NguGareth Porter
Amazwi at #NoWar2016
Ukuphawula kwami kuhlobene nenkinga yabezindaba njengengxenye yohlelo lwempi kepha kungagxilwe kakhulu kulokho. Ngike ngazibonela ngawami njengentatheli nanjengombhali ukuthi imithombo yezindaba yezinkampani inamathela kanjani kusethi yemigqa echazwe kahle ekusakazweni kwezindaba zempi nokuthula okuvimba ngokuhlelekile yonke idatha engqubuzana naleyo migqa. Ngingajabula ukukhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganiseni i-ran naseSyria ku-Q naku-A.
Kodwa ngilapha ukukhuluma ngenkinga enkulu yempi yezempi nokuthi yini okumelwe yenziwe ngakho.
Ngifuna ukuveza umbono wento engakaze ixoxwe ngokujulile eminyakeni eminingi, iminyaka eminingi: isu likazwelonke lokuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yabantu bezwe ukuba babambe iqhaza ekunyuseni ukuphoqa ukubuyela emuva kwempi yokuhlala unomphela.
Ngiyazi ukuthi abaningi benu kumele bacabange: lokho kuyimbono emihle ye-1970 noma ye-1975 kodwa kodwa ayihambisani nemibandela esibhekene nayo kulo mphakatsi namhlanje.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lokhu kuwumqondo obonakala, ekucatshangweni kokuqala ukubuyela emuva ezinsukwini zeMpi YeVietnam, lapho impi yokulwa nempi yayinamandla kangangokuba ngisho neCongress kanye nemithombo yezindaba yayithonywe ngamandla.
Sonke siyazi ukuthi kwenzekeni emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule okwenza impi yaphakade ibe "yinto ejwayelekile entsha", njengoba u-Andrew Bacevich asho kahle. Kepha ake ngibeke uphawu lwesihlanu kubo okusobala:
- ukuhlelwa kwesimiso kuye kwafakwa esikhundleni sebutho lobuchwepheshe, kuthatha isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni komzwelo ngesikhathi seVietnam.
- amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye neCongress lihanjiswe ngokuphelele futhi lonakaliswa yinkimbinkimbi yezimboni.
- isimo sempi sasixhaphaza i-9 / 11 ukuqoqa amandla amasha amasha kanye nesabelomali sombuso omkhulu kunanini ngaphambili.
- Imithombo yezindaba iningi lempi kunanini ngaphambili.
- I-anti-impi enamandla eyasungulwa kuleli zwe nasemhlabeni jikelele ekuphenduleni ukuhlasela kwe-United States yase-Iraq yavuselelwa iminyaka embalwa ngenxa yokungakwazi kwezishoshovu ukuthi kube nomthelela kuBush noma Obama.
Nonke kungenzeka ningeze izinto ezithe xaxa kulolu hlu, kepha konke lokhu kuhlobene futhi kuyasebenzisana, futhi ngayinye yazo esiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani indawo yobushoshovu bokulwa nempi ibonakale imfiliba kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Kusobala ukuthi umbuso wezimpi unomphela ukufezekisile lokho uGramusci akubiza ngokuthi “yi-ideological hegemony” kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuthi ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwezepolitiki ezinqala ezizukulwaneni - umkhankaso weSanders - akwenzile kwaba yinkinga.
Noma kunjalo ngilapha ukuze ngiphakamise ukuthi, naphezu kokuthi isimo sempi nazo zonke izihambeli zayo zangasese zibonakala zigibela phezulu, izimo zomlando manje zingase zithande inselele yangaphambili embusweni okokuqala eminyakeni eminingi.
Okokuqala: umkhankaso waseSanders ukhombisile ukuthi ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezizukulwane zeminyaka eyinkulungwane ayibathembi labo abaphethe amandla emphakathini, ngoba bakhwabanise amalungiselelo ezomnotho nezenhlalo ukuze kusizakale idlanzana elincane ngenkathi kuhlukumeza iningi - futhi ikakhulukazi omncane. Ngokusobala ukusebenza kombuso wempi unomphela kungahlaziywa ngokukholisayo njengokufanele leyo modeli, futhi lokho kuvula ithuba elisha lokuthatha isimo sempi unomphela.
Okwesibili: Ukungenelela kwamasosha ase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kube ukwehluleka okusobala okuyinhlekelele kangangokuthi isimo samanje somlando simakwe ngephuzu eliphansi ekusekeleni ukungenelela okukhumbuza ngempi yaseVietnam esekupheleni kwesikhathi sangemva kwempi (ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 kuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980). Iningi labantu baseMelika liphendukele i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ngokushesha okukhulu njengoba babebhekene neMpi YeVietnam. Futhi ukuphikisana nokungenelela kwamasosha eSyria, noma ngabe babhekene nokusatshalaliswa okukhulu kwabezindaba okwakhuthaza ukusekelwa kwale mpi kwakumangalisa. Inhlolovo kaGallup ngoSepthemba 2013 ikhombise ukuthi izinga lokusekelwa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ehlongozwayo eSyria - amaphesenti angama-36 - laliphansi kunalelo lezimpi ezinhlanu eziphakanyisiwe selokhu kwaphela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Okwesithathu, ukuchithwa okusobala kwala maqembu amabili kulolu khetho kuye kwenza amashumi ezinkulungwane kuleli zwe - ikakhulukazi abantu abasha, abamnyama nabazimele - bavulelekele inhlangano ehlanganisa amachashazi adinga ukuxhumeka.
Ngalezo zimo ezinhle ezicatshangelwayo, ngikhombisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba inhlangano kazwelonke esanda kuqiniswa ukuba ihlangane ngokuzungeze isu lokukhonkisana lokufeza umgomo wokuqeda isimo sempi esihlala njalo ngokuthatha izindlela zokungenela ezindabeni zangaphandle.
Lokho kusho ukuthini? Okulandelayo yizici ezine eziyinhloko esizodinga ukufaka kuzo isu elifanayo:
(1) Umbono ocacile, okhonkolo walokho okuqeda isimo sempi unomphela kungasho ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuhlinzeka okuhloswe ukuthi abantu basekele
(2) Indlela entsha nokuphoqelela yokufundisa nokugqugquzela abantu ukuthi benze isinyathelo ngokumelene nesimo sempi esingunaphakade.
(3) Isu lokufinyelela emkhakheni womphakathi othize kulo mbandela, futhi
(4) Uhlelo lokuletha ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe ukuba kube nenhloso yokuqeda isimo sempi esingapheli eminyakeni eyishumi.
Manje ngifuna ukugxila ikakhulukazi ekubunjweni komlayezo womkhankaso ngokubaluleka kokuqeda isimo sempi unomphela.
Ngiphakamisa ukuthi indlela yokuhlanganisa inqwaba yabantu ngodaba lokuqeda impi unomphela ukuthatha umbono wethu emkhankasweni weSanders, onxuse umqondo osabalele wokuthi izinhlelo zepolitiki nezomnotho ziboshelwe abantu abacebile kakhulu . Kumele senze isikhalazo esifanayo mayelana nesimo sempi unomphela.
Isikhalazo esinjalo sizoveza lonke uhlelo olwenza futhi lusebenzise izinqubomgomo zempi zase-US njengebhokisana. Ukubeka ngenye indlela, umbuso wempi unomphela - izikhungo zombuso kanye nabantu abaphokophela izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo zokwenza impi engapheli - kumele banikezwe amandla ngendlela efanayo naleyo abanikazi bezimali abalawula umnotho abanikezwe ngayo ingxenye enkulu inani labantu base-US. Lo mkhankaso kufanele usebenzise ukufana okunamandla kwezepolitiki phakathi kweWall Street kanye nezwe lezokuphepha likazwelonke ngokukhipha kokubili izigidigidi zamadola kubantu baseMelika. KuWall Street inzuzo etholwe ngokungeyikho yathatha isimo semali eningi ngokweqile emnothweni onzima; kombuso wezokuphepha kazwelonke kanye nabasebenzisana nabo osonkontileka, bathatha indlela yokubamba ukulawula imali eyabelwe abakhokhi bentela base-US ukukhulisa amandla abo nezikhungo zabo.
Futhi kuzo zombili umkhakha wezezimali nezomnotho kanye nemikhakha yempi, abakwa-elites baye basebenzisa inqubo yokwenza inqubomgomo enogwetshiwe.
Ngakho-ke kufanele sibuyekeze isiqubulo esikhumbulekayo sikaGeneral Smedley Butler esivela ngeminyaka yama-1930s, esithi "Impi iyiRacket" ukukhombisa iqiniso lokuthi izinzuzo ezikhona manje ezinhlanganweni zokuphepha zikazwelonke zenza lezo zabahlomuli bezempi kuma-1930s zibukeke njengokudlala kwengane. Ngiphakamisa isiqubulo esithi "impi yaphakade iyi-racket" noma "isimo sempi siyi-racket".
Le ndlela yokufundisa nokugqugquzela abantu ukuba baphikisane nombuso wempi ayibonakali nje iyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuqeda ubukhosi besimo sokuphepha sikazwelonke; futhi kukhombisa iqiniso mayelana nawo wonke amacala omlando wokungenelela kwe-US. Ngilibonile iqiniso lalo liqinisekiswa kaninginingi kusuka ocwaningweni lwami lomlando nasekubikeni ngezinkinga zokuphepha kuzwelonke.
Kungumthetho ongenakuguqulwa ukuthi lezi ziphathimandla - zombili ezempi nezomphakathi - zihlala zifuna izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo ezihambisana nezintshisekelo zebhizinisi eliphethe nabaholi balo - yize zihlala zilimaza izintshisekelo zabantu baseMelika.
Ichaza izimpi zaseVietnam nase-Iraq, ukukhula kwe-US e-Afghanistan, nokuxhaswa kwe-US kwempi eSiriya.
Lichaza ukwanda okukhulu kwe-CIA emigodini ye-drone kanye nokwandiswa kwama-Special Operations Forces emazweni e-120.
Futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani abantu baseMelika beboshiwe amashumi eminyaka amaningi ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhali zenuzi bekungabhubhisa lokhu leli zwe kanye nempucuko yonke-futhi kungani izwe lempi seliqhubezela ukuligcina njengengxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yaseMelika emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Iphuzu lokugcina: Ngicabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iphuzu lokugcina lomkhankaso kazwelonke lichazwe ngokucacile nangemininingwane eyanele ukuze lithembeke. Futhi leyo ndawo yokugcina kufanele ibe ngendlela izishoshovu ezingakhomba ngayo njengento yokuxhasa - ikakhulukazi ngesimo somthetho ohlongozwayo. Ukuba nokuthile abantu abangakusekela kuyisihluthulelo sokuthola umfutho. Lo mbono wephoyinti lokugcina ungabizwa ngokuthi "yi-End Permanent War Act ka-2018".
