NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Disemba 13, 2021
Uma ubungafunda ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi ka-Elizabeth Samet, Sibheke Impi Enhle - njenge Iyona yodwa ku New York Times or omunye ku New York Times - ngokushesha okukhulu, ungase uzithole ufunda incwadi yakhe futhi uthemba impikiswano enengqondo ephikisana nokuthethelelwa kwendima yase-US eMpini Yezwe II.
Uma usanda kubhala incwadi ngokwakho, njengoba nginakho, okwenza icala lokuthi i-WWII idlala indima eyingozi ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi yamanje yase-US, ayizange ilwe ukusindisa noma ubani emakamu okufa, akuzange kwenzeke futhi bekungagwenywa ngezindlela eziningi, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kweJalimane kwesayensi ye-bunk eugenics. eyayithuthukiswe futhi yathuthukiswa e-United States, eyayihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamaJalimane kwezinqubomgomo zokucwasa ngokobuhlanga ezafundwa e-United States, ezihilela ukuqothulwa kohlanga nokuhlanzwa kohlanga kanye nemikhuba yamakamu okuhlushwa eyakhiwe e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, yabona umshini wempi wamaNazi. igqugquzelwa yizimali kanye nezikhali zase-US, yabona uhulumeni wase-US ngaphambi nangesikhathi sempi ebuka i-USSR njengesitha esikhulu, yavela ngemuva kokusekela nokubekezelela isikhathi eside kweJalimane lamaNazi kodwa futhi nomjaho omude wezikhali nokwakha impi. neJapan, abukho ubufakazi besidingo sodlame, kwakuyinto embi kunazo zonke isintu esiye sazenza kuyona nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esifushane, ikhona emasikweni ase-US njengesethi yezinganekwane eziyingozi, eyasungulwa abaningi e-United States ngaleso sikhathi (hhayi nje abalandeli bamaNazi), yakha intela yabantu abavamile, futhi kwenzeka ezweni elihluke kakhulu kunelanamuhla, khona-ke ungase ufunde incwadi kaSamet unethemba lokuthile okuthinta noma yisiphi salezo zihloko. . Uzothola okuncane okuyigugu.
Izincwadi zihlela ukuphikisa isethi yezinganekwane ezilandelayo:
“1. I-United States yaya empini ukuze ikhulule umhlaba ku-fascism kanye nokucindezela.
“2. Bonke abantu baseMelika babebumbene ngokuphelele ekuzibophezeleni kwabo emzamweni wempi.
“3. Wonke umuntu owayephambi kwekhaya wazidela kakhulu.”
“4. Abantu baseMelika bangabakhululi abalwa ngokufanele, ngokungathandi, kuphela lapho kufanele.
“5. IMpi Yezwe II yayiyinhlekelele yangaphandle eneziphetho ezijabulisayo zaseMelika.
“6. Wonke umuntu uhlale evumelana ngamaphuzu 1-5.”
Kakhulu kokuhle. Iyakwenza okunye kwalokhu. Kodwa futhi iqinisa ezinye zalezo zinganekwane, igwema ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yamakhasi ayo ekufingqweni kwesakhiwo samafilimu namanoveli anokuhambisana nanoma yini. USamet, ofundisa isiNgisi eWest Point, futhi ngenxa yalokho oqashwe amasosha inganekwane yakhe eyisisekelo ayichithayo, ufuna ukusikisela izindlela eziningi lapho i-WWII yayingeyinhle noma ihloniphekile noma into efana nombhedo ovame ukubonwa kumafilimu aseHollywood. - futhi unikeza ubufakazi obanele. Kodwa futhi ufuna sikholwe ukuthi i-WWII yayidingeka futhi ivikela e-United States (ngezimangalo mayelana nokwenza okuhle ukuze kuzuze abantu baseYurophu abaqamba amanga indaba yeqiniso nenembile yokugqugquzela ukuzivikela) - futhi akanikezeli ngisho nokukodwa. isiqephu sobufakazi. Ngake ngenza ezimbalwa izingxabano noprofesa “wezimiso zokuziphatha” waseWest Point, futhi wenza isimangalo esifanayo (sokuthi kwakudingeka ukungena kwe-US ku-WWII) enobufakazi obufanayo ngemuva kwayo.
Ukulindela kwami okuyiphutha ngencwadi kuwukukhathazeka okuncane kakhulu. Iphuzu elikhulu lapha mhlawumbe ukuthi ngisho nomuntu okhokhelwe amasosha ase-US ukufundisa ababulali bakusasa bezempi yaseMelika, okholelwa ngempela (ngamazwi akhe) "ukuthi ukubandakanyeka kwe-United States empini kwakudingeka" akakwazi ukuqeda inhlekisa. izinganekwane ezixoxwa ngakho, futhi uzizwa ebophekile ukuveza ubufakazi "bokuphakamisa izinga ubuhle, umbono, kanye nokuzwana esikuhlobanisa neMpi Yezwe II kwakungabonakali kalula kubantu baseMelika ngaleso sikhathi." Uze abuze, ngokunganaki: “Ingabe inkumbulo ekhona ‘yeMpi Enhle,’ iye yalolongwa njengoba iye yaba ukulangazelela, imizwelo, kanye ne-jingoism, yenze umonakalo omkhulu kunokuzuzisa umuzwa wamaMelika wona kanye nendawo yezwe lawo emhlabeni? ”
Uma abantu bekwazi ukubamba impendulo esobala yalowo mbuzo, uma bebona umonakalo obangelwe yi-WWII BS yothando ngisho nasezimpini zakamuva okungekho muntu ozama ukuzivikela, lokho kuzoba yisinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu engikhathalelayo ngokuthi noma ubani ukholelwa noma yini engamanga nge-WWII umthelela enawo kwamanje nekusasa. Kungenzeka Sibheke Impi Enhle izogudluza abanye abantu endleleni enhle, futhi ngeke bagcine lapho. I-Samet yenza umsebenzi omuhle wokuveza abanye babakhi bezinganekwane ezimbi kakhulu njengabaqambi izinganekwane. Ucaphuna isazi-mlando uStephen Ambrose echaza ngokungenamahloni ukuthi “ungumkhulekeli oyiqhawe.” Ubhala izinga lapho amalungu amaningi ebutho lezempi laseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II engazange aveze noma yiziphi izinhloso ezinhle zezombangazwe ezabekwa kubo ngabashisekeli benkulumo-ze kamuva. Ukhombisa ngokufanayo ukuntuleka “kobunye” phakathi komphakathi wase-US ngaleso sikhathi - ukuba khona kwe-20% yezwe elaliphikisana nempi ngo-1942 (yize kungekho nelilodwa igama mayelana nesidingo sohlaka noma izinga lokumelana nalo. ). Futhi endimeni emfushane kakhulu, uphawula ukwanda kodlame lokucwasa e-US phakathi nempi (nezindinyana ezinde mayelana nokucwasa komphakathi wase-US kanye nebutho lezempi elihlukanisiwe).
U-Samet uphinde acaphune labo ngesikhathi se-WWII ababekhala ngokungazimisele kweningi lomphakathi wase-US ukuzidela noma ukwenza sengathi bayazi ukuthi kunempi eqhubekayo, noma ababeshaqekile ngokuthi kwakudingeka imikhankaso yomphakathi nginxuse abantu ukuthi banikele ngegazi ngenxa yempi. Konke kuyiqiniso. Zonke izinganekwane. Kodwa noma kunjalo, konke kungenzeka kuphela emhlabeni lapho bekunokulindelwe okuphakeme kakhulu kokuqaphela nokuzidela kunalokho obekungaqondakala namuhla. I-Samet futhi inhle ekuxazululeni inkulumo-ze egxile eqenjini yeminyaka yakamuva nezimpi.
Kodwa yonke into ekule ncwadi - okuhlanganisa amakhulukhulu wamakhasi ezibuyekezo ezibalulekile zamafilimu namanoveli nezincwadi zamahlaya - konke kuza kupakishwe ngesimangalo esingangabazeki nesingaphikiswa sokuthi bekungekho ukukhetha. Akukho ukukhetha mayelana nokukala amadolobha, futhi akukho ukukhetha mayelana nokuba nempi nhlobo. “Eqinisweni,” uyabhala, “kube khona amazwi aphikisanayo kwasekuqaleni, kodwa siye saba manqikanqika ukucabangela ukugxeka kwabo. Angikhulumi lapha mayelana nama-cranks nabakha uzungu, noma ngalabo abacabanga ukuthi ngabe besizoba ngcono ngandlela thize ukuthi singathathi hlangothi, kodwa ngalabo bacabangi, ababhali, namaciko abonakala ekwazi ukumelana nokuyenga okungamawele nokuqiniseka, abathola ngendlela epholile futhi engaqondakali indlela yokuqonda izwe labo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwalo kwangempela ukuze kube nomphumela ongcono kune-Tocqueville 'yokushisekela izwe' okwakuthiwa yadalwa abantu baseMelika kudala.”
Hmm. Yini, ngaphandle kwesiqiniseko, engachaza umbono wokuthi okuwukuphela kwezinketho kwakuyimpi nokungathathi hlangothi nokuthi lokhu kwakamuva kwakudinga umsebenzi womcabango owawuhlanganisa umuntu ngama-cranks nabakhi bozungu? Yini, ngaphandle kobuthukuthezi obungachaza ukubiza ngokuthi ama-crank kanye nabakha uzungu labo abanombono ongamukelekile kangangokuthi ungaphandle kwendawo yamazwi aphikisanayo? Futhi yini, ngaphandle kobuqili nozungu, engachaza isimangalo sokuthi lokho okwenziwa ongqondongqondo, ababhali, namaciko, kuwumsebenzi wokukhombisa ukubaluleka kweqiniso kwesizwe? Ezizweni ezingaba ngu-200 eMhlabeni, umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi zingaki kuzo u-Samet okholelwa ukuthi ongqondongqondo nabaculi abaphikisana nezwe bazinikele ekuboniseni ukubaluleka kwangempela kwakho.
Amafreyimu we-Samet esimweni esihlambalazayo samazwi athi i-FDR yasebenza ukuze ifake i-United States empini, kodwa ayikaze - yebo - isho ngokuqondile ukuthi iphikise okuthile okuboniswa kalula izinkulumo zikamongameli uqobo.
I-Samet ichaza uBernard Knox othile “njengomfundi ohlakaniphe kakhulu ukuba angaphambanisa isidingo sobudlova nenkazimulo.” Kubonakala sengathi igama elithi “inkazimulo” lisetshenziswa lapha ukuze lisho enye into ngaphandle kokudumisa umphakathi, njengoba udlame oludingekayo—noma, noma kunjalo, udlame okucatshangwa ukuthi luyadingeka—ngesinye isikhathi lungazuza isikebhe esisodwa sokunconywa esidlangalaleni. Iziqephu ezilandelayo zisikisela ukuthi mhlawumbe “inkazimulo” ihloselwe ukusho udlame ngaphandle kwanoma yini enyantisayo noma embi ngalo (okuhlanzekile, udlame lwaseHollywood). “Ukuhlobana kukaKnox noVirgil noHomer kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokwenqaba kwabo ukudalula amaqiniso abuhlungu omsebenzi wokubulala.”
Lokhu kuholela i-Samet iqonde ngqo ku-riff ende ekuthambekeni kwamasosha ase-US ukuqoqa izinto eziyisikhumbuzo. Umlobeli wezempi u-Edgar L. Jones wabhala ngo-February 1946 I-Atlantic Monthly, “Hlobo luni lwempi abantu abacabanga ukuthi siyilwile? Sadubula iziboshwa ngegazi elibandayo, saqothula izibhedlela, sachitha izikebhe zokusindisa, sabulala noma saphatha kabi izakhamuzi eziyizitha, saqeda isitha esilimele, saphonsa abafayo emgodini nabafile, futhi ePacific sabilisa inyama ekhanda lesitha ukuze senze imihlobiso yetafula. sweethearts, noma baqophe amathambo abo abavula izinhlamvu.” Izikhumbuzo zempi zihlanganisa zonke izitho zomzimba zesitha ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile izindlebe, iminwe, amathambo, nogebhezi lwekhanda. I-Samet ngokuvamile icwebezela leli qiniso, noma ngabe u-Virgil noHomer bebengeke babe nakho.
Ubuye achaze amasosha ase-US adudulana kakhulu nabesifazane baseYurophu, futhi uphawula ukuthi ufunde incwadi ethile kodwa akalokothi atshele abafundi bakhe ukuthi le ncwadi ibika ngokudlwengulwa okusabalele yilawo mabutho. Wethula ama-fascists ase-US njengoba ezama ukwenza umbono wamaNazi wangaphandle ubonakale ungowaseMelika kakhulu, ngaphandle kokubeka amazwana ukuthi umbhedo womjaho wamaNordic wavela kuliphi izwe. Ingabe konke lokhu akukhona ukucwebezela kancane? USamet ubhala ukuthi ukukhulula abantu emakamu okuhlushwa akukaze kube yinto eza kuqala. Akuzange kube lutho. Ucaphuna amathiyori ahlukahlukene ngokuthi kungani futhi kanjani imibuso yentando yeningi inqoba izimpi, ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi inqwaba yokuwina kweWWII yenziwa yiSoviet Union (noma ukuthi iSoviet Union yayihlangene nhlobo nakho). Iyiphi inganekwane ewumbhedo mayelana ne-WWII ebingaba ngesikhathi futhi ilusizo ukuyikhipha kunaleyo emayelana ne-US eyiwina ngosizo oluncane nje oluvela kumaRuskies?
Uma kwenzeka umuntu oqashwe yibutho lezempi lase-US elilahla omakadebona - abavame ukulimala kabi futhi behlukumezeka kabi izinsizwa nezintombi - sengathi bebengewona amasaka kadoti kube nguyena ozonikela ngenqwaba yencwadi okuthiwa igxeka izinganekwane ze-WWII ekuphikisaneni nobandlululo olubhekiswe kumakadebona. , ngisho nalapho zibhala sengathi izimpi zishiya abahlanganyeli bazo besesimweni esihle? I-Samet ibika ngezifundo ezibonisa ukuthi ambalwa kanjani amasosha ase-US ku-WWII adubula isitha. Kodwa akasho lutho ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nesimo esesinqobe umkhuba wokungabulali. Usitshela ukuthi omakadebona abanamathuba amaningi okuthi benze ubugebengu, noma okungenani amasosha awanawo umthwalo wemfanelo ngalobo bugebengu, kodwa akengezi nelilodwa igama mayelana ne-US. abadubula abaningi ukuba ngomakadebona ngokungafani kakhulu. USamet ubhala ngocwaningo lwango-1947 olukhombisa ukuthi iningi lomakadebona baseMelika lathi impi "ibashiye bebi kakhulu kunakuqala." Ngegama elilandelayo, i-Samet isiguqule isihloko ekulimazeni okwenziwa kumakadebona yizinhlangano zomakadebona, njengokungathi ubesanda kubhala, hhayi ngempi, kodwa ngempi yangemva kwempi.
Lapho ufika eSahlukweni 4, esinesihloko esithi “Impi, Iyini Ilungele?” uyazi ukuthi ungalindeli okuningi esihlokweni. Eqinisweni, lesi sahluko masinyane sithatha isihloko samafilimu akhuluma ngamahlongandlebe ezingane, silandelwa yizincwadi zamahlaya, njll., kodwa ukuze sifinyelele kulezo zihloko sivula ngokuphusha enye yezinganekwane okwakufanele incwadi ixazulule:
“Ukuzigqaja kwentsha, kwabasha nabangenazithiyo, kuye kwavuselela umcabango waseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo. Nokho ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwaba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukusekela inkohliso, ubuzenzisi ukucabanga noma ukukhuluma ngezwe njengelilisha kuyilapho lizuze njengefa imithwalo yemfanelo yokuvuthwa eyayingabhekwa.”
Nokho kwakungakabi ngemva kuka-1940, njengoba kulotshwe encwadini kaStephen Wertheim Kusasa Umhlaba, ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wanquma ukulwa impi ngenjongo ecacile yokubusa umhlaba. Futhi kwenzekani ukuphikisa lokhu: "4. Abantu baseMelika bangabakhululi abalwa ngokunesizotha, ngokungathandi, kuphela lapho kufanele.”?
Ukushayela Sibheke Impi Enhle ukucutshungulwa komqondo wempi enhle kudinga ukuchaza "okuhle," hhayi njengoba kudingekile noma kufanelekile (okufanele kube yikho konke umuntu angathemba - nakuba umuntu engalungile - ngokubulala abantu abaningi), kodwa njengento enhle futhi emangalisayo futhi emangalisayo futhi enamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu. . Ukugxeka okunjalo kuhle futhi kuyasiza, ngaphandle kwalapho kuqinisa khona ingxenye elimaza kakhulu, isimangalo sokuthi impi ingathethelelwa.
