Ibhalwe nguDoug Weir no-Elizabeth Minor
Kusukela Izinsalela ezinobuthi Zenethiwekhi Yezimpi
Kuze kube manje, impikiswano mayelana nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwama-drones ahlomile igxile emalungelweni abantu, ekwandiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezimweni ezintsha, kanye nokungalingani okudalwe ikhono elisha lokusebenzisa ubudlova kude. Ukufinyelela Intando Ebucayi kumeme u-Doug Weir no-Elizabeth Minor ukuthi bacabangele ubukhulu bezemvelo bokusetshenziswa kwe-drone warfare ekushicilelweni kwakamuva 'Umthelela wobuntu wama-drones'. Bathole ukuthi izincwadi azikho lapho kucatshangelwa khona mayelana nomthelela wemvelo kanye nokutholwa kobuntu kokusebenza kwe-drone, ngakho-ke le bhulogi, ecashunwe embikweni, kufanele ibhekwe njengesiqalo semizamo yokuhlola imiphumela yemvelo yokusetshenziswa. yama-drones ahlomile.
Ezingxabanweni zezikhali, kanye nemiphumela yako, ukuvikela okusemthethweni kwendawo ezungezile akunamandla, futhi izinhlelo zokuziphendulela nokulungisa imvelo azikho kakhulu. Lezo zivikelo ezikhona zivezwe ngokucace kakhulu maqondana namazinga amakhulu okulimala kwemvelo. Ngokuyinhloko zigxila “kwindawo yemvelo”—ngaphandle kokuveza ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhwalithi yendawo ezungezile kanye nokujabulela amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. Kodwa-ke, izingozi zokukhiqizwa kwezinsalela zempi ezinobuthi-ukungcoliswa kwezingxabano ezisongela impilo yabantu kanye ne-ecosystem-kufanele kube ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ekuthatheni izinyathelo nezindlela zokunciphisa kancane kancane ukulimala ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla.
Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, kube nomzamo ovuselelwe wokucacisa kanye nokuhlanganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezibopho zezemvelo ezivela emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu (IHL), umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wezemvelo, nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu, ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kwezingxabano ezihlomile. Isihloko okwamanje sisacutshungulwa ngabakwa Ikhomishana Yomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, kanye nezifunda zivezile ukukhathazeka okukhulayo phezu kwemiphumela yezemvelo kanye nemiphumela yobuntu yokungqubuzana kwezikhali eMhlanganweni Wezemvelo we-UN.
Izibopho zokubhekana nefa lemvelo lokungcola okuvela ezingxabanweni ezihlomile nemisebenzi yezempi ziye zaba ehlongozwayo yi-International Law Commission, futhi isanda kushiwo ku ISivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali Zase-Nuclear, eyamukelwa ngoJulayi 2017. Lezi kanye nezinye izinhlelo zingase zisekele ukuthuthukiswa kwakho kokubili umthetho nokusebenza ngokuphathelene nokubhekana nezinsalela ezinobuthi zempi.
Ukunwetshwa kokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile yizifundazwe ukwenza ukuhlasela kwezindiza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezingxabano kuhambisane nale ntshisekelo eyengeziwe yokuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo maqondana nezingxabano. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluncane kakhulu olwenziwe kunoma yikuphi ubudlelwano obungaba khona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile kanye nokulimala kwemvelo. Nakuba singaphikisi ukuthi umthelela wemvelo wama-drones ahlomile uyingxenye eyinhloko yokulimala ezikubangelayo, lo mbono omfushane uphakamisa ukuthi iziteleka zomoya ezenziwa ngama-drones zingaba nomthelela emvelweni emiphakathini, nokuthi lokhu kufanele kubhekwe kunoma yiziphi izingxoxo mayelana nokuqhubeka. ukulawulwa kwama-drones. Ekubhekaneni nezici eziyinkinga noma amandla ama-drones ahlomile njengeqoqo lobuchwepheshe, kanye nemigudu yamanje ekusebenziseni kwabo, izifunda kufanele okungenani zicabange ukuthi:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali eziqhumayo kunamandla okukhiqiza izinsalela ezinobuthi. Okunye okukhathazayo okubalulekile okuzungeze ama-drones ahlomile ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busize ukwanda kwezinhlobo zezimo lapho izifundazwe bezizimisele ukusebenzisa amandla aqhuma ezindizeni. Uma izindlela ezinjalo zivunyelwa ukuthi ziqhubeke, ingozi engase ibe khona endaweni ezungezile ibonakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezimo;
- Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokungqubuzana kwezikhali ziye zasetshenziswa kulokhu kusetshenziswa okuthile kwamandla, nakuba lawa mazinga aphikiswa kabanzi ngokuthi awuhlaka olungalungile. Ngamazinga aphansi okuvikelwa kwemvelo ahlobene nokungqubuzana kwezikhali, lokhu kungase futhi kuveze izingozi mayelana nokulimala okukhulu kwemvelo okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla; futhi
- Uma kubhekwa izindinganiso eziphansi zokuvikelwa kwemvelo ezingxabanweni ezihlomile, kufanele kuphenywe ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-drone ngokusebenzisa izici zayo ezihlukile bungasiza yini ekushayeni okuhlosiwe okuyingozi kwemvelo phakathi nezingxabano ezihlomile, futhi kube negalelo emikhubeni eyingozi ngale ndlela.
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kocwaningo kule ndawo, le bhulogi ayiphakamisi iziphetho eziqondile kulawa maphuzu. Kunalokho, iphakamisa ukuthi lezi yizindawo lapho kungase kube khona imibuzo nokukhathazeka okuthi izifunda kanye nabanye kufanele zikhuthazwe ukuba zicabangele, njengengxenye yanoma iyiphi ingxoxo ngesithombe esibanzi sokulimala okubangelwa ama-drones ahlomile.
IMITHELELA ENDAWENI EVELA EKUSETSHENZISWA KWEZIKHALI EZINGQOKAYO
I-Airstrikes evela kuma-drones ahlomile ngokuvamile ayasetshenziswa izikhali eziqhumayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali eziqhumayo kungakhiqiza izinto ezingcolisayo ezibeka ubungozi empilweni yabantu kulandela umthelela wazo wokuqala, ikakhulukazi uma lezi zikhali zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Lezi zinsalela ezinobuthi—imithelela yazo engabhalwanga kahle—zingaphuma ezingxenyeni zezikhali.[1] noma ekucekeleni phansi kwezakhiwo kanye nokulimala kwengqalasizinda, njengamandla, amanzi, nezinsiza zokuthuthwa kwendle. Nakuba imithelela enobuthi engaba khona iyoba mikhulu lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali eziqhuma ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kuye kwasabalala futhi kwagcinwa,[2] ngisho nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe (okufana neziteleka zomoya ngazinye) kungaletha izingozi empilweni emiphakathini. Ngakho-ke, umthelela wemvelo wamandla aqhumayo uyinkinga efanele kumongo wokuhlasela kwezindiza okwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-drones.
Izikhali eziningi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ezithi izifunda ezidubule kuma-drones zinokukhathazeka ngobuthi, njengemicibisholo ye-Hellfire namabhomu e-GBU-12 kanye ne-GBU-38. Lokhu kuqukethe iziqhumane ezigcwaliswayo ezijwayelekile ezisebenzisa i-TNT ne-RDX. Zombili lezi ziqhumane ziyahamba endaweni ezungezile, okusho ukuthi, isibonelo, zingasakazeka zisuka enhlabathini ziye emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, futhi zinobuthi. Izinsimbi ezihlakazekile kulezi zikhali ziyaphikelela emvelweni. Lapho ukusetshenziswa kunamandla noma kuzinzile, ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kungafinyelela amazinga anele ukuze kube usongo empilweni yabantu.[3] Kungase futhi kube nokukhathazeka okuthile okuvela ezintweni ezintsha ezisetshenziswa ezikhalini ezisatshalaliswa kusuka kumapulatifomu e-drone. Isibonelo, izikhali ze-Dense Inert Metal Explosive (DIME), umthelela wazo wesikhathi eside wezempilo ongaqinisekisiwe, ube kubikiwe zisatshalaliswa ngama-drones. Ukuntula obala mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezikhali ezithuthukile ngama-drones kunciphisa imizamo yokufunda nokuhlola ubungozi bazo bezempilo kanye nemvelo ngombono wokunciphisa ukulimala.
IMIGWELE ESESIPHOSELELA EKUSETSHENZISWA KOMANDLA
Amakhono athile anikezwa ama-drones athile asetshenziswe ezinye izifundazwe ukwenza lula ukunwetshwa kobubanzi bezimo lapho zisebenzisa amandla okuqhuma. Lezi zifundazwe zisebenzise ama-drones ngendlela edlula imingcele yezomthetho nemicabango lapho kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezithile zodlame ngokuvamile oluhlotshaniswa nokungqubuzana kwezikhali. Izici zobuchwepheshe ezifanele lapha zifaka ububanzi, ukuphikelela, namandla okugada anikezwa ama-drones, kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa amandla ngaphandle kobungozi bomzimba kumhlaseli. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamandla anikezwa yilezi zici, namaphethini ayinkinga asetshenziswayo—ikakhulukazi ukubulawa kwalabo abahlobene namaqembu athile emingceleni—kunikeza isisekelo sengxoxo yamazwe ngamazwe ekuvimbeleni ukulinyazwa ngama-drones njengesethi ethile yobuchwepheshe.
Njengomphumela waleli phethini elithile lokuhlasela kwezindiza eziqalwe ngama-drones, ukulimaza abantu okwaziwayo ukuthi kwabangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aqhuma ezingxabanweni-okuhlanganisa ukufa, ukulimala, imithelela yengqondo, nokucekelwa phansi kwemizi-kuye kwabhalwa ezimongweni zamanoveli. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwemithelela eyaziwayo iye ezimeni ezahlukene kungasebenza nasekulimaleni kwemvelo. Ngokulandelayo, uma okunye ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kwama-drones ahlomile yizifundazwe kufune ukuchaza kabusha lapho amasethi athile emithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla asebenza khona, njengomthetho wokungqubuzana kwezikhali, lokhu nakho kunemiphumela ecacile yokuvikela imvelo.
Ngokuhambisana neminye imithelela, amathuba okulimala kwemvelo emiphakathini engathinta impilo yomuntu ngakho-ke kufanele kucatshangelwe ekuhloleni ukuthi imingcele eyamukelekayo yokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile yizifundazwe kufanele ibe yini, kanye nokubeka izindinganiso ezimelene nokwenza lula ukwanda kwezimo lapho okuthile okuthile. kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zamandla.
OKUHLOSIWE OKUYINGOZI NGEZIMO
Ekubhekaneni nama-drones njengentuthuko kubuchwepheshe bezikhali, izifundazwe kufanele zicabangele ukuthi yiziphi izici zezinhlelo ezingasiza izinqubo eziyinkinga noma ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokuthi imithelela yalokho ingaqukethwa kanjani. Uma isici esisodwa salokhu siwukucabangela ukuthi amakhono athile anikeze amandla kanjani ukwanda kuzimo lapho kusetshenziswe khona izinhlobo ezithile zamandla, enye ingase ibe ukucabangela imithelela engaba khona yamakhono okuqapha athuthukisiwe ahlinzekwa ama-drones ukuze kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwezinhloso ezibhujiswayo. ithwala izingozi ezinzima ikakhulukazi zokudala ukungcoliswa kwezingxabano. Izinhlobo eziningi okuqondiwe kuzo zinamandla okulimaza imvelo nempilo yabantu uma zonakalisiwe noma zicekelwa phansi. Lokhu kubandakanya izizinda zezimboni, ze-petrochemical, noma zemithi; ukukhiqizwa kukagesi noma amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa; izindawo zokuhlanza nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi; kanye nezisekelo zamasosha nezindawo zokugcina izinhlamvu.
Imikhawulo ekhona yalokho okuhlanganisa ukulimala kwemvelo okungamukelekile ngaphansi kwe-IHL yile kuvunyelwe kabanzi njengokuphezulu kakhulu, nokungachazwa kahle—nakuba izimiso ezijwayelekile ezifanele zokuhlukanisa nokulinganisa ziyasebenza ekukhetheni okuhlosiwe kanye nezikhali, njengoba kwenza isimiso sokuqapha. Ukubikezela ngokwethembeka umphumela weziteleka kulokho okuhlosiwe okuyingozi emvelweni kudinga ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lomklamo, isimo, nokuqukethwe kwendawo, kanye nekhono lokubikezela ngokuthembekile imiphumela yezempilo nemvelo yomonakalo odaliwe; izici ezizolinganiswa ngokumelene nenzuzo yezempi ezuzwe ngokuyiphazamisa noma ukuyicekela phansi.
Nakuba idatha yokuqapha yasemoyeni ingase ikhulise ukuzethemba kwabahleli bemishini, mancane amathuba okuthi ingaba negalelo elikhulu olwazini lwangaphambili lwezingozi ezikhona ngaphakathi kwesikhungo noma umphumela ovame ukungaqondakali wemvelo wokucekelwa phansi kwaso. Noma kunjalo, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukufinyelela kudatha yokugada okuthuthukisiwe kungase kukhuthaze ukunwetshwa kweziteleka ngokumelene nalokho okuhlosiwe, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswe nezikhali ezinembayo. Le ngozi engaba khona idinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Ezimweni eziningi, ukunikezwa kwezomthetho okubuthakathaka okuvikela imvelo engqubuzanayo kwenza kungenzeki ukuthi imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo izophula imingcele ekhona—ngisho nalapho ukungcoliswa kudala izingozi eziqhubekayo zendawo emiphakathini kanye nendawo yayo.
Ukungabi bikho obala mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile ezingxabanweni zakamuva kwenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuthi ukufinyelela kudatha yokugada okuthuthukisiwe kuye kwasiza yini ukuqondiswa kwengqalasizinda eyingozi yemvelo yabantu nezempi. Kubikwe ukuthi ama-drones asetshenziswa ngokwezinga elithile ekuhlaseleni ukusebenza kukawoyela we-ISIS eSyria nase-Iraq ngumfelandawonye wamazwe omhlaba ngokwesibonelo,[5] kodwa indima nomthelela wokusetshenziswa kwama-drones mayelana nokukhulisa-noma ukunciphisa-izingozi zemvelo kubantu bendawo kule misebenzi akucaci. Kwakamuva imibiko zokusetshenziswa kwendiza encane eyindiza ezindizayo ukuze kucekelwe phansi indawo yokulahlwa kwezinhlamvu e-Ukraine ngamabhomu, okungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu, nakho kuhlobene nokuhlola isithombe sokusetshenziswa ngokumelene nezinhloso ezibucayi zezimboni.
Ekuboneni ubungozi nezinkinga, futhi kucatshangelwa imikhawulo engaba khona kuma-drones ahlomile, izifunda kufanele zicabange ngakho-ke ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungasiza yini ukwenza lula izinqubo ezibeka ikakhulukazi izingozi zemvelo emiphakathini, futhi zifune idatha yokuthi lokhu kanye nezinye izingozi kungenzeka zidlale kanjani ekusebenzeni. .
ISIPHETHO
Imithelela yezemvelo yokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokujwayelekile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile ikakhulukazi, kusalokhu kubhalwe ngaphansi njengendlela yokulimala efanelekile ekuhloleni imingcele engase ibekwe kubuchwepheshe bezikhali obuhlukene.
Lapho kucatshangelwa ukuthi udlame lombuso kufanele luvinjwe kanjani, kanye nezimo lapho imithelela ethile yodlame ingase ithathwe njengevumelekile noma cha, imiphumela yezemvelo enomthelela empilweni yomuntu kufanele nokho iqiniswe—okuhlanganisa maqondana nama-drones ahlomile. Imithelela ehlala njalo yezemvelo kanye nobungozi besikhathi eside empilweni yabantu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kumele, ngokulandelayo, kunqandwe ngemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe eqinile.
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U-Doug Weir Ulawula Iphrojekthi Yezinsalela Ezinobuthi. U-Elizabeth Minor unguMeluleki ku-Article 36, inhlangano ezinze e-UK esebenzela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo entsha nezindinganiso zomthetho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungahlosiwe, okungadingekile noma okungamukeleki okubangelwa izikhali ezithile. Lesi sahluko sivele okokuqala ku-'Umthelela wobuntu wama-drones', umbiko oshicilelwe ngo-Okthoba 2017 yi-Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, i-Athikili 36, kanye ne-International Disarmament Institute yase-Pace University
