I-Fact Sheet: Ama-Basics ase-US e-Okinawa

nguJoseph Essertier, uJanuwari 2, 2017

A 2014 Intando yeningi Manje Isici sasiza abalaleli abaningi ukuba baqonde kangcono ukukhathazeka komhlaba jikelele mayelana nezisekelo zezempi zase-United States e-Okinawa, eJapane. Nansi ulwazi lomlando olwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko esibalulekile.

Ukucwaswa kwabakwa-Okinawans

Ama-Okinawans ahlukunyezwa kakhulu yiJapane namaMelika. Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu ezisobala, inkinga evame ukuphakanyiswa emibonisweni yomgwaqo eJapane kunezilimi eziningi zolimi lwesiNgisi ezifana New York Times futhi I-Japan Times. The I-Japan Times iye yaba iphepha elikhululekile futhi empeleni lihlanganisa ukunyakaza okungezansi e-Okinawa ngaphezu kwamaphepha amakhulu aseJapane abhalwe ngesiJapane, njenge Mainichi futhi Yomiuri, Kodwa i Okinawa Times futhi Ryukyu Shimpo amaphepha ahlanganisa amaphepha aphathelene ne-base, futhi aphenya ngezinkinga zokucwasa ubuhlanga. Banobucayi kakhulu ekubandlululweni kohlanga olubhekene namabutho angewona abamhlophe nabesifazane emasosha ase-US.

Intukuthelo eyenziwa ngabakwa-Okinawans abaningi ngokuqondene nohulumeni waseJapane iyingxenye enkulu yendlela abahlala ngayo izakhamuzi zaseJapane nokuthi iJapane iqhubeka kanjani ukubheka njengekoloni, indawo engapheliyo, nesigaba seJapane esinganikelwa ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo eJapane asezingeni eliphakathi eliphephile eHonshu (lapho iTokyo neKyoto kukhona), uKyushu, noShikoku. Abantu abambalwa kulezi ziqhingi ezinkulu bahlala eduze kwezisekelo, ngoba i-70% yezisekelo zaseJapan zise-Okinawa Prefecture. Ama-Okinawa athwala umthwalo wezisekelo futhi aphile nokunganaki kwansuku zonke nomsindo. Umsindo wezindiza ze-Osprey zase-US ezempi, ezifinyelela kuma-decibel angu-100 ezindaweni lapho zikhona khona izikole futhi evimbela izingane ukuba zifunde lapho zibahlukumeza, zifanekisela lokho kucwaswa okubona ukuthi umhlatshelo wokuphila kwe-Okinawans wokuphila unemvelo futhi kufanelekile.

Izisekelo zase-Okinawa zisezingeni eliphezulu

I-US isebenzise lokhu ukuhlasela iNorth Korea neVietnam, futhi bangayisebenzisa futhi esikhathini esizayo ukuhlasela iNorth Korea noma eChina. Ngokombono wabantu baseMpumalanga ye-Asia, izisekelo zisesabisa kakhulu. Abantu abaningi asebekhulile emazweni aseMpumalanga Asia namanje banamaphuzu ahlabayo, okubuhlungu bokuhlukunyezwa kweJapane phakathi neMpi Yesibili YaseSino-Japanese (1937-45) kanye ne-Asia-Pacific War (1941-45), kanye nokulwa phakathi kweJapane AmaMelika. Ngokuvamile, ama-Okinawans akhumbula ukuthi angcono kakhulu, kodwa kwakukhona isibalo esikhulu sobudlova emadolobheni amakhulu aseJapane lapho amasosha aseMelika ayekhona esikhathini esilandelayo ngemva kwempi ngaphansi kwe-Occupation yase-US.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuqhuma umlilo ngamadolobha okuthunjwa kanye nezenzakalo zobudlova ngokocansi kuyakhunjulwa yiJapane asekhulile-labo abambalwa abasaphila namuhla. Ama-Okinawans, noma kunjalo, azwela futhi abe nolwazi oluningi ngeminyaka yeMpi. Bakhumbula impi yaseJapane kanye ne-ultranationalism, futhi baqonde ngokufanele impi kahulumeni ka-ultranationalist esheshayo njengoba ibeka ukuphila kwabo engozini. Njengoba uJohn Pilger evezile efilimu yakhe I-Coming War e-China, kunamakhulu ezinsisekelo ezungeze iChina ezingasetshenziswa njengokusungula amaphuzu ekuhlaselweni kweChina. Inani elihle labo base-Okinawa.

Ubudlova ngokocansi

1. Kusukela ku-1972, ngemuva kokuthi iTokyo iphinde ilawulwe u-Okinawa, sekube khona amacala okudlwengula angaphezu kwekhulu abikiwe emaphoyiseni lapho. E-1972 i-Ryukyu Islands naseziqhingini zaseDaito, ezihlanganisa indawo yaseJapan eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Okinawa Prefecture, "zabuyela" eJapane, okungukuthi, kuhulumeni waseTokyo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-Okinawa ixhunyiwe yiJapan e-1879, i-Ryukyu archipelago yayingumbuso ozimele, ngakho-ke ama-Okinawans awazange ajabule ukubuyela ekulawulweni kwaseJapane futhi abaningi baqhubeka befuna ukuzimela. Kukhona okufana nomlando waseHawaii, ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kokuzimela kwe-Okinawa neHawaii ngezinye izikhathi kubambisana ngezinyathelo zezombusazwe ezinzulu. Noma ngakho ngizwile.
2. Ukudlwengula kwe-1995 yentombazane eneminyaka engu-12, okwaholela ekuqiniseni okukhulu ukunyakaza okuyisisekelo, kwakuyingxenye eyodwa yamakhulu wabesifazane abadlwenguliwe. Yiqiniso, inani langempela lokudlwengula e-Okinawa linamanani okudlwengula okubikiwe, njengoba kunjalo eJapane jikelele, lapho amaphoyisa ehlala khona? ngokuvamile? ungalokothi wenze irekhodi noma umbiko wokudlwengulwa lapho izisulu zizama ukufuna ubulungiswa. Ngisho nangaphambi kwe-1995, kwakukhona ukunyakaza okuqinile ngokumelene nezisekelo, futhi ingxenye enkulu yale nhlangano yayiholwa amaqembu amalungelo abantu base-Okinawa. Ukuxhashazwa kwezingane sekuthole ukulinganisela okuhle eJapane phakathi neminyaka yokugcina ye-10 noma kunjalo nokunyakaza ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili eJapane kwathola amandla ngesikhathi se-1990s. Okunye ukunakekelwa kubhalwa i-PTSD eJapane, futhi. Njengoba lezi zinhlobo zokunyakaza kwamalungelo abantu zithola amandla ngesikhathi esisodwa eJapane ne-Okinawa umzabalazo wokuthula eminyakeni yokugcina ye-10, ukubekezela okuncane kancane eJapan ngamadodakazi aseMelika ngokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi ngokumelene nabesifazane nezingane zase-Okinawan, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abezindaba ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa kuzokwakhathalela ikakhulukazi amacala abhalwe phansi futhi acasulayo. Amasosha ngezinye izikhathi enza izenzo zobudlova ngokocansi ezibhekene neJapane eziqhingini ezine eziyinhloko, cishe zonke izisekelo ezinjenge-Yokosuka kanye noMisawa e-Aomori, kodwa ukucabanga kwami ​​ukuthi kukhona ukuqeqeshwa okunzima kwamajoni kulezi ziqhingi futhi kwenzeka kancane kaningi kune-Okinawa-ngokusekelwe ekuqaphelisweni kwembiko yephephandaba eminyakeni eminingi.
3. Kenneth Franklin Shinzato's Ukudlwengula nokubulawa komsebenzi wehhovisi lase-Okinawan eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa ngodlame lwezocansi lwase-US kulo lonke elaseJapane nokuqinisa ukumelana nezisekelo ezise-Okinawa. 
4. Izisekelo ezithathwayo kufanele zithuthukise ukuvikeleka kweJapane kodwa nazo zonke izidlwengulo nokubulala okwenzeke ezungeze izisekelo, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-US kwamanye amazwe, njengeNorth Korea, okungenzeka ngelinye ilanga libheke ezisekelweni zase-Okinawa ngamabhomu amakhulu , abaningi base-Okinawans banomuzwa wokuthi izisekelo ezisongela ukuphila kwazo. Abaningi base-Okinawa bafuna zonke izisekelo eziqhingini zabo. Impikiswano endala yokuthi izisekelo zisezomnotho aziwanelisi abaningi base-Okinawa kulezi zinsuku. Ukuvakasha kuyimboni enkulu e-Okinawa. Kunezivakashi eziningi ezivela kwezinye izingxenye zase-Asia, njengeziShayina, ezichitha imali eningi eJapane ngokujwayelekile kodwa nase-Okinawa. Ngakho-ke banezinye izindlela zokwenza umcebo, futhi azizona izinto ezibonakalayo njengabantu abakithi eziqhingini ezine. Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa, banokudla okunempilo kakhulu, futhi banesinye sezikhathi zokuphila eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni kwamaProthestani angenacala

Kube khona isithakazelo esikhulu somphakathi esimweni se-activist Yamashiro Hiroji.  Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi ezichazayo ukuphathwa okungalungile nokungekho emthethweni ngesikhathi eboshiwe, kanye ukukhululwa kwakhe etilongweni.

Kungani iJapan Ikhokha ama-US Bases?

Umthwalo wokukhokha izindleko zezinsizakalo zase-US zifakwe emahlombe abakhokhi bentela baseJapane. Eminyakeni eyi-15 eyedlule ngangizwa ngososayensi oyedwa kanye nomphikisi wezempi ukuthi uJaI-pan ikhokhela izikhathi ezingu-10 okuningi kakhulu ezisekelweni zase-US kuneNingizimu Korea noma eJalimane. AmaJapane asesebumnyameni ngokuthi bahlwithwa kangakanani izintela zabo, ukuthi umthwalo omkhulu kangakanani lezi zisekelo. "Ama-Self-Defense Forces" aseJapane (Ji ei tai) kuhlanganisa nezindleko ezinkulu, futhi iJapane ichitha okuningi empini yayo njengamanye amazwe anabantu abaningi abafana nezimboni ezinkulu.

Imiphumela Yemvelo

1. Izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu zigcinwe e-Okinawa isikhathi eside phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, kuhlanganise nezikhali zamakhemikhali, eziphilayo nezikhali zenuzi. Ukuvuza kwamakhemikhali namakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo kuwonakele imvelo. Lokhu kubikwe izikhathi eziningi. Kubuye kube nezingozi ezihilela izikhali zenuzi, okubangele ukufa noma ukulimala kwamasosha aseMelika lapho. Indaba mayelana nezikhali zenuzi iqala ukuphuma. Uhulumeni waseJapane waqamba amanga izakhamizi zawo ngalokhu.
2. I-Okinawa inemifudlana enhle yama-coral kanti ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo se-Henoko esivele kubangele ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwendawo yamakhorali lapho. I-coral reef cishe izobulawa ngokuphelele ngaphansi nangaphansi kwesisekelo. (Amanye ama-base azokwelulela emanzini).
3. Ukwakhiwa kwesizinda saseHenoko kusongela ukubhubhisa "isiphephelo sokugcina" se- ama-dugong ase-Okinawa. I-dugong iyinkulu, inhle, okuthakazelisayo ulwandle oluncelisayo oludla olwandle. Uthando lwase-Okinawan lwemvelo lubangela ukuba babeke impilo yezinye izilwane nezilwane phambili emzabalazweni wabo. Amafilimu amaningi e-war e-Okinawa aqala ngokukhuluma ngezitshalo nezilwane ezihlala olwandle ezizungezile iziqhingi zaseRyukyuan, indawo engokwemvelo eye yahlala isikhathi eside yindlela yokuphila yaseRyukyuan esongelwa ukwakhiwa kwezizinda ezingaphezulu lapho. Amaphrojekthi wokwakha aseHenoko naseTakae angikhumbuza inhlekelele ka-Exxon Valdez ngaleyo ndlela, nokuthi leyo nhlekelele yabhubhisa kanjani ukuphila nokuphila konke kwezinkulungwane zamaMelika ase-Alaska.

I-Anti-base Activism

I-85% yama-Okinawans aphikisana nezisekelo futhi esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko lapho kukhona ukuphikisana okunjalo ukuthi ama-Okinawans ngabantu abathanda ukuthula. Ngicabanga ukuthi kulungile ukusho ukuthi izinga labo lokuphikisana nokulwa nempi likhulu nakakhulu kunezinga lokuphikisana nokulwa nempi phakathi kweJapane ngokujwayelekile. (Ngokuvamile amaJapane aphikisana nempi. Ngokuqinisekile kuneziJapane eziningi ezilwa nempi ngokujwayelekile kuneMelika ngokumelene nempi ngokujwayelekile). Ama-Okinawans aphikisana kakhulu naluphi uhlobo lobudlova olubhekiswe kwabanye abantu base-Asia. Akuzona nje ukuhlose ukuvikela izimpilo zabo kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nezindaba zokulwa nokuthula kanye nobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, futhi ukuziphatha okubi kwempi yingxenye enkulu yemicabango yabo yokulwa nempi. Bayazi kahle ukuthi amazwe abo kanye nemithombo yabo basebenzise kanjani amaJapane ukulimaza abantu bamaKoloni wangaphambili eMbusweni waseJapan namazwe aseJapane ahlasela kanye nendlela aseMelika abasebenzisa ngayo ukulimaza abantu kwamanye amazwe amaningi.

Isigaba 9 soMthethosisekelo waseJapan

IJapane ine "umthethosisekelo wokuthula," oyingqayizivele emhlabeni futhi ngokuvamile uyamukelwa futhi uyathandwa eJapane. Abanye abantu banomuzwa wokuthi umthethosisekelo wawunqunywe yi-US Occupation, kodwa empeleni, umthethosisekelo uhambisana nemikhosi evulekile eyayivele idlala yi-1920 no-1930s. Isigaba 9 salo mthethosisekelo sivimbela ngempela uJapane ukuba ahlasele noma yiliphi izwe ngaphandle kokuthi aze ahlaselwe kuqala. "Ukubambelela ngobuqotho ekuthuleni kwamazwe ngamazwe okusekelwe enobulungiswa nokuhleleka, abantu baseJapane baphinde balahle impi njengelungelo elizwe lesizwe kanye nosongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe omhlaba ... Ukuze afeze inhloso yesigaba esandulele , umhlaba, ulwandle, kanye nemimoya yomoya, kanye nezinye izinto ezikhona empi, ngeke zigcinwe. Ilungelo belligerency kahulumeni ngeke kubonakale. "Ngamanye amazwi, iJapane ayivunyelwe ukuba nebutho lempi futhi" amabutho okuzivikela "ayokho emthethweni. I-Period.

Umlando othize oyisisekelo

Ku-1879 uhulumeni waseJapane unamathele u-Okinawa. Kwaba umbuso ozimele, okungenani ngegama, kodwa udlame olubhekiswe kwabakwa-Okinawa nokuxhaphazwa kwezomnotho kwabo baseJapane eziqhingini eziyinhloko (okuhlanganisa uHonshu, Shikoku, noKyushu) kwase kuvele kube nzima ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17th. Ukuxhashazwa kwaqhubeka kuze kube yisixuku se-1879, lapho uhulumeni waseTokyo eqala ukulawula ngokuqondile nokulawula ngokuphelele ama-Okinawans nezinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhaphazwa kwafakwa uhulumeni omusha eTokyo, owaholwa ngu-Emperor Meiji (1852-1912). (Ngokuqhathaniswa ne-Okinawa, i-Hokkaido yayiyi-acquisition entsha kahulumeni eTokyo, futhi kuhlalwa uhlanga oluthile lwabantu base-Afrika, okuthiwa u-Ainu, hhayi ngokungafani nokuqothulwa koMdabu waseMelika e-USA naseCanada. Kodwa u-Okinawa noHokkaido kokubili ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokoloni nguhulumeni waseMeiji. Izikhathi zomlando zibizwa ngokuthi umbusi. UMbusi waseMeiji wabusa kusukela ku-1868-1912). IsiJapane esivela esiGabeni Satsuma (ie, idolobha lase Kagoshima kanye nesiqhingi esikhulu saseKyushu) sasiqede futhi saxhaphaza u-Okinawa iminyaka engaba ngu-250 kuze kube yilapho uhulumeni waseTokyo ehlanganisa u-Okinawa. Abaningi bama-oligarch abakhulu abagijimela uhulumeni omusha eTokyo babevela emindenini yamandla enamandla nemindeni eSatsuma, iningi lezinzalo zalabo abacindezelekile base-Okinawans baqhubeka bezuza ekuxhashazweni / ukucindezelwa kwama-Okinawans "eJapan yanamuhla." ( Umzila ohlukanisayo, ukuhlukanisa "iJapane yangaphambi kwesikhathi" kusukela "eJapan yanamuhla" ngokuvamile i-1868, okwakuyilapho uMbusi waseMeiji ethatha ulawulo lukahulumeni kusukela eShogunate noma "bakufu", okungukuthi, iToggawa "iTokugawa" -ngokuyinhloko, nakuba ngokuvamile akubizwa ngokuthi "ubukhosi.")

Ama-Okinawans e-200,000 abulawa e-Battle of Okinawa. Isiqhingi sase-Okinawa silingana nobukhulu beLong Island eNew York, ngakho lokhu kwakuyinani labantu elikhulu. Kwakungenye yezenzakalo ezibuhlungu kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-Okinawan / umRyukyuan. Lokhu kwaholela ekudakaleni okungazelelwe nokubi kakhulu kubantu abaningi, njengoba izwe elihle kunazo zonke esifundazweni libanjwe amasosha aseMelika, kuze kube yilolu suku, izwe elincane kakhulu libuyiselwe. I-Battle of Okinawa yaqala kusukela ngo-1 April kuya ku-22 Juni 1945, futhi abaningi abaseMelika abasha, nabo, balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo lapho. Juni 23rd, okungukuthi, usuku olulandelayo usuku lokugcina lweMpi yase-Okinawa, lubizwa ngokuthi "i-Okinawa Memorial Day" futhi liholide lomphakathi e-Okinawa. Lolu suku lubalulekile kuma-Okinawans, futhi luwusuku olubalulekile lwabalweli bezempi e-Japan lonke, kodwa alubonakali njengeholide ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa Prefecture. Akuhlonishwa, ukhunjulwe, noma ngisho nokukhunjulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela yiJapane eziningi eziqhingini eziyinhloko, naphezu kokuthi i-Okinawan ihlala futhi izakhiwo zahlatshwa ngenxa yabantu esiqhingini esikhulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, abantu eziqhingini eziyinhloko zibolekwa ama-Okinawans ngenxa yokuthi ama-Okinawans ahlatshelwe kanjani ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kusukela ku-1945 kuze kube manje.

I-US yayithatha isiqhingi sase-Okinawa esivela kuma-Okinawans e-1945, umhlaba owebiwe ovela e-Okinawans, yakha izisekelo zempi kulo lonke isiqhingi, futhi yawulawula kuze kube yi-1972. Kodwa nangemva kokuguqulwa kwe-Okinawa eJapane, izisekelo zaqhubeka zikhona futhi ubudlova obhekene nabantu base-Okinawa ngamasosha aseMelika baqhubeka-okungukuthi, ubudlova ngendlela yokubulala, ukudlwengula, njll.

Ama-Okinawans avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "abantu baseRyukyuan" ngabafundi. Kunezinombolo eziningi zezilimi ezikhulunywa kulo lonke i-Ryukyuan island chain, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko ngisho naphakathi kwamaRyukyuans (njengoba nje kunemibono ehlukahlukene yamasiko kulo lonke elaseJapane.) Isizwe esivela manje e-1868 saqala ukubhubhisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, okuhlose ukulinganisa iningi lezwe, kodwa ukuhlukahluka kwezilimi kuye kwaqhubeka ngenkani). Igama lesiqhingi sase-Okinawa-isiqhingi esikhulu se "Okinawa Prefecture" ngolimi lwendawo "Uchina". Ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi ze-Ryukyuan kubonakala njalo emibonisweni yama-anti-anti-base base-Okinawan ababhikishi, njengendlela yokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesiko labo, ngokubona ukuthi baye baqotshwa kanjani yiJapan, futhi babonisa ukuphikiswa kulokho koloni-kokubili ukoloni wangempela kanye nekoloniyoni yengqondo / inhliziyo eholela ekusungulweni kokubukwa kweJapan okubandlulula kwamaRyukyuans.

Akuxoxwa kabanzi yizazi-mlando noma ezinye izazi ezifundweni zaseMpumalanga Asia kepha kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni umlando we-Okinawan nomlando waseKorea kungumqulu owaziwa ngokuthi "NSC 48 / 2." Ukucaphuna lapha kusuka kusihloko sami ku-CounterPunch ngo-Okthoba, i-Open Door Policy kwaholela kwezinye izimpi zokungenelela, kodwa i-US ayizange iqale ukuzama ukuvimbela ukunyakaza kwe-antiticolonial e-East Asia, ngokusho kuka- [Bruce] Cumings, kuze kufike umbiko we-1950 National Security Council (48 / 2), owawuyiminyaka emibili ekwenzeni . Kwakunesihloko esithi "Isikhundla se-United States ngokuhlonipha i-Asia" futhi sakha uhlelo olusha ngokuphelele "olungacatshangwa ngokuphelele ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II: luzolungele ukungenelela empini ngokunyakaza kwama-antiticolonial e-East Asia-kuqala eKorea, khona-ke iVietnam, ne-Chinese Revolution njengemuva ephezulu. "Le NSC 48 / 2 yabonisa ukuphikisa" ukukhiqizwa okuvamile. "Ngamanye amazwi, kuyoba kuhle kumazwe aseMpumalanga Asia ukuba abe nezimakethe ze-niche, kodwa asifuni ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa okugcwele okusebenzayo njengoba kwenza i-US, ngoba khona-ke bayokwazi ukuncintisana nathi emasimini lapho sine "inzuzo yokuqhathanisa." Yilokho okushiwo i-NSC 48 / 2 ngokuthi "ukuziqhenya nokuzifisa," okuzo " ukuvimbela izinga elidingekile lokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. "(https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/10/31/americas-open-door-policy-may-have-led-us-to-the-brink-of-nuclear-annihilation/)

Ukubhalwa kwe-NSC 48 / 2 kuqala nge-1948. Lokhu kuhambelana cishe nokuqala kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-Reverse Course," ushintsho olukhulu kwinqubomgomo yase-US eya eJapane ikakhulukazi kodwa futhi ngokungaqondile eNingizimu Korea. I-NSC i-48 / i-2 ne-Reverse Course yahlasela kakhulu i-Okinawa, futhi, kusukela ku-Okinawa kwakuyisisekelo esiyinhloko lapho kuzohlasela khona i-Korea, iVietnam namanye amazwe. I-"Back Reverse Course" kwaba ukugwaza emhlane wabantu bonke abalwa ukuqeda ukulwa kwamabutho aseJapane ne-colonialism, kuhlanganise namacala aseKorea, ayebe elwa ngokuzimela kanye namasosha aseMelika, ayebe elwa ngesikhathi Impi ngokumelene neJapane. Kwakungumgogodla emhlane weJapane okhululekile nowashiya owabambisana nemithetho ye-MacArthur yokukhulula ekuqaleni kwe-Occupation period, ngesikhathi se-1945 ne-1946. I-In1947 inqunywe ukuthi imboni yaseJapane yayizophinde ibe "i-workshop yaseMpumalanga naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia," nokuthi iJapane neNingizimu Korea bayothola ukwesekwa okuvela eWashington ukubuyiswa kwezomnotho ngokuhambisana neMarshall Plan eYurophu. (Isici esisodwa esiyinhloko lapha isinqumo sikaWashington sokuguqula inkambo kwakuyiqembu lamaKhomanisi lamaShayina elibonakala liphumelela ngesikhathi iMpi Yomphakathi eChina, njengoba ekugcineni yenze ku-1949). Umusho owodwa embhalweni ovela kuNobhala kaHulumeni uGeorge Marshall kuDean Acheson ngoJanuwari 1947 ufaka inqubomgomo yase-US eKorea ezobe isukela kusukela kulo nyaka kuze kufike ku-1965, "ihlele uhulumeni oqondile waseNingizimu Korea futhi ahlangane nayo umnotho kanye neJapane. "U-Acheson waphumelela ku-Marshall njengoNobhala Wezwe kusuka ku-1949 kuya ku-1953. "Waba ngummeli wangaphakathi wokugcina iNingizimu Korea enqenqemeni yethonya laseMelika neJapane, futhi okukodwa kwanyathelisa ukungenelela kweMelika eMpini yaseKorea." (Cishe yonke imininingwane kanye nezingcaphuno ezivela lapha zivela emibhalweni kaBruce Cumings , ikakhulukazi incwadi yakhe Impi yaseKorea). I-Reverse Course yayifana ne-Marshall Plan Yurophu futhi yayihlanganisa ukutshala izimali ezinkulu zaseMelika nokuhlanganyela kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nengcebo eJapane naseNingizimu Korea.

"Impi yaseKorea" yaqala ngoJuni 1950, lapho ibutho laseNorth Korea "lihlasela" (izwe lakubo) ngokulandelana kukahulumeni wase-US, kodwa impi eshisayo yaseKorea yayivele iqalile ekuqaleni kwe-1949, futhi kwakukhona ubudlova obuningi ku-1948, futhi. Futhi okunye, izimpande zale mpi zibuyela emuva ezahlukweni ezaqala ngo-1932 lapho amaKorea eqala umzabalazo omkhulu wokulwa nekoloniyali emelene namakholoni aseJapan eManchuria. Ukulwa kwabo ngokumelene nekoloniysia yaseJapane kwaba umzabalazo wokulwa neNo-colonialism yaseMelika kanye nombusi wesibindi uSyman Rhee ngasekupheleni kwe-1940s. Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eKorea okwabulala izigidi zabantu baseKorea "ngesimiso sokushiswa," futhi akushiyanga isakhiwo esivela eNyakatho Korea futhi kwabhubhisa iningi laseNingizimu Korea, kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezisekelo zase-Okinawa. Izisekelo zase-Okinawa nazo zisetshenzisiwe ngoba amabhomu agijima eVietnam.

E-1952 yaseJapane ubukhosi bayo babuya ngokuhambisana nesidingo sikaWashington sokuthi iKorea neChina zingabandakanywa ohlelweni lokuthula. Lokhu kwakwenza kube nzima eJapane ukuxolisa nokuhlanganyela ekuxolelaneni nomakhelwane bawo. Futhi, lokhu okulandelayo kungumcaphuno we-CounterPunch esihlokweni sami: Isazi-mlando sePulitzer-Prize uJohn Dower sisho umphumela owodwa owodwa olandelwa yizivumelwano ezimbili zokuthula eJapane ezaqala ukusebenza ngosuku uJapane aphinde abuyele ngalo 28 April 1952: " IJapane yayivinjelwe ukuhamba ngokuphumelelayo ukubuyisana nokubuyiswa kabusha nomakhelwane base-Asia abaseduzane. Ukwenza ukuthula kwaphuza. "IWashington yavimbela ukuthula phakathi kweJapane nabomakhelwane ababili abayinhloko ukuthi iqoqo, iKorea neChina, ngokusungula" ukuthula okuhlukile "okwakushiya kokubili uKoreas kanye nePublic's Republic of China (PRC) kusukela kulo lonke uhlelo. UWashington waphonsa ingalo yaseJapane ukuze athole ukubambisana ngokusongela ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi owaqala noGeneral Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964). Njengoba iJapan neNingizimu Korea bekungavumelani ubudlelwane kuze kufike uJuni 1965, futhi isivumelwano soxolo phakathi kweJapane i-PRC ayisayinwe kuze kufike i-1978, kube khona ukulibaziseka okwesikhashana, okwathi ngesikhathi ngokusho kweDower, "Amanxeba kanye nemilingo ebabazayo ye-imperialism, ukuhlasela nokuxhashazwa kwashiywa ukuze kuqhutshwe-kungaphenduliwe futhi kungenakunikwa yiJapane. iqhutshelwa ukuba ibe yindawo yokubuka empumalanga ngaphesheya kwePacific eya eMelika ukuze ivikeleke futhi, empeleni, ngokuzibiza kwayo njengesizwe. "Ngakho iWashington yahamba phakathi kweJapane ngakolunye uhlangothi namaKorea namaShayina komunye, iphika ithuba laseJapane ukuzindla ngezenzo zabo zempi, ukuxolisa, nokuvuselela ubudlelwane obuhle. Ukubandlululwa kwamaJapan kubantu baseKorea nabaseShayina kuyaziwa kakhulu, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaqondayo ukuthi iWashington nayo izolahlwa.

Ku-1953 iMpi yaseKorea iphelile ngokuhluleka okukhulu. I-Washington ayizange iphumelele, njengoba nje ayinqobe kakhulu izimpi ezinkulu kusukela ku-1945. Ukucaphuna kusuka ku-"Ake Sibeke Ekuphumuleni Kulezi Zinkolelo mayelana ne-US-North Korea Ubudlelwano," impi yombango ayizange iphele ngesivumelwano sokuthula kanye nenqubo yokubuyisana kodwa i-armistice kuphela ku-1953. I-armistice yashiya ivulekile ithuba lokuthi iMpi iqale kabusha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Leli qiniso, ukuthi impi ayizange iphumelele ekuxazululeni okunokuthula kwempi yombango, ingenye yezinhlekelele zayo futhi kumele ibhekwe njengenye yezimpi ezinonya kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla. Njengoba kunesandla sokuzivikela, abaseKorea bobabili enyakatho naseningizimu baye bakwazi ukujabulela ukuthula okuthile, kodwa ukuthula kwabo kube okwesikhashana futhi akuqiniseki. Kukhona ukungavumelani mayelana nokuthi iMpi YaseKorea (i-1950-53, izinsuku ezivamile zeMpi ezithanda ukulandelana okulandelwayo eWashington) kwakuyimpi yombango noma impi ye-proxy. Kunezici ezithile zempi yombhikisho kusukela e-US naseSoviet Union babandakanyeka, kodwa uma umuntu eqala izimpande zempi, lokho kubuyela emuva okungenani ku-1932 lapho izimpi ezinkulu zama-guerrilla amaKorea ezilwa namakholoni aseJapan eManchuria aqala, mina U-Bruce Ukwenyuka ukuthi empeleni, kuyinto / impi yombango. Esinye isici kule mpi esingakaxoxwa ngakho kodwa imbangela eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yempi yithemba labaseKorea abaningi ngokusabalalisa okuhle kwengcebo. Ngamanye amazwi, akuzange nje kube umzabalazo phakathi kukahulumeni enyakatho nehulumeni wase-Washington osekelwe e-South, kodwa ukungabi nabulungisa kweklasini (mhlawumbe ngisho ne "caste") ukungalingani okubuyela ezikhathini zangaphambili eKorea. Ubugqila abuqedwanga kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19th, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngemuva kokuqedwa e-US.

Resources

Abanye ochwepheshe base-Okinawa:

1. U-Yamashiro Hiroji, omunye wabaphikisi bezempi abaqhamuka kakhulu nabasemadolobheni e-Okinawa, owayesanda kungafanele futhi mhlawumbe waboshwa ngokungemthetho futhi waphathwa kabi, uma engahlushwa, ejele
2. UDouglas Lummis (http://apjjf.org/-C__Douglas-Lummis)
3. UJon Mitchell obhala ku- I-Japan Times
4. UJohn Junkerman, umqondisi wefilimu elihle kakhulu "I-Japan's Peace Constitution"http://cine.co.jp/kenpo/english.html) namanye amafilimu asebenzelana nezisekelo zase-Okinawa zase-US (http://apjjf.org/2016/22/Junkerman.html)
5. League International International for Peace and Freedom
6. UTakazato Suzuyo, isishoshovu sokuthula samakhosikazi (http://apjjf.org/2016/11/Takazato.html)
7. UJohn Dower, isazi-mlando saseMelika
8. UGavan McCormack, isazi-mlando sase-Australia
9. UStephen Rabson, owayengumphathi wezempi kanye nomlando we-US: http://apjjf.org/2017/19/Rabson.html
10. U-Satoko Oka Norimatsu, umqondisi we-Peace Philosophy Center, inhlangano yokufundisa ukuthula eVancouver, eCanada, nge-blog efundwa kabanzi e-Japanese-English peacephilosophy.com
11. U-Katharine HS Moon, uprofesa wesayensi yezombangazwe obhale mayelana nodlame lwezocansi e-East Asia,http://apjjf.org/-Katharine-H.S.-Moon/3019/article.html)
12. UCaroline Norma, oyedwa ochwepheshe abakhulu ngokuhweba ngokocansi obhale embonini yokuhweba ngocansi eJapane kusukela kuma-1920 naku-1940s, nokuthi uhulumeni waseJapane wavumelanisa kanjani izinhlelo ezisungulwe umkhakha ukuze zithole "abesifazane abathuthuzelayo" (uhulumeni -Ubugebengu bokudlwengula obhekene necala), ungumlobi wencwadi entsha I-Japanese Comfort Women and Slavery Sexual phakathi neChina ne-Pacific Wars (2016). (http://www.abc.net.au/news/caroline-norma/45286)

Imithombo yezindaba nokuhlaziywa:

1. Ngakude, iphephandaba le-English eliwusizo kunazo zonke izishoshovu ezilwa neziNgisi ezisiNgisi yiyona I-Asia-Pacific Journal: I-Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).
2. Kodwa njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amaphepha olimi lwesiNgisi wase-Okinawan, njengawo Okinawa Times futhi Ryukyu Shimpo, ukumboza ukunyakaza okungezansi-base ngendlela ejulile, ngendlela ejulile kune-Japan Times noma amanye amaphepha olimi lwesiNgisi angaphandle kwe-Okinawa.
3. I-SNA Shingetsu News Agency inephephandaba elisha elisha le-intanethi elinikeze izindaba ezivela embonweni oqhubekayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganisa izindaba eziphathelene nokulwa, njengokushesha kukahulumeni waseJapane wezinqubomgomo zabo zokuvuselelwa (okusho ukuthi, ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lwempi oluzophinde lukhiphe isigaba A impi izigebengu), http://shingetsunewsagency.com
4. The Asahi Shinbun kwakuyiphephandaba elihloniphekile elixoshiwe eJapane, kodwa liye lashiya ukuzibophezela kwabo ezindala ngezikhathi ezithile * ngokudalula iziphambeko zikahulumeni waseJapane futhi nje bayeka ukubhala ngezinkinga zomlando ezibucayi, ezifana "nabesifazane abathuthuzelayo" nokubulawa kwabantu baseNanking. "Iphephandaba" elilindile ngakwesokunxele, elilodwa kuphela elikhulu, manje I-Tokyo Shinbun, kodwa ngeshwa, ngokungafani no-Asahi ohlonishwayo, abayikushicilela ngesiNgisi, kolwazi lwami. Sishicilele ukuhunyushwa kwezihloko zabo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ngesi-Japanese ku- I-Asia-Pacific Journal: I-Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).

Umculo wokuphefumulelwa:

U-Kawaguchi Mayumi, umbhali wengoma yomculi nomshushisi olwa no-base waseKyoto. Uyabona Amavidiyo amaningi wokucula kwakhe emibonisweni ku-YouTube uma usesha ngegama lakhe ngesiJapane: 川口 真 由 美. Ungomunye wabaculi abavelele kakhulu abamemezelayo ngokumelene nezisekelo, kodwa kunabanye abaningi abaculi abahle kakhulu, abadala abazihlanganise nabo, bekhiqiza umculo ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ezibandakanya umculo womculo, idwala, ukudlala, nomculo wokuhlola.