Ngu-Ed O'Rourke
Ngo-September 26, 1983, izwe laba yisinqumo somuntu oyedwa ngaphandle kwempi yenuzi. Isikhulu sezempi kwadingeka senze ukungathobeli ukuze simise inqubo ezenzakalelayo. Isimo besishubile, ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu amasosha aseSoviet adubula indiza yabagibeli, indiza yaseKorea Air Lines engu-007, kwashona bonke abagibeli abangu-269. UMongameli uReagan wabiza iSoviet Union ngokuthi “umbuso wobubi.”
UMongameli uReagan wakhuphula umjaho wezikhali futhi wayephishekela iStrategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars).
I-NATO ibiqala ukuzivocavoca kwezempi i-Able Archer 83 okwakuwukuzilolongela okuyiqiniso kwesiteleka sokuqala. I-KGB yabheka lo msebenzi njengokulungiselela into yangempela.
Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMandulo 1983, uLieutenant Wezokuvikela Emoyeni uCoronel Stanislav Petrov wayeyisikhulu somsebenzi esikhungweni somyalo wezokuvikela emoyeni waseSoviet. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa nokuqapha uhlelo lokuxwayisa ngesathelayithi kusenesikhathi nokwazisa abaphathi bakhe lapho ebona ukuhlasela okungenzeka kwe-missile ngokumelene neSoviet Union.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwaphakathi kwamabili, amakhompyutha abonisa ukuthi i-missile ye-ballistic ye-intercontinental yethulwe ivela e-US futhi yalibangisa eSoviet Union. UPetrov ucabange lokhu njengephutha lekhompyutha njengoba noma yisiphi isiteleka sokuqala sizobandakanya imicibisholo ecitshwayo engamakhulu ambalwa, hhayi eyodwa kuphela. Ama-akhawunti ayahluka uma ethinte abaphathi bakhe. Kamuva, amakhompyutha akhombe eminye imicibisholo emine ejikijelwe e-US.
Ukube ubazisile abaphathi bakhe, kungenzeka ukuthi abaphathi ngabe bayalele ukwethulwa okukhulu e-US. Kwakungenzeka futhi, ukuthi njengoba u-Boris Yeltsin enqume ezimweni ezifanayo, ukugibela izinto kuze kube khona ubufakazi obuqinile bokukhombisa ukuthi kwenzekani.
Uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lwalungasebenzi. Kube khona ukulungiswa kokukhanya kwelanga okungajwayelekile emafwini asendaweni ephakeme kanye nemigudu yesathelayithi ye-Molniya. Ochwepheshe balungise leli phutha ngokuphambana nesathelayithi ye-geostationary.
Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zazisesimweni esikahle, ngesinye isikhathi zamdumisa futhi zamkhuza. Kunoma yiluphi uhlelo, ikakhulukazi eSoviet, ingabe uqala ukuvuza abantu ngokungalaleli imiyalo? Wabelwa esikhundleni esingazweli kangako, wathatha umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi waphathwa kabi yimizwa.
Kunokudideka okuthile ngalokho okwenzeka ngo-September 23, 1983. Umuzwa wami uwukuthi akazange abatshele abaphathi bakhe. Kungenjalo, kungani engathola umsebenzi ongazwela kakhulu futhi aye emhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi?
Ayikho neyodwa inhlangano yezobunhloli eyayinombono wokuthi umhlaba wawususondele kangakanani empini yenuzi. Kwakungeminyaka yawo-1990 kuphela lapho uCoronel General Yury Votintsev, owayengumkhuzi weSoviet Air Defense Missile Defense Unit, eshicilela izikhumbuzo zakhe lapho umhlaba wafunda ngalesi sigameko.
Umuntu uyaqhaqhazela ecabanga ukuthi ngabe kwenzekani ukube u-Boris Yeltsin ubengumyalo futhi edakiwe. Umongameli waseMelika angaba nengcindezi ehlukene yokuthi adubule kuqala bese ephendula imibuzo kamuva, kube sengathi kukhona ophilayo ongambuza. Lapho uMongameli uRichard Nixon efinyelela ekupheleni ngesikhathi sophenyo lwe-Watergate, u-Al Haig wanikeza uMnyango Wezokuvikela imiyalo ukuthi ungaqalisi isiteleka senuzi ngomyalo ka-Richard Nixon ngaphandle kokuthi (u-Al Haig) avume lo myalelo. Isakhiwo sezikhali zenuzi senza ukuphila kule planethi kube sengozini. OwayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela, uRobert McNamera, ube nomuzwa wokuthi abantu babe nenhlanhla kunokuba bahlakaniphe ngezikhali zenuzi.
Impi yenuzi izoletha usizi nokufa okungakaze kubonwe kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kulo mhlaba wethu ontekenteke. Ukushintshaniswa okubalulekile kwezikhali zenuzi phakathi kwe-US neRussia kuzobeka amathani entuthu ayizigidi ezingama-50 kuye kweziyi-150 ku-stratosphere, kuvimbele ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi ekushayeni umhlaba iminyaka eminingi. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izikhali zenuzi ezilingana ne-100 zaseHiroshima eziqhumayo eNdiya nasemadolobheni asePakistan zingakhipha intuthu eyanele ukubanga ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele.
Ikhanda lempi elivamile linesivuno sama-megaton angu-2 noma amathani ayizigidi ezimbili e-TNT, amandla aqhuma wonke akhiqizwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ayezodedelwa emizuzwaneni embalwa endaweni engamamayela angu-30 kuya kwangu-40 ububanzi. Ukushisa okushisayo kufinyelela ezigidini ezimbalwa zama-degree Celsius, mayelana nalokho okutholakala enkabeni yelanga. I-fireball enkulu ikhipha ukushisa okubulalayo kanye nokukhanya okuqalisa umlilo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Imililo eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ingenza ngokushesha umlilo owodwa noma isivunguvungu somlilo, esihlanganisa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamamayela-skwele.
Njengoba isivunguvungu somlilo sishisa idolobha, amandla aphelele akhiqizwayo azoba makhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1,000 kunalawo akhishwe ekuqhumeni kwasekuqaleni. Isivunguvungu somlilo sizokhipha intuthu enobuthi, ekhipha imisebe kanye nezintuli ezibulala cishe isidalwa ngasinye esiphilayo. Cishe ngosuku, intuthu yesiphepho somlilo evela ekushintshaneni kwenuzi yayizofika ku-stratosphere futhi ivimbe ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi okushayisa umhlaba, ibhubhise ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi ngezinsuku ezimbalwa yehlise izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke libe yiqhwa. Amazinga okushisa e-Ice Age azohlala iminyaka eminingana.
Abaholi abanamandla kakhulu nabacebile babengaphila isikhashana ezindaweni zokukhosela ezihlome kahle. Nginombono wokuthi abantu abahlala ezindaweni zokukhosela bazoba nengqondo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi kuphele izinto ezidingekayo futhi baphendukelane. U-Nikita Khrushchev waphawula ngemva kwempi yenuzi, ukuthi abaphilayo bayoba nomona ngabafile. Utshani namaphela kufanele kusinde empini yenuzi kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ososayensi benza lezi zibikezelo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe ubusika benuzi ngokungathi sína. Nginomuzwa wokuthi amaphela notshani kuzojoyina wonke umuntu maduzane. Ngeke kube khona abasinda.
Ukukhuluma iqiniso, kufanele ngiveze ukuthi abanye ososayensi bathatha isimo sami sasebusika senuzi njengesibi kakhulu kunokuba izibalo zabo zingabonisa. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukunciphisa noma ukuqukatha impi yenuzi, uma isiqalile. UCarl Sagan uthi lokhu kuwukufisa. Lapho imicibisholo ishaya, kuzoba nokwehluleka kwezokuxhumana noma ukuwa, ukungahleleki, ukwesaba, imizwa yokuziphindiselela, isikhathi esicindezelwe sokwenza izinqumo kanye nomthwalo ongokwengqondo wokuthi abangane abaningi namalungu omndeni afile. Ngeke kube khona ukuvinjelwa. U-Coronel General u-Yury Votintsev wabonisa, okungenani ngo-1983, iSoviet Union yayinempendulo eyodwa kuphela, ukwethulwa kwemicibisholo emikhulu. Akukho mpendulo ehleliwe ethweswe iziqu.
Kungani i-United States neSoviet Union bakhe izikhali zenuzi ngamashumi ezinkulungwane ohlangothini ngalunye? NgokweNational Resources Defense Council’s Nuclear Weapons Databook Project, izikhali zenuzi zase-United States zafinyelela inani eliphakeme labangu-32,193 1966 ngo-10. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho izikhali zomhlaba zinenani elilingana amathani ayishumi e-TNT kuwo wonke owesilisa, owesifazane nomntwana emhlabeni. . UWinston Churchill ukuphikisile lokho okweqile wathi okuwukuphela kwephuzu kwakuwukubona ukuthi imfucumfucu izogxumela phezulu kangakanani.
Kungani abaholi bezombangazwe nabezempi bengaqhubeka nokukhiqiza, ukuhlola nokuvuselela lezi zikhali ngamanani amakhulu? Kwabaningi, izikhali zenuzi zaziyizikhali ezengeziwe, ezinamandla kakhulu. Kwakungekho mqondo mayelana nokubulawa kwabantu ngokweqile. Njengoba nje izwe elinamathangi amaningi, izindiza, amasosha nemikhumbi yaba nethuba, izwe elinezikhali zenuzi eziningi lalinethuba elikhulu lokunqoba. Ngezikhali ezivamile, kwakungenzeka ukugwema ukubulala izakhamuzi. Ngezikhali zenuzi, zazingekho. Amasosha abuhleka usulu ubusika benuzi lapho uCarl Sagan nabanye ososayensi beqala ukuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka.
Amandla okushayela kwakuwukuvimbela okubizwa ngeMutually Assured Destruction (MAD) futhi kwahlanya. Uma i-US neSoviet Union zinezikhali ezanele, ezihlakazeke ngobuhlakani ezindaweni eziqinile noma ezikhunjini ezingaphansi kwamanzi, uhlangothi ngalunye luzokwazi ukwethula ama-warheads anele ukuze bonakalise umonakalo ongamukeleki eqenjini elihlaselayo. Lokhu kwakuwukulinganisa kokwesaba okusho ukuthi akekho ujenene ozoqala impi ngokuzimela emiyalweni yezombangazwe, bekungeke kube nezimpawu ezingamanga kumakhompiyutha noma izikrini ze-radar, ukuthi abaholi bezombangazwe nabezempi bahlala bengabantu abanengqondo nokuthi impi yenuzi ingaqukethwe ngemuva. isiteleka sokuqala. Lokhu kuwushaya indiva umthetho kaMurphy odumile: “Ayikho into elula njengokubukeka kwayo. Konke kuthatha isikhathi eside kunalokho obukulindele. Uma kukhona okungahamba kahle, kuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu.”
I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ithuthukise iSimemezelo sikaSanta Barbara esichaza izinkinga ezinkulu zokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi:
- Amandla alo okuvikela awubukhazikhazi obuyingozi. Ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi akunikezeli isivikelo ekuhlaselweni.
- Kuthatha abaholi abanengqondo, kodwa kungase kube nabaholi abangenangqondo noma abadidekile kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi lwengxabano.
- Ukusongela noma ukubulala abantu abaningi ngezikhali zenuzi akukho emthethweni futhi kuwubugebengu. Kwephula izimiso zomthetho eziyisisekelo zomthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe, okusongela ukubulawa kwabantu abangenacala ngokungakhethi.
- Inokuziphatha okubi kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo ukuthi akukho emthethweni: isongela ukufa nokubhujiswa okungakhethi futhi okungalingani kakhulu.
- Iphambukisa izinsiza zabantu nezomnotho ezidingeka kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo emhlabeni jikelele. Emhlabeni jikelele, cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100 asetshenziswa minyaka yonke emabuthweni enuzi.
- Ayinawo umthelela kuma-extremest angewona ombuso, ongabusi indawo noma inani labantu.
- Isengozini yokuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi, ukucekelwa phansi, kanye nephutha lomuntu noma lobuchwepheshe, okungaholela esitelekeni senuzi.
- Kubeka isibonelo sokuthi amazwe engeziwe aphishekele izikhali zenuzi ukuze athole amandla awo okuvimbela izikhali zenuzi.
Abanye baqala ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukwenziwa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi kuwusongo olukhulu empucukweni. Ngo-April 16, 1960, abantu abangaba ngu-60,000 100,000 kuya ku-XNUMX XNUMX babuthana eTrafalgar Square ukuze “bavimbele leli bhomu.” Lona kwakuwumbukiso omkhulu kunayo yonke eLondon kuze kube yileso sikhathi ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Kube nokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive ekuphumeni kokuhlolwa kwenuzi.
Ngo-1963, i-United States neSoviet Union zavumelana ngeSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Okuyingxenye Kokuhlolwa.
I-Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty yaqala ukusebenza ngo-March 5, 1970. Bangu-189 abasayine lesi sivumelwano namuhla. Ekhathazeke ngokuthi amazwe angu-20 kuya kwangu-40 abe nezikhali zenuzi ngo-1990, amazwe anezikhali athembisa ukuziqeda ukuze asuse isisusa sokuba amazwe engeziwe azithuthukise ukuze azivikele. Amazwe anobuchwepheshe benuzi azibophezele ukwabelana nobuchwepheshe benuzi nezinto zokwakha namazwe asayinile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zamandla enuzi angenamphakathi.
Belungekho uhlelo lwezikhathi esivumelwaneni sokuqedwa kwezikhali. Kuyoze kube nini amazwe eyeka ukwenza noma ukuzuza izikhali zenuzi kuyilapho amanye amazwe esenazo? Impela, i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bebezoqapha kakhulu uSaddam Hussein no-Muammar Omar Gaddafi ukube bebenezikhali zenuzi endaweni yabo yezikhali. Isifundo kwamanye amazwe siwukwakha ngokushesha nangokuthula ukuze ugweme ukududulwa noma ukuhlaselwa.
Akuwona nje amahippie abhema amabhodwe kodwa izikhulu zezempi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nosopolitiki baye bakhuthaza ukuba kuchithwe zonke izikhali zenuzi. Ngo-December 5, 1996, ojenene nama-admiral angu-58 abavela ezizweni ezingu-17 bakhipha Isitatimende Sezikhulu Nama-Admirals Omhlaba Ngokumelene Nezikhali Zenuzi. Ngezansi kukhona izingcaphuno:
“Thina, ochwepheshe bezempi, esinikele izimpilo zethu ekuvikelekeni kwezwe lamazwe ethu kanye nabantu bethu, siyaqiniseka ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokuba khona kwezikhali zenuzi ezindaweni ezigcina izikhali zenuzi, kanye nosongo oluhlala lukhona lokutholwa kwalezi zikhali ngabanye. , kuyingozi ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni komhlaba wonke nasekuphepheni nasekusindeni kwabantu esizinikezele ukuba babavikele.”
“Kuwukukholelwa kwethu okujulile ukuthi okulandelayo kuyadingeka ngokushesha futhi kufanele kwenziwe manje:
- Okokuqala, izinqwaba zezikhali zenuzi ezikhona manje nezihleliwe zikhulu kakhulu futhi manje kufanele zincishiswe kakhulu;
- Okwesibili, izikhali zenuzi ezisele kufanele zixwayiswe kancane kancane futhi ngokusobala, futhi ukulungela kwazo kwehliswe kakhulu kokubili ezifundazweni zezikhali zenuzi kanye nasezifundeni zezikhali zenuzi;
- Okwesithathu, inqubomgomo yenuzi yamazwe ngamazwe yesikhathi eside kufanele isekelwe esimisweni esimenyezelwe sokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi okuqhubekayo, okuphelele nokungenakuhlehliswa.”
Iqembu lamazwe ngamazwe (elaziwa ngokuthi i-Canberra Commission) elahlanganiswa uhulumeni wase-Australia ngo-1997 laphetha, “Isiphakamiso sokuthi izikhali zenuzi zingagcinwa unomphela futhi zingalokothi zisetshenziswe—ngengozi noma ngezinqumo—sephula ukwethembeka.”
|
Kumagazini weWall Street Journal kaJanuwari 4, 2007, owayenguNobhala Wombuso uGeorge P. Schultz, uWilliam J. Perry, uHenry Kissinger kanye nowayengusihlalo weSenate Armed Forces, uSam Nunn, bagunyaza “ukubeka umgomo wokuba umhlaba ungabi nezikhali zenuzi.” Bacaphuna isimemezelo sikamongameli wangaphambili uRonald Reagan sokuqedwa kwazo zonke izikhali zenuzi azibheka “njengezingenangqondo ngokuphelele, ezingenabuntu ngokuphelele, ezilungele ukubulawa, okungenzeka zicekele phansi ukuphila emhlabeni nempucuko.”
Isinyathelo esimaphakathi sokuqeda ukususa zonke izikhali zenuzi esimeni sesexwayiso se-trigger yezinwele (ezilungele ukuqaliswa ngesaziso semizuzu eyi-15). Lokhu kuzonika abaholi bezempi nabezepolitiki isikhathi sokuhlola izinsongo ezicatshangwayo noma zangempela. Izwe lasondela ekubhujisweni kwenuzi hhayi nje ngo-September 23, 1983 njengoba kwakuchazwe ngaphambili kodwa nango-January 25, 1995 lapho ososayensi baseNorway nozakwabo baseMelika bekhipha isathelayithi eklanyelwe ukuhlola i-Northern Lights. Nakuba uhulumeni waseNorway wawazisile iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, akuwona wonke umuntu owalithola leli zwi. Kochwepheshe be-radar baseRussia, i-rocket yayinephrofayili efana nomcibisholo we-Titan obungaphuphuthekisa ukuzivikela kwe-radar yaseRussia ngokuqhuma isihloko se-nuclear emkhathini ongaphezulu. AmaRussia avula “ibhola lenuzi,” isikhwama esinamakhodi ayimfihlo adingekayo ukuze kuhlaselwe imicibisholo. UMongameli Yeltsin ufike kungakapheli imizuzu emithathu eyala ukuhlasela kwakhe kwenyukliya okubonakala sengathi kuyavikela.
Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sokuxoxisana sokubeka zonke izikhali zenuzi esimweni sokuxwayisa samahora amane noma angu-24 kuzonikeza isikhathi sokucabangela izinketho, ukuhlola idatha nokugwema impi. Ekuqaleni, lesi sikhathi sokuqapha singase sibonakale sidlulele. Khumbula ukuthi imikhumbi-ngwenya ethwele imicibisholo inamakhanda empi anele ukuthosa umhlaba izikhathi eziningana ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi yonke imicibisholo ejikijelwa phansi ikhishwe.
Njengoba amakhilogremu angu-8 kuphela ezikhali ze-plutonium adingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ibhomu le-athomu, kuqedwe amandla enuzi. Njengoba umkhiqizo womhlaba wonke ungamathani angu-1,500 XNUMX, amaphekula angase abe nemithombo eminingi angakhetha kuwo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinye izibaseli kuzosisiza ukuthi sisisindise ekufudumaleni komhlaba futhi kuvale amandla amaphekula okwakha izikhali zenuzi.
Ukuze sisinde, isintu kufanele senze imizamo emikhulu ekudaleni ukuthula, amalungelo abantu kanye nohlelo lomhlaba wonke lokulwa nobumpofu. Izisebenzi zobuntu ziye zasekela lezi zinto iminyaka eminingi. Njengoba izikhali zenuzi kubiza ukuzinakekela, ukuqedwa kwazo kuzokhulula izinsiza zokuthuthukisa ukuphila emhlabeni futhi kuyeke ukudlala i-roulette yaseRussia.
Ukuvimbela ibhomu ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kwakuyinto eyayigqugquzelwa kwesokunxele kuphela. Manje sesinomshini wokubala onegazi elibandayo njengoHenry Kissinger obiza umhlaba ongenazo izikhali zenuzi. Nangu umuntu obengabhala The Prince ngabe waphila ekhulwini leshumi nesithupha.
Khonamanjalo izikhungo zamasosha kufanele ziziqeqeshe ukuze zigcine iminwe yazo zingabangeli izikhali zenuzi uma kunokwethulwa okungagunyaziwe noma ngephutha noma isiteleka samaphekula. Isintu asikwazi ukuvumela isenzakalo esisodwa esiyishwa sidlulele enhlekeleleni ezoqeda impucuko.
Ngokumangalisayo, kukhona ithemba elivela ku-Republican Party. Bathanda ukunciphisa isabelomali. Ngenkathi uRichard Cheney enguNobhala Wezokuvikela, waqeda izisekelo eziningi zamasosha e-US. URonald Reagan wayefuna ukuqeda izikhali zenuzi. ISivumelwano sika-Kellogg-Briand esasifuna ukuqedwa kwempi safezwa lapho uCalvin Coolidge engumongameli.
I-inertia kuphela kanye nezinzuzo ezivela ezinkontilekeni zokuvikela ezigcina isakhiwo senuzi sikhona.
Imithombo yethu yezindaba, izikhungo zepolitiki kanye nezempi kumele zisukumele phezulu ukuletha umhlaba onokuthula. Lokhu kuzodinga ukubeka izinto obala nokubambisana kugwenywe izimfihlo, ukuncintisana kanye nebhizinisi njengenjwayelo. Abantu kufanele baphule lo mjikelezo wempi ongapheli ngaphambi kokuba umjikelezo usiqede.
Njengoba i-US yayinezikhali zenuzi eziyi-11,000, uMongameli u-Obama angayala ukuthi kuhlakazwe i-10,000 ingakapheli inyanga ukuze kusondele isinyathelo esisodwa ephusheni likaMongameli uReagan nelesintu.
U-Ed O'Rourke uyisakhamuzi sase-Houston. Manje uhlala eMedellin, eColombia.
Imithombo Eyinhloko:
Umsindo Wenkanyezi Ekhanyayo. "UStanislav Petrov - Iqhawe Lomhlaba. http://www.brightstarsound.com/
Isitatimende Somhlaba Wonke Esimelene Nezikhali Zenuzi, I-Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility website, http://www.ccnr.org/generals.html .
Isizindalwazi sobumnyama beNyukliya (www.nucleardarkness.org) “Ubumnyama Benuzi,
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Emhlabeni Wonke Nendlala Yenuzi: Imiphumela Ebulalayo Yempi Yenuzi.”
Sagan, Carl. “Ubusika Benuzi,” http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sagan_nuclear_winter.html
Isitatimende sikaSanta Barbara, isizindalwazi se-Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, http://www.ccnr.org/generals.html .
Wickersham, uBill. "Ukungavikeleki KweNuclear Deterrence," Columbia Daily Tribune, Septhemba 1, 2011.
Wickersham, uBill. "Izikhali Zenuzi Zisewusongo," i-Columbia Daily Tribune, Septemba 27, 2011. UBill Wickersham unguprofesa ohlanganisayo wezifundo zokuthula futhi uyilungu le-Missouri University Nuclear Disarmament Education Team (MUNDET).
Wickersham, uBill. kanye nethi “Nuclear Deterrence a Futile Myth” Columbia Daily Tribune, Mashi 1, 2011.
Umsindo Wenkanyezi Ekhanyayo. "UStanislav Petrov - Iqhawe Lomhlaba. http://www.brightstarsound.com/
