Impi isongela indawo yethu

Impi yomhlaba wonke iveza usongo olukhulu eMhlabeni, okubangela ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okukhulu, ukuvimbela ukubambisana ezisombululweni, kanye nokusakazwa kwezimali namandla ekwenzeni ukufudumala okudingekayo ekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Amalungiselelo empi nempi angcolisa kakhulu umoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi, izinsongo ezinkulu emvelweni nasezintweni eziphilayo, futhi anegalelo elikhulu ekushiseni komhlaba kangangokuthi ohulumeni abafaki ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kwezempi emibikweni nasezibophweni zesivumelwano.

Uma izitayela zamanje zingashintshi, ngo-2070, I-19% yendawo esemhlabeni yeplanethi yethu - ikhaya lezigidigidi zabantu - kuzoshisa ngendlela engahlali muntu. Umbono okhohlisayo wokuthi impi iyithuluzi eliwusizo lokubhekana naleyo nkinga usongela umjikelezo ononya ophetha ngenhlekelele. Ukufunda ukuthi impi kanye nezempi kuqhuba kanjani ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, nokuthi ukushintshela ekuthuleni nasezinkambisweni ezisimeme kungaqinisana kanjani, kunikeza indlela yokuphuma esimweni esibi kakhulu. Umnyakazo wokusindisa iplanethi awuphelele ngaphandle kokuphikisana nomshini wempi - nakhu isizathu.

Ingozi Enkulu, Efihliwe

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsongo zesimo sezulu ezinkulu, impi ayikutholi ukucutshungulwa nokuphikiswa okufanele. A ngokunquma isilinganiso esiphansi Igalelo lezempi yomhlaba wonke ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni wonke lingama-5.5% – cishe okuphindwe kabili kunamagesi abamba ukushisa kunawo wonke. indiza engeyona eyezempi. Ukube impi yomhlaba wonke bekuyizwe, ibiyokleliswa endaweni yesine ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Lokhu ithuluzi lokwenza imephu inikeza ukubuka kokukhishwa kwezempi ngezwe kanye nomuntu ngamunye ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa yamasosha ase-US ikakhulukazi kungaphezu kwamazwe amaningi, okwenza kube ngeyodwa onecala elikhulu lesikhungo (okungukuthi, okubi kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi inhlangano eyodwa, kodwa hhayi kubi kunezimboni ezihlukahlukene). Kusukela ngo-2001-2017, i- Amasosha ase-US akhiphe amathani angama-metric ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2 yezisi ezingcolisa umoya, okulingana nezimo ezikhishwa minyaka yonke zezimoto eziyizigidi ezingama-257 emgwaqeni. Umnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US (i-DoD) ungumthengi omkhulu kawoyela esikhungweni ($17B/ngonyaka) emhlabeni - ngesilinganiso esisodwa, Amasosha ase-US asebenzise imiphongolo kawoyela eyizigidi eziyi-1.2 e-Iraq ngenyanga eyodwa nje ka-2008. Okuningi kwalokhu kusetshenziswa okukhulu kusekela ukusabalala kwebutho lezempi lase-US, elihlanganisa okungenani izizinda zamasosha angaphandle angama-750 emazweni angama-80: isilinganiso esisodwa samasosha ngo-2003 sasiwukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwe-US Army kwenzeke ezimotweni ebeziletha uphethiloli enkundleni yempi. 

Ngisho nalezi zibalo ezishaqisayo azikwazi ukuklwebha, ngoba umthelela wezempi emvelweni awukalinganiswa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuklama - izimfuno zehora lokugcina ezenziwe uhulumeni wase-US ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano sase-Kyoto sango-1997 sakhulula ukukhishwa kwegesi yezempi ebamba ukushisa ezingxoxweni zesimo sezulu. Lelo siko liqhubekile: Isivumelwano saseParis sango-2015 sishiye ukunqamula ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kwezempi ngokubona kwezizwe ngazinye; i-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ibophezela abasayinayo ukuthi bashicilele ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa minyaka yonke, kodwa ukubika ukukhishwa kwezempi kwezempi kuwukuzithandela futhi ngokuvamile akubandakanywa; I-NATO iyivumile inkinga kodwa ayizange idale izidingo ezithile zokuyilungisa. Lokhu ithuluzi lokwenza imephu lidalula izikhala phakathi kokukhishwa kwezempi okubikiwe kanye nezilinganiso ezingase zibe khona.

Asikho isisekelo esizwakalayo salokhu kuvuleka kwegebe. Amalungiselelo empi nempi yiwona akhipha igesi ebamba ukushisa okukhulu, ngaphezu kwezimboni eziningi ukungcola kwazo kuphathwa ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kusingathwa ngayo izivumelwano zesimo sezulu. Konke ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kumele kufakwe emazingeni okuphoqeleka okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Akumele kube khona okunye ngaphandle kokungcoliswa kwezempi. 

Sicele i-COP26 ne-COP27 ukuthi ibeke imikhawulo eqinile yokukhipha isisi esibamba ukushisa okungakhethi hlangothi kwezempi, okuhlanganisa nezimfuneko zokubika ezisobala nokuqinisekisa okuzimele, futhi singanciki ezinhlelweni “zokunciphisa” ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuvela ezisekelweni zamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle, saphikelela ngokuthi, kufanele kubikwe ngokugcwele futhi kukhokhiswe kulelo zwe, hhayi izwe lapho isizinda sikhona. Izimfuno zethu azizange zifezwe.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nezidingo eziqinile zokubika ukukhishwa kwempahla kwamasosha ngeke ziyisho yonke indaba. Emonakalweni wokungcoliswa kwezempi kufanele kwengezwe owabakhiqizi bezikhali, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezimpi okukhulu: ukuchitheka kukawoyela, imililo kawoyela, ukuvuza kwe-methane, njll. Umbutho wezempi kufanele nawo ubandakanyeke ekulahlekeni kwawo okukhulu kwezimali, abasebenzi. , kanye nezinsiza zezombusazwe kude nemizamo ephuthumayo yokumelana nesimo sezulu. Lo mbiko uyaxoxa imithelela yangaphandle yemvelo yempi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, impi inesibopho sokuphoqelela izimo lapho ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwebhizinisi kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza kungenzeka. Isibonelo, amasosha asetshenziselwa ukugada imizila yokuthutha uwoyela kanye nemisebenzi yezimayini, kuhlanganisa ne materials okufiswa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali zempi. Abacwaningi ebheka kwi-Defence Logistics Agency, inhlangano enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola wonke uphethiloli nekhithi yezidingo zezempi, phawula ukuthi “izinkampani… zithembele ebuthweni lezempi lase-US ukuze zithole amaketanga azo okuhlinzeka ngezinto; noma, ngokunembile… kunobudlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi komkhakha wezempi kanye nezinkampani.”

Namuhla, amasosha ase-US aya ngokuya azihlanganisa emkhakheni wezohwebo, afiphalisa imigqa phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye ne-warfighter. NgoJan 12, 2024, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wakhipha owokuqala Isu Likazwelonke Lemboni Yezokuvikela. Lo mbhalo uveza izinhlelo zokubumba amaketanga okuhlinzeka, abasebenzi, ukukhiqizwa okuthuthukisiwe kwasekhaya, kanye nenqubomgomo yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokulindela impi phakathi kwe-US kanye "nabancintisana nabontanga noma abasondelene nabo" njengeChina neRussia. Izinkampani ze-Tech sezilungele ukugxumela ku-bandwagon - ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokukhululwa kombhalo, i-OpenAI ihlele umgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakalo zayo ezifana ne-ChatGPT, ukususa ukuvinjelwa kwayo ukusetshenziswa kwezempi.

Isikhathi Eside siyeza

Ukucekelwa phansi kwempi nezinye izinhlobo zokulimala kwemvelo akukaze kube khona imiphakathi eminingi yabantu, kodwa bebeyingxenye yamasiko abantu iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Okungenani kusukela amaRoma ahlwanyela usawoti emasimini aseCarthaginian phakathi neMpi Yesithathu YePunic, izimpi zonakalisa umhlaba, kokubili ngamabomu futhi - kaningi - njengomphumela ongathandeki. UGeneral Philip Sheridan, esecekele phansi amapulazi eVirginia phakathi neMpi Yombango, waqhubeka nokucekela phansi imihlambi yezinyathi njengendlela yokuvimbela aboMdabu baseMelika ekubhukeni. IMpi Yezwe I yabona izwe laseYurophu licekelwa phansi ngemisele negesi enobuthi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abantu baseNorway baqala ukudilika kwenhlabathi ezigodini zabo, kuyilapho amaDashi ekhukhula ingxenye yesithathu yensimu yawo yokulima, amaJalimane abhubhisa amahlathi aseCzech, futhi abaseBrithani bashisa amahlathi eJalimane naseFrance. Impi yombango ende eSudan yaholela endlala lapho ngo-1988. Izimpi e-Angola zaqeda amaphesenti angu-90 ezilwane zasendle phakathi kuka-1975 no-1991. Impi yombango eSri Lanka yagawula izihlahla eziyizigidi ezinhlanu. Imisebenzi yaseSoviet kanye ne-US yase-Afghanistan ibhubhise noma yalimaza izinkulungwane zamadolobhana nemithombo yamanzi. I-Ethiopia kungenzeka ukuthi ikuhoxisile ukuphenduka kwayo ogwadule ngezigidi ezingama-$50 ekutshalweni kabusha kwamahlathi, kodwa yakhetha ukusebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-275 kwezempi yayo esikhundleni salokho - unyaka ngamunye phakathi kuka-1975 no-1985. Impi yombango enonya yaseRwanda, eqhutshwa impi yaseNtshonalanga, yadudulela abantu ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane ezisengozini, kuhlanganise nama-gorilla. Ukufuduka ngenxa yempi yabantu emhlabeni wonke baye ezindaweni okungahlalwa kuzo kuye kwalimaza kakhulu imvelo. Umonakalo odalwa yizimpi uyakhula, kanye nobukhulu benkinga yezemvelo impi enomthelela oyedwa kuyo.

Umbono womhlaba esimelene nawo mhlawumbe uboniswa umkhumbi, i-Arizona, owodwa kwezimbili ezisavuza uwoyela ePearl Harbor. Kushiywe lapho njengenkulumo-ze yempi, njengobufakazi bokuthi umdayisi wezikhali ohamba phambili emhlabeni, umakhi wesisekelo esiphezulu, osebenzisa imali ephezulu kwezempi, kanye nomqaphi ophezulu uyisisulu esingenacala. Futhi amafutha avunyelwe ukuthi aqhubeke evuza ngesizathu esifanayo. Kuwubufakazi bobubi bezitha zase-US, ngisho noma izitha zilokhu zishintsha. Abantu bakhala izinyembezi futhi bezwa amafulegi enyakaza eziswini zabo endaweni enhle kawoyela, evunyelwe ukuqhubeka nokungcolisa uLwandlekazi iPacific njengobufakazi bokuthi siyithatha ngokungathi sína kangakanani inkulumo-ze yethu yempi.

Izizathu Ezingenalutho, Izixazululo Zamanga

Amasosha avame ukusho ukuthi ayisixazululo ezinkingeni ezizidalayo, kanti isimo sezulu asihlukile. Amasosha avuma ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuncika kukaphethiloli njengezinkinga zokuphepha ezibheke ohlangothini olulodwa kunokuba kube izinsongo ezikhona ezabiwe: 2021 Ukuhlaziywa Kwengozi Yesimo Sezulu ye-DoD futhi 2021 Uhlelo Lwe-DoD Lokujwayela Isimo Sezulu baxoxisane ngokuthi bangaqhubeka kanjani nokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokulimala kwezisekelo namathuluzi; ukwanda kokungqubuzana ngezinsiza; Izimpi endaweni entsha yasolwandle eshiywe ukuncibilika kwe-Arctic, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki okuvela kumagagasi ababaleki besimo sezulu… nokho uchitha isikhathi esincane noma ubambene neqiniso lokuthi umgomo wamasosha ngokwemvelo ungumshayeli omkhulu wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-DoD Climate Adaptation Programme esikhundleni salokho ihlongoza ukusebenzisa “amakhono abalulekile esayensi, ocwaningo, nentuthuko” ukuze “igqugquzele[e] ukuqanjwa kabusha” “kokusetshenziswa okumbaxambili kobuchwepheshe” ukuze “kuhambisane kahle nezinjongo zokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu nezimfuneko zemishini” - ngamanye amazwi, ukwenza ucwaningo lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu lubonakale ezinhlosweni zezempi ngokulawula uxhaso lwalo.

Kufanele sibheke ngokujulile, hhayi kuphela lapho amasosha ebeka khona izinsiza noxhaso lwawo, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kwawo ngokomzimba. Ngokomlando, ukwethulwa kwezimpi yizizwe ezicebile kwabampofu akuhambelani nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ukuntuleka kwentando yeningi noma izinsongo zobuphekula, kodwa kuhlobana kakhulu ukutholakala kwamafutha. Kodwa-ke, umkhuba omusha ovelayo eduze kwalesi esimisiwe owombutho omncane wamasosha/amaphoyisa ukuze agade “Izindawo Ezivikelekile” zomhlaba ohlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Asia. Ephepheni ukuba khona kwazo kungokwezinjongo zokongiwa kwemvelo. Kodwa bahlukumeza futhi baxoshe abantu bomdabu, bese beletha izivakashi ukuze babone indawo nokuzingela izindondo, njengoba kubikwe ngabe-Survival International. Ukujula nakakhulu, lezi “zindawo Ezivikelekile” ziyingxenye yezinhlelo zokuhweba, lapho amabhizinisi angakhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa bese 'akhansele' ukungcola ngokuba nobunikazi kanye 'nokuvikela' ingxenye yomhlaba emunca ikhabhoni. Ngakho ngokulawula imingcele “yezindawo ezivikelwe”, amabutho ezempi/amaphoyisa aqapha ngokungaqondile ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi njengasezimpini zikawoyela, konke kuyilapho ebonakala phezulu ukuze abe yingxenye yesisombululo sezulu. 

Lezi ngezinye zezindlela umshini wempi ozozama ngazo ukufihla usongo lwawo emhlabeni. Izishoshovu zesimo sezulu kufanele ziqaphe - njengoba inkinga yezemvelo iya iba yimbi, ukucabanga ngesakhiwo sezempi nesezimboni njengomfelandawonye wokubhekana naso kusisongela ngomjikelezo ononya omkhulu.

Imithelela Ayigodli Uhlangothi

Impi ayigcini nje ngokubulala izitha zayo, kodwa nakubantu ethi iyabavikela. Ibutho lase-US liyi- Owesithathu ngobukhulu bezingcolisi zamanzi ase-US. Iziza zezempi nazo ziyingxenyana enkulu yezindawo ze-Superfund (izindawo ezingcoliswe kakhulu zifakwa ohlwini Lokubalulekile Kukazwelonke Lwenhlangano Yokuvikela Imvelo ukuze zihlanzwe kabanzi), kodwa I-DoD edume kabi ihudula izinyawo ekusebenzisaneni nenqubo yokuhlanza ye-EPA. Lezo zindawo azibekanga engozini umhlaba kuphela, kodwa abantu abakuwo nabaseduze nawo. Izindawo zokukhiqiza izikhali zenuzi eWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, nakwezinye izindawo ziye zafaka ubuthi endaweni ezungezile kanye nabasebenzi bazo, abangaphezu kuka-3,000 kubo abathola isinxephezelo ngo-2000. Kusukela ngo-2015, uhulumeni wakuvuma lokho ukuchayeka emisebeni nezinye izinto ezinobuthi. okungenzeka kubangelwe noma kube neqhaza ku ukufa kwezisebenzi zezikhali zenuzi zase-US eziyi-15,809 - lokhu cishe kuwukubukelwa phansi uma kubhekwa umthwalo omkhulu wobufakazi obubekwe kubasebenzi ukufaka izicelo.

Ukuhlolwa kweNyukliya yisigaba esisodwa esikhulu sokulimala kwemvelo kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe okudalwe amasosha elinye lawo namanye amazwe. Ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa yi-United States kanye neSoviet Union kuhilele okungenani izivivinyo zasemkhathini ezingama-423 phakathi kuka-1945 no-1957 kanye nokuhlolwa komhlaba okungu-1,400 phakathi kuka-1957 no-1989. Izibalo Zokuhlolwa Kwenuzi kusukela ngo-1945-2017.) Umonakalo ovela kuleyo misebe awukaziwa ngokugcwele, kodwa usasakazeka, njengoba kunjalo nolwazi lwethu lwesikhathi esidlule. Ucwaningo ngo-2009 lwaphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-nuclear yaseShayina phakathi kuka-1964 no-1996 kwabulala abantu abaningi ngokuqondile kunokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi kunoma yisiphi esinye isizwe. UJun Takada, isazi sefiziksi saseJapan, ubala ukuthi abantu abangafika ezigidini eziyi-1.48 bachayeka ekuweni futhi abangama-190,000 babo kungenzeka ukuthi babulawa izifo ezihlobene nemisebe evela kulokho kuhlolwa kwamaShayina.

Lezi zingozi azibangelwa nje ubudedengu bezempi. E-United States, ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kwaholela ezinkulungwaneni ezingenakubalwa zokufa ngenxa yomdlavuza eNevada, Utah, nase-Arizona, okuyizindawo eziyehla kakhulu ekuhlolweni. Amasosha ayazi ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwawo kwezikhali zenuzi kuzoba nomthelela kulokho, futhi aqaphe imiphumela, azibandakanye ngempumelelo ekuhloleni abantu. Kwezinye izifundo eziningi phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela iMpi Yezwe II, ngokwephula Ikhodi yaseNuremberg ka-1947, amasosha kanye ne-CIA babeke omakadebona, iziboshwa, abampofu, abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, kanye nezinye izakhamuzi ekuvivinyweni kwabantu ngokungazi. inhloso yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji. Umbiko olungiselelwe ngo-1994 weKomidi LeSigele Lase-US Lezindaba Zomakadebona iqala ngokuthi: “Phakathi neminyaka engu-50 edlule, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamasosha aye ahileleka ekuhloleni abantu kanye nokunye ukuchayeka ngamabomu okwenziwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela (DOD), ngokuvamile ngaphandle kolwazi noma imvume yelungu lezempi... amasosha ngezinye izikhathi ayeyalwa izikhulu. 'ukuvolontiya' ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni noma ukubhekana nemiphumela emibi. Isibonelo, omakadebona beMpi Ye-Persian Gulf abaxoxisana nabo abasebenzi beKomidi babike ukuthi bayalwe ukuthi bathathe imithi yokugoma ngesikhathi se-Operation Desert Shield noma babhekane nejele." Umbiko ogcwele uqukethe izikhalo eziningi mayelana nezimfihlo zamasosha futhi uphakamisa ukuthi lokho okutholakele kungahle kususe okufihliwe. 

Le miphumela ezizweni zasekhaya zamasosha iyesabeka, kodwa ayicishe ibe mibi njengaleyo esezindaweni ezihlosiwe. Izimpi eminyakeni yamuva zenze izindawo ezinkulu zingahlali muntu futhi zenze amashumi ezigidi zababaleki. Amabhomu angewona awenuzi eMpini Yezwe II acekela phansi amadolobha, amapulazi, nezinhlelo zokunisela ngenkasa, akhiqiza ababaleki abayizigidi ezingu-50 kanye nabantu abangenamakhaya. I-US yaqhumisa iVietnam, iLaos, neCambodia, ikhiqiza ababaleki abayizigidi eziyi-17, futhi kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1971 bafafaze amaphesenti angu-14 amahlathi aseNingizimu yeVietnam ngezibulala-zinambuzane, bashisa amapulazi, badubula nemfuyo. 

Ukushaqeka kokuqala kwempi kudala imiphumela edabukisayo eqhubekayo ngemuva kwesikhathi eside kumenyezelwe ukuthula. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ubuthi obusala emanzini, emhlabeni nasemoyeni. Enye yemithi yokubulala ukhula embi kakhulu, i-Agent Orange, isasongela impilo yabantu baseVietnam futhi ibangele izinkinga zokuzalwa zibalelwa ezigidini. Phakathi kuka-1944 no-1970 amasosha ase-US walahla inqwaba yezikhali zamakhemikhali olwandle i-Atlantic nePacific. Njengoba izigaxa zegesi yezinzwa negesi yesinaphi zigqwala kancane futhi zivuleka ngaphansi kwamanzi, lobu buthi buphuma bubulale ukuphila kolwandle futhi bubulale futhi kulimaze abadobi. Amasosha awazi nokuthi iningi lezindawo zokulahla zikuphi. Phakathi neMpi YaseGulf, i-Iraq yadedela amalitha ayizigidi eziyishumi kawoyela ePersian Gulf futhi yathungela imithombo kawoyela engu-10, yadala umonakalo omkhulu ezilwaneni zasendle futhi yafaka ushevu emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngokuchitheka kukawoyela. Ezimpini zayo ku Yugoslavia futhi Iraq, i-United States ishiye i-uranium ephelile, engakwazi ukwandisa ingozi ngezinkinga zokuphefumula, izinkinga zezinso, umdlavuza, izinkinga zemizwa, nokunye.

Mhlawumbe okubulala kakhulu amabhomu agqitshwayo kanye namabhomu eqoqo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amashumi ezigidi zawo alele emhlabeni. Iningi lezisulu zabo izakhamuzi, ingxenye enkulu yazo izingane. Umbiko ka-1993 woMnyango Wezwe Lase-United States wabiza amabhomu agqitshwayo “ukungcola okunobuthi nokusakazeke kakhulu okubhekene nesintu.” Amabhomu agqitshwayo alimaza indawo ezungezile ngezindlela ezine, kubhala uJennifer Leaning: “Ukwesaba amabhomu kwenza abantu bangakwazi ukuthola insada yemithombo yemvelo nomhlaba olimekayo; imiphakathi iphoqeleka ukuba ihambe ngokukhethayo iye ezindaweni eziseceleni nezintekenteke ukuze kugwenywe izizinda zamabhomu; lokhu kufuduka kusheshisa ukuwohloka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo; futhi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu agqitshwayo kuphazamisa inqubo ebalulekile yomhlabathi namanzi.” Inani lobuso bomhlaba obuthintekile alilincane. Izigidi zamahektha eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia zingaphansi kwemingcele. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomhlaba eLibya ifihle amabhomu agqitshwayo kanye nezikhali zeMpi Yezwe II ezingaqhume. Amazwe amaningi omhlaba avumile ukuvimbela amabhomu agqitshwayo kanye namabhomu ayiqoqo, kodwa lokho akubanga yizwi lokugcina, njengoba iRussia isetshenziswe amabhomu e-Cluster ngokumelene ne-Ukraine kusukela ngo-2022 futhi i-US yahlinzeka ngamabhomu e-Cluster e-Ukraine ukuze isetshenziswe ngokumelene neRussia ngo-2023. Lolu lwazi nokunye kungatholakala ku Imibiko yaminyaka yonke yeLandmine ne-Cluster Munition Monitor.

Imiphumela yempi ayiyona nje engokomzimba kuphela, kodwa neyomphakathi futhi: izimpi zokuqala zihlwanyela amandla akhulayo wesikhathi esizayo. Ngemva kokuba inkundla yempi eMpini Yomshoshaphansi, i Imisebenzi yaseSoviet ne-US yase-Afghanistan waqhubeka nokucekela phansi nokulimaza izinkulungwane zamadolobhana nemithombo yamanzi. I I-US kanye nabalingani bayo baxhasa ngezimali futhi bahlomisa i-Mujahideen, iqembu labashokobezi eliyisisekelo, njengebutho elibamba iqhaza lokuketula ukulawula kweSoviet e-Afghanistan - kodwa njengoba i-Mujahideen ihlakazeka ngokwezombangazwe, yabangela amaTaliban. Ukuxhasa ukulawula kwabo i-Afghanistan, amaTaliban anakho ukuhwebelana ngezingodo ngokungemthetho ePakistan, okubangele ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu. Amabhomu aseMelika kanye nababaleki abadinga izinkuni baye banezela kulo monakalo. Amahlathi ase-Afghanistan acishe ashabalala, futhi iningi lezinyoni ezifudukayo ezazidlula e-Afghanistan azisakwenzi lokho. Umoya wayo namanzi kufakwe ubuthi ngeziqhumane namarokhethi. Impi ithunaza imvelo, ithunaza isimo sezombangazwe, okuholela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo okwengeziwe, ku-loop eqinisayo.

Ubizo Lwesenzo

Ibutho lezempi liyimbangela ebulalayo yokuwohloka kwemvelo, kusukela ekucekeleni phansi okuqondile kwezindawo zendawo kuya ekuhlinzekweni kosizo olubalulekile ezimbonini ezibalulekile ezingcolisayo. Umthelela wezempi ucashe ngaphansi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, futhi umthelela wawo ungacekela phansi ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwezixazululo zesimo sezulu.

Nokho, impi ayikwenzi konke lokhu ngomlingo. Izinsiza ezisetshenziswa amasosha ukuze aziqhubekisele phambili - umhlaba, imali, intando yezepolitiki, abasebenzi bazo zonke izinhlobo, njll. - yizona kanye izinsiza esizidingayo ukuze sibhekane nenkinga yezemvelo. Ngokuhlangene, sidinga ukukhipha lezo zinsiza ezidladleni zezempi futhi sizisebenzise ngendlela enengqondo.

World BEYOND War ngiyabonga u-Alisha Foster no-Pace e Bene ngosizo olukhulu ngaleli khasi.