Sinikela ngezikhathi ezithile inkambo eku-inthanethi ngempi kanye nemvelo.
Buka ividiyo noma ufunde mayelana AkukhoWar2017: Inkomfa Yezempi Nezemvelo.
Bhalisa lesi sicelo: Yeka Ukungabandakanyi Ukungcola Kwezempi Ezivumelwaneni Zesimo Sezulu.
Impi namalungiselelo empi akuyona nje umgodi lapho izigidigidi zamaRandi okungasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umonakalo ongokwemvelo kuhlaselwa, kodwa futhi imbangela enkulu ngqo yalowo monakalo wendawo.
Amasosha ase-US angenye yezingcolisi ezinkulu emhlabeni. Kusukela i-2001, amasosha ase-US anayo kukhishwe Amathani we-1.2 billion wamageric gases abamba ukushisa, okulingana nokukhishwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezimoto ezi-257 million emgwaqweni. Umnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US ungowabathengi abakhulu bamafutha ($ 17B / ngonyaka) omkhulu emhlabeni umnikazi womhlaba ngezisekelo zamasosha angaphandle ze-800 emazweni we-80. Ngokwesilinganiso esisodwa, amasosha aseMelika esetshenziswa Imiphongolo yama-1.2 yezigidi zamafutha e-Iraq ngenyanga eyodwa ye-2008. Okunye ukulinganiselwa kwamasosha e-2003 ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wase-US Army kwenzeke ezimotweni ezaziletha uphethiloli enkundleni yempi.
Njengoba inkinga yemvelo ikhula, ukucabanga ngempi njengethuluzi okufanele sikubheke kuyo kusongela ngomjikelezo wokugcina ononya. Ukumemezela ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukuthi impi ilahlekelwe iqiniso lokuthi abantu bayabangela impi, futhi ngaphandle kokuthi sifunde ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokungenasizathu sizokwenza kube nzima kakhulu.
Isisusa esiyinhloko sezimpi ezithile yisifiso sokulawula izinsiza ezonakalisa umhlaba, ikakhulukazi amafutha negesi. Eqinisweni, ukuqaliswa kwezimpi ezizweni ezicebile kubantu abampofu akuhambisani nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ukungabi nantando yeningi noma izinsongo zobuphekula, kodwa kuhambisana kakhulu ukutholakala kwamafutha.
Impi iningi lomonakalo wayo wendawo lapho kwenzeka khona, kodwa futhi ibhubhisa imvelo yemvelo yamasosha ezempi emazweni angaphandle nakwasekhaya.
Ibutho lempi lase-US yiyona Owesithathu ngobukhulu bezingcolisi zamanzi ase-US.
Okungenani kusukela amaRoma ehlwanyela usawoti emasimini aseCarthage ngesikhathi seMpi YeThathu YesiPhuphu, izimpi ziye zonakalisa umhlaba, kokubili ngenhloso futhi - ngokuphindaphindiwe - njengomphumela ongathandabuzeki.
U-General Philip Sheridan, ebhubhise amasimu aseVirginia ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, wabhubhisa izinkomo zezinkumbi njengendlela yokuvimbela amaMelika aseMelika ukubhuka. Impi Yezwe I yabona izwe laseYurophu libhujiswa ngamagxolo kanye negesi enobuthi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abaseNorway baqala ukuzamazama komhlaba ezigodini zabo, kuyilapho amaDutch egcwele ingxenye yesithathu yezilimi zawo, amaJalimane achitha amahlathi aseCzech, futhi amaBrithani ashisa amahlathi eJalimane naseFrance.
Izimpi eminyakeni yamuva nje zenze izindawo ezinkulu zingahlali abantu futhi zaveza amashumi ezigidi zababaleki. Impi “imbangi yezifo ezithathelwanayo njengembangela yokugula nokufa emhlabeni wonke,” ngokusho kukaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Ukuncika kuhlukanisa umthelela wempi kwezemvelo ezindaweni ezine: “ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu asemoyeni nawasolwandle, ukusatshalaliswa nokuphikelela kwezimayini zomhlaba kanye nomyalo wokungcwatshwa, nokusetshenziswa noma ukugcinwa kwabaphathi bamasosha, ubuthi nodoti.”
Okungenani Izisebenzi zezikhali zenuzi ze-33,480 US abaye bathola isinxephezelo somonakalo wezempilo manje sebefile.
Ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa yi-United States neSoviet Union kwabandakanya okungenani izivivinyo zasemkhathini ezingama-423 phakathi kuka-1945 no-1957 kanye no-1,400 ukuhlolwa komhlaba phakathi kuka-1957 no-1989. Umonakalo ovela kuleyo radiation awukaziwa ngokugcwele, kepha usabhebhetheka njengamanje ulwazi lwesikhathi esedlule. Ucwaningo olusha ngo-2009 lwaphakamisa ukuthi izivivinyo zenuzi zaseChina phakathi kuka-1964 no-1996 zabulala abantu abaningi ngqo kunokuhlolwa kwenuzi kwanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe. UJun Takada, isazi se-physics saseJapan, ubala ukuthi abantu abangafika ezigidini eziyi-1.48 badalulwe ukuwa futhi abayi-190,000 babo kungenzeka ukuthi babulawa yizifo ezixhumene nemisebe evela kulezo zivivinyo zaseChina. E-United States, ukuhlolwa ngawo-1950 kwaholela ezinkulungwaneni ezingenakubalwa zabantu ababulawa ngumdlavuza eNevada, e-Utah, nase-Arizona, okuyizindawo ezinomoya ophansi kakhulu kusukela ekuhlolweni.
Ku-1955, inkanyezi ye-movie uJohn Wayne, owagwema ukubamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe II ngokukhetha ukwenza amabhayisikobho adumisa impi, wanquma ukuthi kufanele adlale uGenghis Khan. The uMnqobi yaqoshwa e-Utah, futhi umnqobi wanqotshwa. Kubantu abangu-220 abebesebenza kule filimu, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 abayi-91 babo babengenwe ngumdlavuza kanti abangu-46 babulawa yiwo, okubalwa kubo uJohn Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, nomqondisi uDick Powell. Izibalo zikhomba ukuthi abangu-30 kwabangu-220 kungenzeka ukuthi bathole umdlavuza, hhayi abangama-91. Ngo-1953 amasosha ayevivinye amabhomu e-athomu ayi-11 eduze kwaseNevada, kwathi ngabo-1980 isigamu sabantu baseSt. George, e-Utah, lapho ifilimu yadutshulwa khona, base umdlavuza. Ungabalekela impi, kepha awukwazi ukufihla.
Amasosha awazi ukuthi ukukhishwa kwenukliya kuzoba nethonya labo labo, futhi bahlolisise imiphumela, bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlolweni kwabantu. Kwezinye izifundo eziningi phakathi namashumi eminyaka emva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngokuphula umthetho we-Nuremberg we-1947, amasosha kanye ne-CIA baye bafaka izigameko zezilwane, iziboshwa, abampofu, abakhubazekile ngengqondo, kanye nabanye abantu ukuzama ukuhlolwa kwabantu inhloso yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi, amakhemikhali, kanye nezidakamizwa, kanye nezidakamizwa ezifana ne-LSD, i-United States eyayihamba nayo ukuze ibeke emoyeni kanye nokudla kuwo wonke umzana waseFrance e-1951, ngemiphumela eyingozi futhi ebulalayo.
Umbiko olungiselelwe ku-1994 weKomidi leSenate lase-United States le-Veterans Affairs uqala:
"Phakathi neminyaka yokugcina ye-50, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi bezempi baye bahileleka ekuhlolweni kwabantu nokunye ukuvezwa okuhloswe okwenziwa nguMnyango Wezokuvikela (DOD), kaningi ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-servicemember noma imvume. Kwezinye izimo, amasosha ayevuma ukukhonza njengezifundo zabantu azithola ehlanganyela ekuvivinyeni ahluke kakhulu kulabo abachazwe ngesikhathi abazinikele. Isibonelo, izinkulungwane zezilwane zeMpi Yezwe II ezazitholela ukuhlola 'izingubo zasehlobo' ukuze zithole isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphumula, zazitholela emagumbini egesi ahlola imiphumela yegesi lwesardard ne-lewisite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi amasosha ayeyalwe ngokuyala izikhulu ukuba 'zivolontiya' ukuba zihlanganyele ocwaningweni noma zibhekane nemiphumela emibi. Isibonelo, izimbangi eziningana zamaPersian Gulf War ezikhulunywe ngabasebenzi beKomidi zibike ukuthi zatshelwa ukuthi zithathe imithi yokuhlola ngesikhathi se-Operation Desert Shield noma ebhekene nejele. "
Umbiko ogcwele uqukethe izikhalazo eziningi mayelana nokufihlwa kwezempi futhi uphakamisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwawo kungase kuvele kuvele ukuthi kukhona okufihlekile.
Ku-1993, uNobhala WezeMelika wase-United States wadedela amarekhodi e-US ukuhlolwa kwe-plutonium kwabangenayo abahlukunyezwa base-US ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. I-Newsweek isho ngokuqinisekisayo, ngomhla kaDisemba 27, i-1993:
"Ososayensi abaye baqhuba lezo zivivinyo esikhathini eside esidlule babe nezizathu ezizwakalayo: umzabalazo weSoviet Union, ukwesaba impi yenukliya esiseduze, isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuvula zonke izimfihlo ze-athomu, ngezinjongo zombili ezempi nezokudokotela."
O, kuhle lokho-ke.
Izingosi zokukhiqiza izikhali zenuzi eWashington, eTennessee, Colorado, Georgia, nakwezinye izindawo ziye zonakalisa imvelo ezungezile kanye nabasebenzi babo, abangaphezu kuka-3,000 abanikezwa isinxephezelo ku-2000. Amaqembu amaningi okuthula azungeze iUnited States agxila ekuvimbeleni umonakalo okwenziwa yizimboni zendawo ezikhungweni zemvelo kanye nabasebenzi babo abanezibonelelo ezivela ohulumeni basekhaya. Ngezinye izikhathi lo msebenzi uqeda ukubeka phambili kuqala ekuphikeleni impi elandelayo.
E-Kansas City, izishoshovu ziye zazama ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kanye nokwandiswa kwemboni enkulu yezikhali. Kubonakala sengathi uMengameli uHarry Truman, owakhiphe igama lakhe ngokuphikisa imfucuza ngezikhali, wahlwanyela umshini ekhaya okwakungcolisa umhlaba namanzi iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-60 ngenkathi kwenziwa izinto zokukhiqiza zokubulala okusetshenziswa yiTruman kuphela. Ifayili eyimfihlo, kodwa intela ephulwa intela izoqhubeka nokukhiqiza, kodwa ngezinga elikhulu, amaphesenti angu-XNUM wezingxenye zezikhali zenuzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kuncane kakhulu. Amabhomu angekho enuzi eMpini Yezwe II aqothula amadolobha, amapulazi nezinhlelo zokunisela, akhiqiza ababaleki abayizigidi ezingama-50 nabantu abadingisiwe. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-US eVietnam, eLaos, naseCambodia kukhiqize ababaleki abayizigidi eziyi-17, kwathi ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 kwase kunezigidi ezingama-13.5 zababaleki nabafuna ukukhoseliswa emhlabeni jikelele. Impi yombango ende eSudan yaholela endlaleni lapho ngo-1988. Impi yombango yaseRwanda yaphoqelela abantu ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, kuhlanganise nama-gorilla. Ukufuduka kwabantu emhlabeni wonke baye ezindaweni ezingakheki kangako kulimaze kakhulu imvelo.
Izimpi zishiya okuningi ngemuva. Phakathi kwe-1944 ne-1970 isosha lase-US lalahla izikhali eziningi zamakhemikhali emanzini ase-Atlantic nasePacific. E-1943 amabhomu aseJalimane ayesebenze umkhumbi wase-US e-Bari, e-Italy, okwakwenza ngasese amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili kagesi lwesinaphi. Abaningi basolwandle base-United States bafa ngenxa yobuthi, okwakuthiwa yi-United States ngokungathembeki ukuthi beyisebenzisa "njengesivimbela," naphezu kokuyigcina imfihlo. Umkhumbi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke ususa igesi olwandle amakhulu eminyaka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi i-United States neJapane bashiya imikhumbi ye-1,000 phansi ePacific, kuhlanganise namanqamu aphethiloli. Ku-2001, omunye umkhumbi onjalo, i-USS Mississinewa itholakala njengamafutha avuzayo. Ku-2003 amasosha asuswe ukuthi yikuphi amafutha angawashiya.
Mhlawumbe izikhali ezibulalayo kakhulu ezishiywe ngemuva kwezimpi zingamabhomu omhlaba kanye namabhomu eqoqo. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zazo kulinganiselwa ukuthi alele emhlabeni wonke, engazi ukuthi yiziphi izimemezelo zokuthi ukuthula kuye kwabikwa. Iningi lalabo abahlukunyezwa yizizwe, ingxenye enkulu yabantwana. I-1993 US State State Report ibike ngokuthi izimayini zomhlaba "ukuhlambalaza okunobuthi kakhulu nokusabalalisa okubhekene nesintu." Izimayini zomhlaba zilimaza imvelo ngezindlela ezine, kubhala uJennifer Leaning:
"Ukwesaba kwezimayini kunqabe ukutholakala kwemithombo eningi yemvelo kanye nomhlaba ovulekile; abantu bayaphoqeleka ukuba bathathe izindawo ezihamba phambili ezindaweni zangasese nezibuthakathaka ukuze bagweme amabhomu emigodi; lokhu ukusheshisa ukuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo; kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-land ukuphazamisa izinqubo ezibalulekile zenhlabathi namanzi. "
Isilinganiso sombuso womhlaba sithintekile akuyona into encane. Izigidi zamahektha eYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Afrika nase-Asia zingaphansi kokuvinjelwa. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezwe eLibiya ifihla imayini yezemayini kanye nemikhawulo yezwe yeMpi Yezwe II engakaziwa. Izizwe eziningi zezwe ziye zavuma ukuvimbela amabhomu omhlaba namabhomu eqoqo.
Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1971, i-United States yathuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokucekela phansi impilo yezitshalo nezilwane (kubandakanya neyabantu); ifafaze ama-14% amahlathi aseNingizimu ye-Vietnam ngemithi yokubulala ukhula, yashisa umhlaba wasepulazini, yadubula nemfuyo. Esinye sezibulala-khemikhali ezibulala amakhemikhali ezimbi kakhulu, i-Agent Orange, sisasongela impilo yabantu baseVietnam futhi sibangele ukukhubazeka okuzalwa okuyingxenye yesigidi. Ngesikhathi seGulf War, i-Iraq yakhipha amalitha ayizigidi eziyi-10 kawoyela ePersian Gulf yashisa nemithombo ka-732 yomlilo, yadala umonakalo omkhulu ezilwaneni zasendle futhi yafaka ushevu emanzini aphansi ngokuchitheka kukawoyela. Ezimpini zayo eYugoslavia nase-Iraq, i-United States ishiye i-uranium eseyinciphile. Ucwaningo loMnyango Wezilwane ZaseMelika olwenziwa ngo-1994 ngamagagasi aseGulf War eMississippi lathola amaphesenti angama-67 ezingane zabo ezikhulelwe kusukela impi inezifo ezinzima noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Izimpi e-Angola zaqeda amaphesenti angama-90 ezilwane zasendle phakathi kuka-1975 no-1991. Impi yombango eSri Lanka yawisa izihlahla eziyizigidi ezinhlanu.
Umsebenzi waseSoviet nase-US we-Afghanistan usuqede noma wabhidliza izinkulungwane zamadolobhana nemithombo yamanzi. I-Taliban idayise ngamatshe ngokungemthetho ePakistan, okuholela ekukhungweni kwemithi ebalulekile. Amabhomu ase-US kanye nababaleki abadinga izinkuni bangeze emonakalweni. Amahlathi ase-Afghanistan aseduze. Eziningi zezinyoni ezifudukayo ezazivame ukudlula e-Afghanistan azikwenzi njalo. Umoya wakhe namanzi baye babuthiwa yiziqhumane nama-rocket propellants.
I-Ethiopia ingase ishintshe ukuzamazama kwayo kwe $ 50 million ekukhunjweni kwamahlathi, kodwa wakhetha ukusebenzisa imali eyi-$ 275 emasotheni esikhundleni sayo - ngonyaka ngamunye phakathi kwe-1975 no-1985.
Izimpendulo ze-50
Impi ingcolisa imvelo enkulu kunazo zonke, imbangela yezinhlekelele zezempilo, umthombo wokuhlupheka kwabantu kubantu abangenacala, umsakazi wobuphekula nokubaleka kwababaleki emhlabeni wonke. Kufanele sifunde kulolu bhubhane ukuthi okuhle kubantu baseMelika yikho okujwayelekile kubo bonke abantu kulo mhlaba. Ngiyethemba ukuthi singabuyela ezingqondweni zethu ngokuyeka lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezintela okulimazayo futhi esikhundleni salokho sichithe ezinhlelweni ezisiza abantu ukuthi baphumelele emazweni abo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze isintu ithuba lokusinda. Sidinga ukuphambukisa inani elikhulu lesabelomali sethu sezempi esiya ekusekeleni izinhlelo zezikhali kanye nempi iye ezinhlelweni zokutshala izimali zabantu. AmaKristu, ikakhulukazi, adinga ukusebenzela ukuqeda impi yethu ebulalayo.