoba nendawo engenkulu kangako kuneHouston.
Kodwa-ke noma isici esisodwa somhlaba esilawulwa amasosha aphesheya, njengesihlabathi se-oyster, singacasula kakhulu. Ngo-2007, uRafael Correa wakwenza kwacaca lokhu ngenkathi, njengoMongameli wase-Ecuador, ebhekene nengcindezi yokuvuselela isivumelwano ezweni laseMelika ezweni lakhe. Utshele izintatheli ukuthi uzovuma ngombandela owodwa: ukuthi avunyelwe ukubeka isisekelo eMiami. "Uma kungekho nkinga yokuba namasosha aphesheya ezweni," esho, "impela bazosivumela ukuba sibe nesizinda sase-Ecuador e-United States." Vele, akekho umongameli wase-US ongavuma entweni enjalo. Ibutho langaphandle elisebenza esisekelweni eFlorida noma kwenye indawo e-United States kungaba yintukuthelo.
Njengoba uVine esho, yilolu hlobo lwentukuthelo olwenze ukuthi kudalwe i-United States kwasekuqaleni. Umqhele waseBrithani awuzange uthwalise amakholoni awo intela kuphela; ibabacasule kakhulu ngokumisa ama-redcoats emakoloni empi neFrance. Ngawo-1760s naku-70s, kwakuyinsakavukela imibiko ethusayo ngokuhlaselwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukwebiwa nokudlwengulwa kwamasosha. Ababhali beSimemezelo Sokuzimela bagxeka inkosi ngokuthi “yahlukanisa izindimbane zamabutho ahlomile phakathi kwethu” futhi yabakhulula emithethweni yendawo. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi ukuchitshiyelwa kwesithathu koMthethosisekelo-okuza ngaphambi kwamalungelo aphathelene nokulingwa okulungile kanye nenkululeko ekuseshweni okungenangqondo-kuyilungelo lokuthi amasosha angahlukaniswa nempahla yomuntu ngesikhathi sokuthula.
Izwe elizalwe ngobutha ezisekelweni zamasosha nokho laqala ngokushesha ukuzakhela elalo. Incwadi kaVine ikhombisa ukuthi bebemaphakathi kangakanani emlandweni wase-US. Uyaphawula ukuthi iculo lesizwe lilandisa ngendaba yesizinda samasosha, iFort McHenry ngaphandle kwaseBaltimore, lapho ivinjezelwe yimikhumbi yaseBrithani eMpini ka-1812. Ukuvikelwa kogu lwaseMelika kwagcina amarokhethi aseBritain angashisi, kangangoba amakhulu “amabhomu aqhuma emoyeni,” ekupheleni kwempi, “ifulegi lethu lalisekhona.”
AbaseBrithani abakaze bathathe iFort McHenry, kepha amasosha aseMelika phakathi naleyo mpi athatha izisekelo eCanada naseFlorida. U-Andrew Jackson, amasosha akhe anqoba impi yokugcina yempi (alwa, kabi, emasontweni amabili ngemuva kokusayinwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula), walandela ukuthula ngokwakha ezinye izindawo eziseNingizimu, lapho aqala khona imikhankaso eyonakalisa izizwe zoMdabu.
Ungatshela indaba efanayo ngeMpi Yombango. Kwaqala ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Confederate ku-Fort Sumter, okuthunyelwe kwezempi ngaphandle kwaseCharleston, SC Futhi kwakungeyona ukuphela kwe-Fort Sumter yempi, njengoba kwenzeka. Njengoba kwenzeka eMpini ka-1812, i-Army yasebenzisa iMpi Yombango njengesikhathi sokuqhubekela phambili emazweni aseNdiya. Amayunithi alo wokuzithandela namanye amabutho empi alwa nje kuphela eGeorgia naseVirginia kodwa nase-Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico nase-Utah. NgoMashi 1864 uMbutho waphoqa amaNavajos angaba ngu-8,000 300 ukuba amashe amamayela angu-XNUMX aye eFort Sumter eNew Mexico, lapho bagqunywa khona iminyaka emine; okungenani ikota yabulawa yindlala. Iminyaka phakathi nangemva kweMpi Yombango, imibukiso yeVine, yabona ukuqhuma kwesakhiwo esiseNtshonalanga yeMississippi.
Fi-ort McHenry, i-Fort Sumter — lawa ngamagama ajwayelekile, futhi akunzima ukucabanga ngamanye kulo lonke elase-United States, njengeFort Knox, iFort Lauderdale, iFort Wayne, neFort Worth. "Kungani kunezindawo eziningi kangaka ezithiwa iFort?" Kubuza uVine.
Impendulo isobala kepha ayethusi: Bekungukufakwa kwamasosha. Ezinye, njengeFort Sumter eSouth Carolina, zazakhiwe ogwini futhi zenzelwe ukuzivikela. Noma kunjalo okuningi, njengeFort Sumter eNew Mexico, babekwa maphakathi nezwe, eduze kwamazwe aboMdabu. Zazingahloselwe ukuvikela kepha ukoniwa — ukulwa, ukuhweba, kanye nokuphoyisa izinqubomgomo zaseNdiya. Namuhla kunezindawo ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezinabantu abaningi e-United States ogama lazo linegama elithi “fort.”
Ukuba khona kwezinqaba kwakungagcini eNyakatho Melika kuphela. Ngenkathi i-United States ithatha izindawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle, yakha izisekelo eziningi, njengeFort Shafter eHawaii, iFort McKinley ePhilippines, kanye nesizinda semikhumbi eGuantánamo Bay eCuba. Nakulokhu futhi, umbuthano ononya wabanjwa. Kuzo zonke iziqhingi zasePhilippines, i-Army yakha izinqaba namakamu ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwayo, futhi lezo zisekelo zaba yizisulu ezilingayo, njengalapho iqembu labantu abangu-500 abathukuthele eBalangiga behlasela ikamu le-Army ngo-1899 futhi babulala amasosha angama-45 lapho. Lokho kuhlasela kwavusa umkhankaso wegazi wokubulala, amasosha ase-US ayalwe ukuba abulale noma ngubani owesilisa wasePhilippines oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 ongazange azinikele kuhulumeni.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amane kamuva, iphethini yaqhubeka. IJapan iqale ukuhlasela ngokuphelele ochungechungeni lwezisekelo zase-US ePacific, edume kakhulu iPearl Harbor eHawaii. I-United States yaphendula ngokungena eMpini Yezwe II, yahlikihla amadolobha amaningi aseJapan, futhi yawisa amabhomu amabili e-athomu.
Impi, ekupheleni kwayo, yayisibeke i-United States “njengesizwe esinamandla amakhulu, mhlawumbe, emlandweni wonke,” njengoba uMongameli uHarry Truman asho enkulumweni yakhe yomsakazo ngo-1945. Isibalo samasosha aphumayo e-United States akhiwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II "senza umbono ongacabangi," esinye isazi sobudlelwano bamazwe omhlaba sabhala ngaleso sikhathi. Isibalo esikhonjwe kaningi sibeka ukufakwa kwesisekelo saseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle ekufakweni okungu-30,000 kumasayithi angama-2,000 XNUMX ekupheleni kwempi. Amasosha athunyelwe kuwo angenelwe ukungena kwawo kungazelelwe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba aze aqhamuka nombhalo othi, “UKilroy ubekhona,” ukumaka ngokuziqhenya izindawo eziningi ebezingacabangeki. Izakhamizi zamazwe ayesakazeke kakhulu zazinesiqubulo esihlukile esithi: “Yankee, buyela ekhaya!”
WNgabe amaYankees angaya ekhaya ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II? Mhlawumbe. Amandla e-Axis ayechotshoziwe, kwasala ithuba elincane lokuhlaselwa kabusha. Ukuphela kwamandla angahle asongele i-United States ngokusobala yiSoviet Union. Kepha la mazwe womabili ayelwe ndawonye, futhi uma engaqhubeka nokubekezelelana, umhlaba olinyazwe yimpi ekugcineni ungabona ukuthula.
Ukuthula akuzange kufike, noma kunjalo, futhi isizathu asizanga ukuthi amandla amakhulu amabili afunda ukuhumusha omunye nomunye njengezinsongo ezikhona. Imibhalo ivame ukugcizelela iqhaza likanxusa uGeorge Kennan ekuqiniseni ukwesaba kwe-US. Ekuqaleni kuka-1946 wathumela ikhebula elinethonya elikhulu ephikisana ngokude ngokuthi “umuzwa wendabuko futhi ongokwemvelo waseRussia wokungazethembi” wawungeke ukuvumele ukuthula. IMoscow yayiyisongo, wathi, futhi izenzo zayo kumele ziphikiswe ngokuhlelekile.
Okuncane kuvame ukuzwakala ngohlangothi lweSoviet. Ngemuva kokubanjwa kocingo olude lukaKennan, uStalin wayala inxusa lakhe eWashington, uNikolai Novikov, ukuba alungiselele ukuhlolwa okufanayo, okwabhalwa ngesipoki nguVyacheslav Molotov, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle weSoviet. UMolotov ukholelwa ukuthi i-United States izimisele "ukubusa umhlaba wonke" futhi ilungiselela "impi yangomuso" neSoviet Union. Ubufakazi? Ukhombe amakhulu ezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle iWashington ezibanjiwe kanye namakhulu amanye afuna ukwakha.
Leyo yinto emayelana nezisekelo, kusho uVine. Emehlweni abaholi base-US, babonakala bengenacala. Kepha kulabo abahlala emthunzini wabo, bavame ukwethusa. UKrushchev angalenza lelo phuzu, lapho eseholidini oLwandle Olumnyama, ngokunikeza izivakashi zakhe izibonakude futhi azibuze ukuthi zibonani. Ngenkathi bephendula ukuthi ababoni lutho, uKrushchev ubambe izibonakude emuva, walunguza emkhathizwe, wathi, “I bheka imicibisholo yase-US eTurkey, okuhloswe ngayo i-dacha yami. "
Wayengeyena yedwa owesaba ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-US. Ngemuva kokuthi i-CIA izame futhi yehluleka ukuketula uhulumeni wobusoshiyali kaFidel Castro eCuba, uCastro wabheka eSoviet Union ukuze avikeleke. UKrushchev unikele ngokuhambisa imicibisholo ezisekelweni zaseSoviet eCuba. Ngaphandle kokuvikela umlingani, uKrushchev wabona lokhu njengendlela yokunikeza abaphikisana naye “ukunambitha okuncane kwemithi yabo.” Njengoba achaza kamuva, "abaseMelika babezungeze izwe lethu ngezikhungo zamasosha futhi basisabisa ngezikhali zenuzi, futhi manje bazofunda ukuthi kunjani ukuba nemicibisholo yesitha ekhonjwe kuwe."
Bafunda, futhi bathuka kakhulu. UJohn F. Kennedy wakhononda wathi “kwakunjengokungathi ngokuzumayo saqala ukubeka inani elikhulu lama-MRBM [imicibisholo ebangeni eliphakathi] eTurkey.” “Yebo, sikwenzile, Mnu. Mongameli,” umeluleki wakhe wezokuphepha kuzwelonke umkhumbuza. Eqinisweni, uKennedy nguyena owayethumele imicibisholo kaJupiter ezindaweni zaseMelika zaseTurkey. Ngemuva kokumiswa kwezinsuku eziyi-13— “umhlaba osondelene kakhulu ne-Armagedoni yenuzi,” kubhala uVine — uKennedy noKhrushchev bavumile ukuphucwa izikhali zabo.
Izazi-mlando zibiza lo mcimbi othusayo ngokuthi yiCuban Missile Crisis, kepha kufanele? Leli gama ligxila eCuba, lisola ngokuphelele le nhlekelele eseduze kuCastro naseKhrushchev. Ukufakwa kukaKennedy ngaphambili kwemicibisholo eTurkey kushelela buthule ngemuva kwendaba, njengengxenye yokuhleleka kwemvelo kwezinto. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-United States ilawula izisekelo eziningi ezihlomile kangangokuba uKennedy angakhohlwa ukuthi ubeke ngisho nemicibisholo eTurkey. Ukubiza lo mcimbi i-Turkish Missile Crisis kungahle kuqhubekisele phambili iphuzu likaVine: Akukho lutho lwemvelo ngezwe eligcina uhlelo olukhulu lwezisekelo zamasosha kwezinye izizwe.
Engemuva kokuthi izizinda zase-US eTurkey zicishe zadala impi yenuzi, abaholi bezempi balwela ukuqonda ukuthi izisekelo zezepolitiki zingaba kanjani. Lapho uSaddam Hussein ehlasela iKuwait ngo-1990, i-United States yathuthela izinkulungwane zamabutho eSaudi Arabia, kuhlanganise nasenkabeni enkulu yaseDhahran ogwini olusempumalanga yezwe. Umqondo bekungukusebenzisa izisekelo zaseSaudi ukududula amabutho kaHussein, kepha njengenjwayelo, ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US emhlabathini wangaphandle kukhahle intukuthelo enkulu. "Akuqondakali ukuvumela izwe libe ikoloni laseMelika elinamasosha aseMelika — izinyawo zawo ezingcolile zizulazula yonke indawo," kubhavumula omunye waseSaudi, u-Osama bin Laden.
"Ngemuva kokuba ingozi isidlulile, amabutho ethu azobuyela emakhaya," kusho uNobhala Wezokuvikela uDick Cheney wathembisa uhulumeni waseSaudi. Kepha amasosha aqhubeka ngemuva kokuhlulwa kukaHussein, nentukuthelo yaqubuka. Ngo-1996 ibhomu eduze kwaseDhahran labulala abasebenzi baseMelika baseMelika abangu-19. Akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi ngubani obephethe, yize uBin Laden ethi unecala. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili lokufika kwamasosha aseMelika eDhahran, i-Al Qaeda yaseBin Laden yaqhumisa amabhomu emanxusa aseMelika eKenya naseTanzania, abulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-200. NgoSepthemba 11, 2001, abaduni be-Al Qaeda bandizisa izindiza ePentagon (“isikhungo samasosha,” njengoba uBin Laden akuchaza) naseWorld Trade Center.
“Basizondelani?” Isazi sobuphekula uRichard Clarke ubuze ngemuva kokuhlaselwa. Izizathu zikaBin Laden zaziziningi, kepha izisekelo zazinkulu emcabangweni wakhe. “Amandla akho ahlasela amazwe ethu; usakaza izisekelo zakho zempi kuzo zonke; nonakalisa amazwe ethu, futhi nivimbezela izindawo zethu ezingcwele, ”wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi“ Letter to America ”
Ci-United States iyazikhulula yini ezimpini zayo eziphindaphindayo ezingapheli? Ukwenza phansi umsebenzi noma, njengoba uVine ekubeka, "ukwenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni" ngeke kube lula. Kunohlelo oluyindida lomhlaba wonke lwezokuphepha olwakhelwe ezungeze amabutho ahlomile ase-US, kunezinhlaka zezisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nosomaqhinga bezempi abasetshenziselwa ukwenza impi, futhi kukhona osonkontileka abakhulu bezokuvikela abanamandla okubamba. Akekho kulezi ezizohamba kalula.
Kodwa ngokukhomba ukuxhumana phakathi kwezisekelo nempi, uVine uthole isigwedlo esilula futhi mhlawumbe esinamandla sokuhambisa la mabutho amakhulu. Ufuna ukuthula? Vala izisekelo. Zimbalwa izindawo ezithunyelwa phesheya kwezilwandle ezingasho ukushukunyiswa okuncane kwentukuthelo yangaphandle, izinjongo ezimbalwa zokuhlaselwa, kanye nezimbangela ezimbalwa zeWashington zokuxazulula izinkinga zayo ngokusebenzisa amandla. UVine akakholelwa ukuthi ukuncipha kohlelo lwesisekelo kuzovimbela izimpi zase-US ngokuphelele, kepha icala lakhe lokuthi ukwenza njalo kuzothulisa amanzi kunzima ukuphikisana nalo.
Ukunciphisa umkhondo wezempi wase-US kungasiza nangezinye izindlela. Encwadini yakhe yangaphambilini Isizwe Sesizwe, IVine ibalwe ukuthi izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle zibiza abakhokhi bentela ngaphezu kuka- $ 70 billion njalo ngonyaka. Ku- I-United States of War, uthi lesi sibalo sibukela phansi inani labo. Ngenxa yokuthanda kwabo ukugqugquzela impi, ukunciphisa inani lezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kungenzeka kunciphise ezinye izindleko zamasosha, ukufaka esinye isifinyezo emalini enkulu yabakhokhi bentela base-US engu- $ 1.25 trillion yonyaka wamasosha. Inani elichithwe yi-United States ezimpini zalo zangemva kuka-9/11, uVine uyabhala, bekungaxhasa ngezimali ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kuze kube semdala kanye neminyaka emibili ye-Head Start yazo zonke izingane eziyizigidi eziyi-13 eziphila ngobumpofu e-United States, futhi njengezifundo zomphakathi zasekolishi zabafundi abayizigidi ezingama-28, iminyaka engamashumi amabili yokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwabasekhulile abayisigidi, neminyaka eyishumi yemiholo yabantu abayizigidi ezine abasebenza emisebenzini yamandla ehlanzekile.
Ingabe lokho kuhwebelana bekufanele ngisho nokude? Okwamanje, iningi labantu abadala base-US bacabanga ukuthi izimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan bezingafanele ukulwa. Iningi lama-veteran lizizwa ngaleyo ndlela, futhi. Futhi kuthiwani ngamazwe anjengeNiger, lapho iVine ibala khona izisekelo eziyisishiyagalombili zase-US nalapho amasosha amane ase-US afela khona ngo-2017? Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amasenator ayisihluthulelo abike ukuthi akazi nokuthi kunamasosha eNiger, kunzima ukucabanga indawo yokusekelwa okuthandwayo kwemishini ye-nebulous lapho.
Umphakathi ukhathele yimpi futhi kubonakala sengathi awuthandi kangako — noma wazi ngisho nokwazi — izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle eziqhubeka nokulwa. UTrump usabise kaningi ngokuvala abanye babo ukuze baxhase udonga lwakhe. UVine akanazwelo nakancane nomengameli kodwa ubheka ukusakazwa kukaTrump “kwemibono eyisihlubuki” njengezimpawu zokungagculiseki okukhulayo ngesimo esikhona. Umbuzo uthi ngabe uJoe Biden, ongusihlalo kathathu weSenate Foreign Relations Committee, uzokwamukela futhi aphendule kulokhu kungagculiseki.
Biden kufanele. Sesidlulile isikhathi eside ngenqubomgomo entsha yezangaphandle yase-US, ethatha impi njengokuhlukile okukhohlakele okudinga ukulungiswa kunesimo sangemuva esithathiwe. UTrump, njengabo bonke ababengaphambi kwakhe amashumi eminyaka, wayengumongameli wesikhathi sempi. Asethembe ukuthi iminyaka ezayo izosilethela okuthile okungajwayelekile: isikhathi sokuthula.
UDaniel Immerwahr ungusolwazi ophathelene nomlando eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern. Ungumbhali wencwadi ethi Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development and How to Hide an Empire.
