Icala Eliyisisekelo:
Njengomphathi wezimpi ohamba phambili emhlabeni - njalo egameni “lezokuvikela” - i-United States ikhombisa kahle ukuthi impi ayinankinga ngokwayo.
A December 2014 I-Gallup poll kwezizwe ze-65 zathola ukuthi i-United States ibe kude nakude izwe libhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni, futhi a Pew poll ku-2017 kutholwe ubukhulu emazweni amaningi ahlolisisiwe ebheka i-United States njengosongo. Noma yisiphi esinye isizwe esinethemba lokufanisa ne-United States kulezi zivivinyo kuzodingeka ukuthi silwe izimpi eziningi "zokuzivikela" ngaphambi kokuthi sikwazi ukudala amazinga afanayo okwesaba nentukuthelo.
Akuwona nje umhlaba ongaphandle kwe-United States noma ngaphandle kwamasosha ase-US owaziyo ngale nkinga. Sekucishe kwaba yinto ejwayelekile kubaphathi bezempi base-US, imvamisa ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuphikisana ukuthi izimpi ezihlukahlukene noma amaqhinga adala izitha ezintsha ezisha kunezitha abazibulala.
Ubuphekula buye kwanda ngesikhathi sokulwa nobuphekula (njengoba kulinganiswa yi- I-Global Terrorism Index). Cishe konke (99.5%) kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwenzeka emazweni ahlanganyela empini kanye / noma enza okuhlukunyezwa njengokuboshwa ngaphandle kokuvivinywa, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukubulala ngokungenacala. Amanani aphakeme kakhulu obuphekula ase "akhululwe" futhi "ahlonishwa phansi" e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Amaqembu amaphekula aphethwe ubuphekula (okungukuthi, ukungezona kombuso, ubudlova obugqugquzela ezombangazwe) emhlabeni wonke asekhulile empi ye-US ngokulwa nobuphekula.
Nazi ezinye amaqiniso avela I-Peace Science Digest: “Ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha kwelinye izwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yizinhlangano zamaphekula ezivela kulelo zwe. Ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwelinye izwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yizinhlangano zamaphekula ezivela kulelo zwe. Ama-95% akho konke ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okuzibulala kwenzelwa ukukhuthaza abahlali bakwamanye amazwe ukuba bashiye izwe lakubo lamaphekula. ”Izimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa phakathi kwabo, zaba amathuluzi amakhulu okuqasha ubuphekula obumelene ne-US. Ngo-2006, abezobunhloli base-US bakhiqiza ifayili le- Ukulinganisa Kwezinhloli Zikazwelonke lokho kwafinyelela leso siphetho. I-Associated Press ibike ukuthi: "Impi e-Iraq isibe imbangela célèbre yamaqede amaSulumane, iveza ukufutheka okukhulu kwe-US okungenzeka ukuthi kuyoba yimbi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kulunge, abahlaziyi be-intelligence e-federal baphetha ngombiko ophikisana noMongameli Bush izwe likhula ngokuphephile. ... [T] Abahlaziyi bezwe abakhulu kakhulu baphetha ngokuthi naphezu kokulimala okukhulu ekuholeni kuka-al-Qaida, usongo oluvela emaqenjini aseSulumane selusakaze kokubili ngezinombolo nakwezinye izindawo. "
A kutholakale ukutadisha izizwe ezibambe iqhaza eMpini e-Afghanistan ukuthi ngokwesibalo samabutho abawathumele lapho, bahlangabezana nokuqhuma kwamaphekula. Ngakho-ke, impi yezobuphekula ngokuthembekile nangokuqagela yakhiqiza ubuphekula.
Ama-Veterans ase-US abulala amaqembu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa encwadini kaJeremy Scahill kanye nefilimu Izimpi ezingcolile uthe noma nini lapho bebasebenzisa uhlu lwabantu lokubulala, banikezwa uhlu olubanzi; lolu hlu lukhulile ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yawo. UGeneral Stanley McChrystal, owayengumengameli we-US kanye namabutho e-NATO e-Afghanistan etshele Itshe eligingqikayo ngoJuni 2010 ukuthi "wonke umuntu ongenacala uyabulala, udala izitha ezintsha ze-10." I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism nabanye babhale ngokucophelela amagama abantu abaningi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.
Ku-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukhona intukuthelo evamile ngokumelene nemigomo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokusho kwephephandaba lasePakistan Dawn ngoFebruwari 10, 2013, McChrystal, "waxwayisa ngokuthi i-drone kakhulu ehlasela ePakistan ngaphandle kokukhomba ukuthi izikhali ezimele ziba yinto engalungile. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuthi kungani amaPakistan, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingazange zithinteke yi-drones, aziphathe kahle ngokumelene nalezi zigameko. Wabuza abaseMelika ukuthi bazokwenzenjani uma izwe elingumakhelwane njengeMexico liqala ukudubula imicibisholo ye-drone e-Target eTexas. AmaPhailand athi, wabona ama-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMelika ngokumelene nesizwe sawo futhi asabela ngendlela efanele. 'Yini engishaya ngayo mayelana nemigomo ye drone ukuthi iqondwa kanjani emhlabeni jikelele,' kusho u-Gen. McChrystal enkulumweni yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ukusetshenziswa kweMelika yezimangalo ezingalindelekile ... inkulu kakhulu kuneMelika ejwayelekile. Bazondwa ezingeni le-visceral, ngisho nabantu abangakaze babone noma babone imiphumela yomunye. '"
Ngesikhathi i-2010, uBruce Riedel, oqondisa ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo yase-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Ukucindezela esikubeke phezu kwamandla [jihadist] ngonyaka odlule uye wabadonsa ndawonye, okusho ukuthi inethiwekhi yezivumelwano iyanda unamandla kunamandla. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Owayengumqondisi weNational Intelligence uDennis Blair uthe ngenkathi "ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone kwasiza ekunciphiseni ubuholi baseQaeda ePakistan, futhi kwandisa inzondo eMelika" futhi kwalimaza "ikhono lethu lokusebenzisana nePakistan [ekuqedeni] iTaliban izindlu ezingcwele, ukugqugquzela inkhulumomphendvulwano yaseNdiya ne-Pakistani, nokwenza izikhali zenuzi zasePakistan zivikeleke kakhulu. "(New York Times, Agasti 15, i-2011.)
UMichael Boyle, engxenyeni yeqembu likaMengameli we-Obama eliphikisana nobuphekula phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe we-2008, uthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones "kunemiphumela emihle engakahlelwa kahle ngokulingana nokuzuzwa kwamacebo ahlobene nokubulala amaphekula. ... Ukwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu ababulawa yi-operatives asezingeni eliphansi kuye kwaqinisa ukuphikisana kwezombusazwe ohlelweni lwe-US ePakistan, e-Yemen nakwamanye amazwe. "(The Guardian, Januwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuthi lokho kukhishwa. Uma uzama ukubulala indlela yakho esixazululweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqondile kangakanani, uzocasula abantu ngisho noma bengabhekwanga, "kuphawula u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengu-Vice-Chairman of Abakwa-Joint Chiefs of Staff. (New York Times, Ngo-Mashi 22, i-2013.)
Le mibono ayidlangalaleni. Isikhulu esiteshini se-CIA esise-Islamabad ku-2005-2006 sicabanga ukuthi izigameko ze-drone, okwamanje zisaqhubeka, "zenze kancane ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha e-United States ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Bheka Indlela Yendlela nguMark Mazzetti.) Isikhulu esiphezulu se-US esifundazweni sase-Afghanistan, uMathem Hoh, sishiye phansi ngokubhikisha futhi sathi, "Ngicabanga ukuthi senza inzondo enkulu. Sichitha izimpahla eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezilandela amantombazane angama-midlevel angesongeli i-United States noma angenalo ikhono lokusongela i-United States. "
Izikhali zempi ziyingozi engozini ye-apocalypse engenhloso noma engozini.
Singaqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi noma singazibuka zikhuphuke. Ayikho indlela ephakathi. Asinakho izikhali zenuzi, noma singaba namaningi. Lokhu akuyona iphuzu lokuziphatha noma elinengqondo, kodwa ukubhekwa okusebenzayo okusekelwa ngokucwaninga ezincwadini ezinjengalezi I-Apocalypse Never: Ukufaka Indlela Ezwe Lamahhala Yezikhali ZaseNyukliya nguTad Daley. Uma nje ezinye zithi zikhona izikhali zenuzi abanye bazozifisa, futhi uma kukhona okungcono kakhulu kuzosakazeka kwabanye.
The I-Doomsday Clock iseduze kwamabili phakathi kwamabili njengoba kuye kwaba khona.
Uma izikhali zenuzi ziqhubeka zikhona, cishe kuyoba yinhlekelele yenuzi, futhi lapho izikhali seziye zanda, ngokushesha kuzofika. Amakhulu ezenzakalo siye sashabalalisa umhlaba wethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaboni kahle, kanye nokuphathwa okungaqondakali okukhulu. Uma ufaka amathuba okwenyuka kwamaphekula angewona wesifunda ekutholeni nasebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, ingozi ikhula ngokuphawulekayo - futhi yanda nje ngezinqubomgomo zezikhali zenuzi ezithinta ubuphekula ngezindlela ezibonakala zenzelwe ukuthola amanye amaphekula.
Ukuthola izikhali zenuzi akusikho lutho oluzosigcina silondekile; akukho-trade-off okubandakanyekile ekuqedeni. Abavimbeli ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngabadlali abangewona uhulumeni nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi abangezanga i-iota kumandla amakhulu okulwa nempi ekuvimbeleni izizwe ekuhlaseleni, enikezwe ikhono lase-United States lokubhubhisa noma yini noma nini nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngezikhali ezingekho zezikhali. Ama-Nukes ayinqobe izimpi, futhi i-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France ne-China bonke baye balahlekelwa izimpi ngokumelene nemikhiqizo engeyona yenukliya ngenkathi bephethe ama-nukes. Futhi, uma kwenzeka impi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke, ingabe noma yikuphi ukukhalila kwezikhali ezivikelayo kuvikela isizwe nganoma iyiphi indlela kusuka ku-apocalypse.
Impi ifika ekhaya.
Impi yaphesheya iyanda inzondo ekhaya nase ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa. Ngenkathi izimpi zilwelwa egameni lokuthi "zisekela" labo abalwa ezimpini, omakadebona abanikezwa usizo oluncane ekubhekaneni necala lokuziphatha elijulile, ukuhlukumezeka, ukulimala ebuchosheni, kanye nezinye izingqinamba endleleni yokuzivumelanisa nomphakathi ongenalo udlame. Labo abaqeqeshwe ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi ngamasosha ase-US, ngokwesibonelo, ngokungajwayelekile yilabo ababa njalo abadubula abaningi e-United States, lapho ukuziphatha okunjalo kungasamukelekile. Nezempi alahlekelwe noma antshontshiwe izinombolo ezinkulu zezibhamu ezisetshenziswa ebugebengwini obunodlame okungezona ezempi.
Ukuhlela impi kuholela empini.
"Khuluma kahle futhi uthwale induku enkulu," kusho uTheodore Roosevelt, othanda ukwakha impi enkulu uma kunjalo, kodwa empeleni akulisebenzisi ngaphandle uma ephoqelelwe. Lokhu kwenziwa kahle kakhulu, ngaphandle kokunciphisa okuncane kwe-Roosevelt ukugqugquzela amabutho ePanama e-1901, eColombia e-1902, eHonduras e-1903, eDominican Republic e-1903, e-Syria e-1903, e-Abyssinia e-1903, e-Panama e-1903, eDominican Republic I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, e-Panama e-1904, e-Korea e-1904, e-Cuba e-1906, e-Honduras e-1907 nasePhilippines kuwo wonke umongameli weRovelvelt.
Abantu bokuqala esibazi ukuthi ngubani olungele impi - i-hero yaseSumalia uGilgamesh nomngane wakhe u-Enkido, noma amaGreki alwa eTroy - nawo ayenzela ukuzingela izilwane zasendle. U-Barbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuthi,
Sithanda ukukholelwa ezinhlelweni zomuntu wonke. "Yilungele" isichazamazwi seB Boy Scouts, ngemuva kwakho konke. Kunengqondo nje, enesibopho, futhi ephephile ukulungiswa. Ukungazilungiseleli bekungeke kwenzeke, akunjalo?
Inkinga ngale ngxabano yukuthi akusiyo yonke into ehlakaniphile. Ngesilinganiso esincane akusiyo yonke imimoya yabantu ukuthi bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazivikele ezigodini. Kuleso simo, kunezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe, kuhlanganise nezingozi eziphezulu zezibhamu, ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuvumelana nokuthukuthela, ikhono lezigebengu ukuvula izibhamu zabanikazi, ukubamba izibhamu, ukuphazamisa Isixazululo sesibhamu sibangelwa emizamweni yokunciphisa izimbangela zobugebengu, njll.
Emkhakheni omkhulu wempi nokuzibopha isizwe sempi, izinto ezifanayo kufanele zicatshangelwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezikhali, ukuhlolwa okunonya kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengiswa kwabalingani ababa yizitha, futhi ukuphazanyiswa kwemizamo yokunciphisa imbangela yobuphekula nempi kufanele kucatshangelwe konke. Ngakho-ke, kufanele, ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa izikhali uma unayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, izikhali ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukukhiqizwa kuze kube yilapho isisetshenziswa esivele siphelile futhi ukuhlolwa okusha kuhlolwa "empini."
Kodwa kunezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele nazo. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezikhali zempi kubeka ingcindezi kwezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Ngisho nesizwe esihlose ukulwa kuphela ekuvikeleni, singase siqonde ukuthi "ukuzivikela" kube yikhono lokuziphindisela kwezinye izizwe. Lokhu kwenza kubalulekile ukudala izikhali kanye namasu okulwa nempi, futhi ngisho "impi yokulungiselela," ukugcina izingodo zomthetho zivulekile futhi zikhulise, futhi zikhuthaza ezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Uma ubeka abantu abaningi ukuhlela ukuhlela okuthile, lapho leyo phrojekthi eqinisweni isitshalomali sakho esikhulu kunazo zonke nesibanga esikhulu, kungaba nzima ukugcina labo bantu bangatholi amathuba okuqhuba izinhlelo zabo.
Bangu amathuluzi asebenzayo ngaphezulu kunempi yokuvikela.
World BEYOND War iye yathuthukiswa I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War.
A December 2014 I-Gallup poll kwezizwe ze-65 zathola ukuthi i-United States ibe kude nakude izwe libhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni, futhi a Pew poll ku-2017 kutholwe ubukhulu emazweni amaningi ahlolisisiwe ebheka i-United States njengosongo. Noma yisiphi esinye isizwe esinethemba lokufanisa ne-United States kulezi zivivinyo kuzodingeka ukuthi silwe izimpi eziningi "zokuzivikela" ngaphambi kokuthi sikwazi ukudala amazinga afanayo okwesaba nentukuthelo.
Akuwona nje umhlaba ongaphandle kwe-United States noma ngaphandle kwamasosha ase-US owaziyo ngale nkinga. Sekucishe kwaba yinto ejwayelekile kubaphathi bezempi base-US, imvamisa ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuphikisana ukuthi izimpi ezihlukahlukene noma amaqhinga adala izitha ezintsha ezisha kunezitha abazibulala.
Ubuphekula buye kwanda ngesikhathi sokulwa nobuphekula (njengoba kulinganiswa yi- I-Global Terrorism Index). Cishe konke (99.5%) kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwenzeka emazweni ahlanganyela empini kanye / noma enza okuhlukunyezwa njengokuboshwa ngaphandle kokuvivinywa, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukubulala ngokungenacala. Amanani aphakeme kakhulu obuphekula ase "akhululwe" futhi "ahlonishwa phansi" e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Amaqembu amaphekula aphethwe ubuphekula (okungukuthi, ukungezona kombuso, ubudlova obugqugquzela ezombangazwe) emhlabeni wonke asekhulile empi ye-US ngokulwa nobuphekula.
Nazi ezinye amaqiniso avela I-Peace Science Digest: “Ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha kwelinye izwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yizinhlangano zamaphekula ezivela kulelo zwe. Ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwelinye izwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yizinhlangano zamaphekula ezivela kulelo zwe. Ama-95% akho konke ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okuzibulala kwenzelwa ukukhuthaza abahlali bakwamanye amazwe ukuba bashiye izwe lakubo lamaphekula. ”Izimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa phakathi kwabo, zaba amathuluzi amakhulu okuqasha ubuphekula obumelene ne-US. Ngo-2006, abezobunhloli base-US bakhiqiza ifayili le- Ukulinganisa Kwezinhloli Zikazwelonke lokho kwafinyelela leso siphetho. I-Associated Press ibike ukuthi: "Impi e-Iraq isibe imbangela célèbre yamaqede amaSulumane, iveza ukufutheka okukhulu kwe-US okungenzeka ukuthi kuyoba yimbi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kulunge, abahlaziyi be-intelligence e-federal baphetha ngombiko ophikisana noMongameli Bush izwe likhula ngokuphephile. ... [T] Abahlaziyi bezwe abakhulu kakhulu baphetha ngokuthi naphezu kokulimala okukhulu ekuholeni kuka-al-Qaida, usongo oluvela emaqenjini aseSulumane selusakaze kokubili ngezinombolo nakwezinye izindawo. "
A kutholakale ukutadisha izizwe ezibambe iqhaza eMpini e-Afghanistan ukuthi ngokwesibalo samabutho abawathumele lapho, bahlangabezana nokuqhuma kwamaphekula. Ngakho-ke, impi yezobuphekula ngokuthembekile nangokuqagela yakhiqiza ubuphekula.
Ama-Veterans ase-US abulala amaqembu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa encwadini kaJeremy Scahill kanye nefilimu Izimpi ezingcolile uthe noma nini lapho bebasebenzisa uhlu lwabantu lokubulala, banikezwa uhlu olubanzi; lolu hlu lukhulile ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yawo. UGeneral Stanley McChrystal, owayengumengameli we-US kanye namabutho e-NATO e-Afghanistan etshele Itshe eligingqikayo ngoJuni 2010 ukuthi "wonke umuntu ongenacala uyabulala, udala izitha ezintsha ze-10." I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism nabanye babhale ngokucophelela amagama abantu abaningi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.
Ku-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukhona intukuthelo evamile ngokumelene nemigomo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokusho kwephephandaba lasePakistan Dawn ngoFebruwari 10, 2013, McChrystal, "waxwayisa ngokuthi i-drone kakhulu ehlasela ePakistan ngaphandle kokukhomba ukuthi izikhali ezimele ziba yinto engalungile. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuthi kungani amaPakistan, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingazange zithinteke yi-drones, aziphathe kahle ngokumelene nalezi zigameko. Wabuza abaseMelika ukuthi bazokwenzenjani uma izwe elingumakhelwane njengeMexico liqala ukudubula imicibisholo ye-drone e-Target eTexas. AmaPhailand athi, wabona ama-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMelika ngokumelene nesizwe sawo futhi asabela ngendlela efanele. 'Yini engishaya ngayo mayelana nemigomo ye drone ukuthi iqondwa kanjani emhlabeni jikelele,' kusho u-Gen. McChrystal enkulumweni yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ukusetshenziswa kweMelika yezimangalo ezingalindelekile ... inkulu kakhulu kuneMelika ejwayelekile. Bazondwa ezingeni le-visceral, ngisho nabantu abangakaze babone noma babone imiphumela yomunye. '"
Ngesikhathi i-2010, uBruce Riedel, oqondisa ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo yase-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Ukucindezela esikubeke phezu kwamandla [jihadist] ngonyaka odlule uye wabadonsa ndawonye, okusho ukuthi inethiwekhi yezivumelwano iyanda unamandla kunamandla. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Owayengumqondisi weNational Intelligence uDennis Blair uthe ngenkathi "ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone kwasiza ekunciphiseni ubuholi baseQaeda ePakistan, futhi kwandisa inzondo eMelika" futhi kwalimaza "ikhono lethu lokusebenzisana nePakistan [ekuqedeni] iTaliban izindlu ezingcwele, ukugqugquzela inkhulumomphendvulwano yaseNdiya ne-Pakistani, nokwenza izikhali zenuzi zasePakistan zivikeleke kakhulu. "(New York Times, Agasti 15, i-2011.)
UMichael Boyle, engxenyeni yeqembu likaMengameli we-Obama eliphikisana nobuphekula phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe we-2008, uthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones "kunemiphumela emihle engakahlelwa kahle ngokulingana nokuzuzwa kwamacebo ahlobene nokubulala amaphekula. ... Ukwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu ababulawa yi-operatives asezingeni eliphansi kuye kwaqinisa ukuphikisana kwezombusazwe ohlelweni lwe-US ePakistan, e-Yemen nakwamanye amazwe. "(The Guardian, Januwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuthi lokho kukhishwa. Uma uzama ukubulala indlela yakho esixazululweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqondile kangakanani, uzocasula abantu ngisho noma bengabhekwanga, "kuphawula u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengu-Vice-Chairman of Abakwa-Joint Chiefs of Staff. (New York Times, Ngo-Mashi 22, i-2013.)
Le mibono ayidlangalaleni. Isikhulu esiteshini se-CIA esise-Islamabad ku-2005-2006 sicabanga ukuthi izigameko ze-drone, okwamanje zisaqhubeka, "zenze kancane ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha e-United States ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Bheka Indlela Yendlela nguMark Mazzetti.) Isikhulu esiphezulu se-US esifundazweni sase-Afghanistan, uMathem Hoh, sishiye phansi ngokubhikisha futhi sathi, "Ngicabanga ukuthi senza inzondo enkulu. Sichitha izimpahla eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezilandela amantombazane angama-midlevel angesongeli i-United States noma angenalo ikhono lokusongela i-United States. "
Izikhali zempi ziyingozi engozini ye-apocalypse engenhloso noma engozini.
Singaqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi noma singazibuka zikhuphuke. Ayikho indlela ephakathi. Asinakho izikhali zenuzi, noma singaba namaningi. Lokhu akuyona iphuzu lokuziphatha noma elinengqondo, kodwa ukubhekwa okusebenzayo okusekelwa ngokucwaninga ezincwadini ezinjengalezi I-Apocalypse Never: Ukufaka Indlela Ezwe Lamahhala Yezikhali ZaseNyukliya nguTad Daley. Uma nje ezinye zithi zikhona izikhali zenuzi abanye bazozifisa, futhi uma kukhona okungcono kakhulu kuzosakazeka kwabanye.
The I-Doomsday Clock iseduze kwamabili phakathi kwamabili njengoba kuye kwaba khona.
Uma izikhali zenuzi ziqhubeka zikhona, cishe kuyoba yinhlekelele yenuzi, futhi lapho izikhali seziye zanda, ngokushesha kuzofika. Amakhulu ezenzakalo siye sashabalalisa umhlaba wethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaboni kahle, kanye nokuphathwa okungaqondakali okukhulu. Uma ufaka amathuba okwenyuka kwamaphekula angewona wesifunda ekutholeni nasebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, ingozi ikhula ngokuphawulekayo - futhi yanda nje ngezinqubomgomo zezikhali zenuzi ezithinta ubuphekula ngezindlela ezibonakala zenzelwe ukuthola amanye amaphekula.
Ukuthola izikhali zenuzi akusikho lutho oluzosigcina silondekile; akukho-trade-off okubandakanyekile ekuqedeni. Abavimbeli ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngabadlali abangewona uhulumeni nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi abangezanga i-iota kumandla amakhulu okulwa nempi ekuvimbeleni izizwe ekuhlaseleni, enikezwe ikhono lase-United States lokubhubhisa noma yini noma nini nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngezikhali ezingekho zezikhali. Ama-Nukes ayinqobe izimpi, futhi i-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France ne-China bonke baye balahlekelwa izimpi ngokumelene nemikhiqizo engeyona yenukliya ngenkathi bephethe ama-nukes. Futhi, uma kwenzeka impi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke, ingabe noma yikuphi ukukhalila kwezikhali ezivikelayo kuvikela isizwe nganoma iyiphi indlela kusuka ku-apocalypse.
Impi ifika ekhaya.
Impi yaphesheya iyanda inzondo ekhaya nase ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa. Ngenkathi izimpi zilwelwa egameni lokuthi "zisekela" labo abalwa ezimpini, omakadebona abanikezwa usizo oluncane ekubhekaneni necala lokuziphatha elijulile, ukuhlukumezeka, ukulimala ebuchosheni, kanye nezinye izingqinamba endleleni yokuzivumelanisa nomphakathi ongenalo udlame. Labo abaqeqeshwe ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi ngamasosha ase-US, ngokwesibonelo, ngokungajwayelekile yilabo ababa njalo abadubula abaningi e-United States, lapho ukuziphatha okunjalo kungasamukelekile. Nezempi alahlekelwe noma antshontshiwe izinombolo ezinkulu zezibhamu ezisetshenziswa ebugebengwini obunodlame okungezona ezempi.
Ukuhlela impi kuholela empini.
"Khuluma kahle futhi uthwale induku enkulu," kusho uTheodore Roosevelt, othanda ukwakha impi enkulu uma kunjalo, kodwa empeleni akulisebenzisi ngaphandle uma ephoqelelwe. Lokhu kwenziwa kahle kakhulu, ngaphandle kokunciphisa okuncane kwe-Roosevelt ukugqugquzela amabutho ePanama e-1901, eColombia e-1902, eHonduras e-1903, eDominican Republic e-1903, e-Syria e-1903, e-Abyssinia e-1903, e-Panama e-1903, eDominican Republic I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, e-Panama e-1904, e-Korea e-1904, e-Cuba e-1906, e-Honduras e-1907 nasePhilippines kuwo wonke umongameli weRovelvelt.
Abantu bokuqala esibazi ukuthi ngubani olungele impi - i-hero yaseSumalia uGilgamesh nomngane wakhe u-Enkido, noma amaGreki alwa eTroy - nawo ayenzela ukuzingela izilwane zasendle. U-Barbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuthi,
". . . ngokunciphisa kwezilwane zasendle nezilwane, kwakungeke kube lula ukuzitholela abesilisa ababesebenza ngokukhethekile ekuzingeleni nasekuphikisweni kwempi, futhi akukho mzila owenziwe kahle owenzela isimo 'seqhawe.' Yini eyasindisa umzingeli-defender wesilisa kusuka obsolescence noma impilo yokusebenza kwezolimo kwaba ukuthi wayenezikhali kanye namakhono ukuyisebenzisa. [Lewis] uMamford ukhombisa ukuthi umzingeli-mvikeli walondoloza isimo sakhe ngokuphenduka 'uhlobo lokuvikela': umkhokhele (ngokudla nokuma komphakathi) noma ube ngaphansi kwesikhathi sakhe.Ngamanye amazwi, impi ingase iqale njengendlela yokuzuza ubuqhawe, njengoba nje kuqhubeka ngokusekelwe emlandweni ofanayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala ngoba abantu babehlomile futhi badinga izitha, ngoba izitha zabo zendabuko (izingonyama, amabhere, izimpisi) zazifa. Yikuphi okwafika kuqala, izimpi noma izikhali? Le mfumbe ingase ibe nempendulo. Impendulo ibonakala iyisikhali. Futhi labo abangafundi ku-prehistory bangase balahlekelwe ukuyiphinda.
"Ekugcineni, ukutholakala kwabazingeli abangapheleli kwezinye izindawo kuqinisekisile ukuthi kuyingozi enkulu futhi 'yangaphandle' ukuvikela. Abashushisi-abavikeli beqembu elilodwa noma indawo yokuhlala bangase baqinisekise ukuthi bahlale bebhekene nokukhomba usongo olwenziwa ngabangane babo kwamanye amaqembu, futhi ingozi ingasetshenziswa ngokucacile ngokubeka isiteleka ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengoba uGwynne Dyer esho ekuhloleni kwakhe kwempi, 'impi ephuthumayo. . . kwakuyizemidlalo esesimweni esishaya abazingeli abangasebenzi. '"
Sithanda ukukholelwa ezinhlelweni zomuntu wonke. "Yilungele" isichazamazwi seB Boy Scouts, ngemuva kwakho konke. Kunengqondo nje, enesibopho, futhi ephephile ukulungiswa. Ukungazilungiseleli bekungeke kwenzeke, akunjalo?
Inkinga ngale ngxabano yukuthi akusiyo yonke into ehlakaniphile. Ngesilinganiso esincane akusiyo yonke imimoya yabantu ukuthi bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazivikele ezigodini. Kuleso simo, kunezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe, kuhlanganise nezingozi eziphezulu zezibhamu, ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuvumelana nokuthukuthela, ikhono lezigebengu ukuvula izibhamu zabanikazi, ukubamba izibhamu, ukuphazamisa Isixazululo sesibhamu sibangelwa emizamweni yokunciphisa izimbangela zobugebengu, njll.
Emkhakheni omkhulu wempi nokuzibopha isizwe sempi, izinto ezifanayo kufanele zicatshangelwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezikhali, ukuhlolwa okunonya kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengiswa kwabalingani ababa yizitha, futhi ukuphazanyiswa kwemizamo yokunciphisa imbangela yobuphekula nempi kufanele kucatshangelwe konke. Ngakho-ke, kufanele, ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa izikhali uma unayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, izikhali ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukukhiqizwa kuze kube yilapho isisetshenziswa esivele siphelile futhi ukuhlolwa okusha kuhlolwa "empini."
Kodwa kunezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele nazo. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezikhali zempi kubeka ingcindezi kwezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Ngisho nesizwe esihlose ukulwa kuphela ekuvikeleni, singase siqonde ukuthi "ukuzivikela" kube yikhono lokuziphindisela kwezinye izizwe. Lokhu kwenza kubalulekile ukudala izikhali kanye namasu okulwa nempi, futhi ngisho "impi yokulungiselela," ukugcina izingodo zomthetho zivulekile futhi zikhulise, futhi zikhuthaza ezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Uma ubeka abantu abaningi ukuhlela ukuhlela okuthile, lapho leyo phrojekthi eqinisweni isitshalomali sakho esikhulu kunazo zonke nesibanga esikhulu, kungaba nzima ukugcina labo bantu bangatholi amathuba okuqhuba izinhlelo zabo.
World BEYOND War iye yathuthukiswa I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War.
Incwadi kaDavid Vine ka-2020 Izwe laseMelika ibhala ukuthi ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezikhungo zamasosha angaphandle kukhiqiza kanjani kunokuvimbela izimpi ezindaweni zezisekelo.
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