Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu e-Afghanistan: Imibuzo Efanayo, Izimpendulo Ezifanayo-Futhi Manje Iminyaka Emine Eyengeziwe Efanayo

Ibhalwe ngu-Ann Wright.

NgoZibandlela wezi-2001, eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kweshumi nanhlanu edlule, ngangiseqenjini elincane labantu abahlanu elavula kabusha Ihhovisi Lenxusa laseMelika eKabul, e-Afghanistan. Manje eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva, imibuzo efanayo esabuza yona cishe emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwe-US e-Afghanistan futhi sithola izimpendulo eziningi ezifanayo.  

Imibuzo ithi: kungani sibe se-Afghanistan iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu futhi ziphi izigidigidi zamaRandi i-US ifakwa e-Afghanistan?  

Futhi izimpendulo ziyefana unyaka nonyaka-i-US ise-Afghanistan ukuze inqobe i-Taliban ne-al Qaeda, (futhi manje namanye amaqembu ontamolukhuni) ukuze bangakwazi ukuhlasela i-United States. Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, amasosha athuthuke kakhulu futhi axhaswa kakhulu emhlabeni azamile ukunqoba amaTaliban kanye ne-Al Qaeda, ngokungangabazeki amasosha axhaswe kancane futhi angahlomile kangako emhlabeni, futhi awazange aphumelele. 

Ishonephi imali? Kuningi okuye e-Dubai kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nama-condos abaholi base-Afghan nakosonkontileka (i-U.S., Afghan nabanye) abenze izigidi ngokubandakanyeka kwe-US e-Afghanistan.

NgoFebhuwari 9, 2017, ukulalela kwekomidi leSenate Armed Services mayelana ne-Afghanistan, uJohn Nicholson, umphathi we-US Forces e-Afghanistan, uphendule imibuzo amahora amabili esigungwini seSenethi ngokubandakanyeka kwe-US e-Afghanistan. Uphinde wethula isitatimende esibhalwe ngamakhasi angamashumi amabili ngesimo samanje e-Afghanistan. http://www.armed-services. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ Nicholson_02-09-17.pdf

Ephendula umbuzo weSigele esithi, “Ingabe iRussia iyagxambukela e-Afghanistan?,”  uNicholson uphendule wathi: “Yize iRussia inezidakamizwa eziphikisana ne-Afghanistan kanye nokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuvela emaqenjini ashibhile e-Afghanistan, kusukela ngo-2016 sikholelwa ukuthi iRussia ibisiza iTaliban ukuze kucekele phansi umsebenzi we-U.S. kanye ne-NATO. I-Taliban iyindawo lapho amanye amaqembu e-extremist asebenza khona e-Afghanistan. Sikhathazekile ngokukhula kokubambisana phakathi kweRussia nePakistan okuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala kubaholi abaphezulu beTaliban. I-Russia nePakistan babambe iqhaza elihlangene lezempi ePakistan. Thina nabalingani bethu base-Asia Ephakathi sinovalo ngezinhloso zaseRussia. "

U-Nicholson uthe "inqubekelaphambili isaqhubeka emkhankasweni waseMelika wokuqeqesha, ukweluleka nokuhlola (i-TAA) amabutho ezokuphepha ase-Afghan." Akekho uSenator owabuza ukuthi kungani ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-16 i-US kufanele iqhubeke nokwenza ukuqeqeshwa okufanayo-futhi lolu hlobo lokuqeqeshwa seluqhubeke isikhathi esingakanani ukuqeqesha amabutho akwazi ukunqoba amaTaliban namanye amaqembu. 

U-Nicholson uthe i-US kanye ne-NATO bazibophezele eminyakeni emine eyengeziwe e-Afghanistan engqungqutheleni ye-NATO e-Warsaw, e-Poland ngoJulayi 2016. I-Afghanistan. I-US izoqhubeka nokunikela ngezigidigidi ezi-2016 zamaRandi ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-75. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Esitatimendeni sakhe esibhaliwe uNicholson wengeze ngokuthi amanye amazwe angama-30 athembisa imali engaphezu kuka-$800M minyaka yonke ukuxhasa i-Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2020 nokuthi ngoSepthemba, i-India yengeza u-$1B ku-$2B esivele izibophezele kuyo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Afghanistan.

Kusukela ngo-2002, iCongress yaseMelika yabele imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama- $ 117 ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha i-Afghanistan (ukuqeqesha amabutho ezokuphepha ase-Afghan, ukumisa uhulumeni wase-Afghan, ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezempilo kanye nemfundo kubantu base-Afghan, kanye nokuthuthukisa umnotho wase-Afghan), izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zokwakha kabusha noma yikuphi. izwe emlandweni we-United States.  https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

UNicholson uthe amasosha angama-8,448 ase-US e-Afghanistan manje kumele aqhubeke nokuvikela i-US emaqenjini ashibhile e-Afghanistan nasePakistan lapho kutholakala khona amaqembu angama-20 kwangu-98 aqokiwe emhlabeni. Uthe akukho ukubambisana phakathi kwe-Afghanistan Taliban kanye ne-ISIS, kodwa ukuthi iningi lama-ISIS fighters livela / ngokusebenzisa i-Pakistani Taliban.

Ngonyaka odlule, kusukela ngoMashi 2016, bekunabasebenzi abangaba ngu-28,600 bosonkontileka boMnyango Wezokuvikela (DOD) e-Afghanistan, uma kuqhathaniswa namasosha ase-U.S. ayi-8,730, nabasebenzi bezinkontileka abamele cishe u-77% wabo bonke ubukhona be-DOD ezweni. Kubasebenzi bosonkontileka be-DOD abangama-28,600, abayizi-9,640 bekungabantu baseMelika futhi cishe abangama-870, noma cishe ama-3%, bebengosonkontileka abazimele. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf

Njengoba amazinga ebutho lezempi elokhu engashintshile onyakeni odlule, omunye angaveza ukuthi isibalo sosonkontileka abavamile sicishe sifane ngonyaka ka-2017 kumasosha ase-US angaba ngu-37,000 kanye nosonkontileka be-DOD e-Afghanistan.

Inani elikhulu lamasosha aseMelika e-Afghanistan lalingama-99,800 engxenyeni yesibili ka-2011 kanti inani eliphakeme kakhulu losonkontileka bezempi laliyi-117,227 lapho abangama-34,765 bekuyizakhamuzi zase-US bekuyikota yesibili ka-2012 isamba sabasebenzi base-US ababalelwa ku-200,000 ezweni, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi kanye nosonkontileka boMnyango Wezwe.  https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf   Idatha enezinombolo zabasebenzi boMnyango Wezwe nosonkontileka unyaka ngamunye e-Afghanistan ayitholakali.

Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2001 kuya ku-2015, osonkontileka abazimele abangu-1,592 (cishe amaphesenti angu-32 kubo okwakungabantu baseMelika) abasebenza ngezinkontileka zoMnyango Wezokuvikela nabo babulawa e-Afghanistan. Ngo-2016, kwabulawa osonkontileka abaningi abazimele ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezimbili e-Afghanistan kunamasosha ase-US (amasosha angama-56 ase-US kanye nosonkontileka be-101 babulawa).

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/ 05/29/the-new-unknown- soldiers-of-afghanistan-and- iraq/

USenator McCaskill ubuze uNicholson imibuzo enzima mayelana nokuxhunyaniswa okuqhubekayo nenkohlakalo kuhulumeni wase-Afghan kanye nosonkontileka basekhaya nabamazwe ngamazwe. U-Nicholson uthe ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, ukholelwa ukuthi i-US ekugcineni ikwazi ukuhlonza amasosha "ayizipoki" kubasebenzi bezempi futhi imise ukukhokha kumholi wezempi othumele amagama. Ukwengeza, uNicholson wengeze ngokuthi ngokombiko wakamuva womhloli Jikelele woMnyango WezoMbuso waseMelika mayelana nokuxhunyelelwa nenkohlakalo emkhakheni wezinkontileka uthe izigidi ezingama-200 zamaRandi ekukhokhweni okweqile kosonkontileka ngenkontileka ka-$1 billion yokuphakelwa kukaphethiloli kuholele ekugwetshweni kukajenene oyedwa wase-Afghan. abathintwayo abane bavinjelwe ekubhideni izinkontileka. Izinkokhelo “emasosheni ayizipoki” kanye nokukhokhelwa ngokweqile kukaphethiloli kube umthombo omkhulu wenkohlakalo muva nje e-Afghanistan. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Omunye uSenator ombuso wakhe ucekelwe phansi izidakamizwa ubuze, "Njengoba kushone abantu abaningi kangaka e-US ngenxa yezidakamizwa eziqhamuka e-Afghanistan, kungani i-US/NATO ingakaqedi amasimu e-opium poppy e-Afghanistan?" UNicholson uphendule wathi: “Angazi, futhi akulona igunya lethu lezempi. Enye i-ejensi kuzofanele yenze lokho. ”

UNicholson uthe imizamo yokubuyisana neTaliban namanye amaqembu ibe nempumelelo elinganiselwe. NgoSepthemba 29, 2016, iqhawe leminyaka eyishumi emelene neSoviet Union, amanye amasosha ngesikhathi sempi yombango, iTaliban kanye ne-US/NATO, uGulbuddin Hekmatyar, umholi we-Hezb-e Islami basayina isivumelwano sokuthula nohulumeni wase-Afghan ovumela ukubuya kwe Amasosha angama-20,000 nemindeni yawo aya e-Afghanistan.  https://www.afghanistan- analysts.org/peace-with- hekmatyar-what-does-it-mean- for-battlefield-and-politics/

U-Nicholson uthe amanye ama-Afghan fighters ayaqhubeka nokuguqula imifelandawonye ngokusekelwe ekutheni yiliphi iqembu elinikeza imali eningi nokuvikeleka.

Encwadini evulekile https://www.veteransforpeace. org/pressroom/news/2017/01/30/ open-letter-donald-trump-end- us-war-afghanistan kuMongameli uTrump ukuthi aqede iMpi yase-Afghanistan, izinhlangano eziningi nabantu ngabanye banxusa umongameli omusha wase-US ukuthi aqede impi ende kunazo zonke emlandweni wezwe:

“Ukuyala abesilisa nabesifazane abasebasha baseMelika ukuba benze umsebenzi wokubulala noma ufe owafezwa eminyakeni engu-15 edlule kuningi okufanele sikubuze. Ukulindela ukuthi bakholelwe kuleyo mishini kukhulu kakhulu. Lelo qiniso lingasiza ukuchaza lokhu: umbulali ophezulu wamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan ukuzibulala. Umbulali wesibili omkhulu wezempi yaseMelika uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma intsha yase-Afghan eqeqeshwa yi-U.S. iphendulela abaqeqeshi bayo izikhali! Wena ngokwakho ukubonile lokhu, Bethi: "Masihambe e-Afghanistan. Amabutho ethu abulawa ama-Afghans esiwaqeqeshayo futhi sichitha izigidigidi lapho. I-Nonsense! Yakha kabusha i-USA. "

Ukuxoshwa kwamabutho ase-US kuzoba kuhle kubantu base-Afghan, njengoba khona kwamasosha angaphandle bekuyisivimbela ekukhulumeni ukuthula. Ama-Afghani ngokwawo kufanele anqume ikusasa labo, futhi azokwazi ukwenza lokho kuphela uma sekuphela ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Siyakunxusa ukuthi uvule ikhasi kulokhu kungenelela kwezempi okuyinhlekelele. Letha wonke amasosha ase-US ekhaya evela e-Afghanistan. Misa ukuhlasela kwezindiza zase-US futhi esikhundleni salokho, ngengxenye yezindleko, usize ama-Afghan ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nemishini yezolimo. "

Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yemibuzo efanayo nezimpendulo ezifanayo mayelana nempi yase-Afghanistan. Sekuyisikhathi sokuqeda impi.

Mayelana Nombhali:  U-Ann Wright usebenze iminyaka engu-29 e-U.S. Army/Army Reserve futhi wathatha umhlalaphansi njengoColonel. Uphinde wasebenza iminyaka eyi-16 njengonozakuzaku wase-US eNicaragua, eGrenada, eSomalia, e-Uzbekistan, eKyrgyzstan, eSierra Leone, eMicronesia, e-Afghanistan naseMongolia. Wesula kuhulumeni wase-US ngoMashi 2003 ephikisana nempi kaMongameli Bush e-Iraq. Selokhu asula esikhundleni, usebuyele e-Afghanistan kathathu nasePakistan kanye.