Dylanizing Exceptionalism

Ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi

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Ukwelapha I-Exceptionalism: Yini engalungile ngendlela esicabanga ngayo nge-United States? Yini esingayenza ngakho? Ibhalwe nguDavid Swanson.

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Ngu-Pat Elder

Ngikhumbula ngithenga i-albhamu kaBob Dylan eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 edlule futhi into yafika nephosta enkulu yomqambi wezingoma omkhulu.

Izinhlamvu zomzuzi kaNobel mayelana “nemisindo yenkululeko ekhazimulayo” zinanela encwadini kaSwanson yokwelapha ukuhluka kwaseMelika. Uzozwa lawo mazwi ngenkathi ufunda le ncwadi.

Ukukhanyisa amaqhawe anamandla awo okulwa

Ukukhanyisa ababaleki emgwaqeni wendiza ongahlomile

I-an' yesosha ngalinye elingaphansi kwesosha ebusuku

Sabuka ukukhala kwenkululeko kubenyezela

I-Swanson, eziqhenyayo 'ebomvu, ikhanya ithemba lokuthumela umbono oyingozi wokuhluka kweMelika emgwaqeni wayo wokundiza. Le ncwadi ingumsindo ogqamile, okhanyayo wenkululeko. USwanson noDylan bayakhazimula, kepha iSwanson ithola ikhanda lokulungisa izinto. UDylan uphakamisa amahlombe akhe, njengoba ebhala Kulungile, Ma (Ngiyopha Kuphela):

Ubumnyama ngesikhathi sekhefu emini

Ithunzi ngisho nesipuni sesiliva

I-blade eyenziwe ngezandla, ibhaluni lomntwana

Isitheka kokubili ilanga nenyanga

Ukuze uqonde wazi ngokushesha kakhulu

Awukho umqondo wokuzama

ISwanson iyazama - futhi yenza umqondo wezinto eziningi kule ncwadi. Ngemva kokusesha okuphelele, akakwazi ukuthola isizathu sokufuna “izwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni”. NjengoDylan, owezwa umsindo wokuduma kwezulu, i-Swanson ibhonga umlayezo ocacile wokuthi ukucabanga okukhethekile kwaseMelika kwenza umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni nakubo bonke abahlala kuwo. USwanson noDylan bazazi kahle izingoma zabo.

ISwanson isinxusa ukuthi siziqeqeshe ukucabanga nokukhuluma ngezinye izindlela, ukulwa nomcabango ohlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, uyabhala, “Ngobuzwe obukhethekile, mhlawumbe kubo bonke ubuzwe, “thina” kufanele samukele ubuningi bomuntu wokuqala ephila amakhulu eminyaka, ukuze “silwe namaNgisi” futhi “sinqobe iMpi Yomshoshaphansi.” USwanson uyaqhubeka, "Lokhu kuzichaza, kunamakholwa agxile ezintweni ezinhle “esizenzile” futhi kude nezinto ezihlazisayo “esazenza”, noma yena uqobo engafanele ukubongwa okokuqala noma ukusolwa ngalokhu kokugcina.

Lena i-Swanson yakudala. Kudingeka sibheke lezo zabizwana ezixakile! Lolu hlobo lwetimu luqhubeka neminyaka eyishumi kaSwanson yokubhala izincwadi. Phela, “thina” asizange siwawise amabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki noma sibulale izigidi eVietnam. Uhulumeni wase-United States wakwenza lokho, okokugcina ngahlola.

USwanson ubhala izincwadi ezidinga ukubhalwa, njengokuthi, Impi ingamanga

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, zidinga ukufundwa. Esimeni sesosha, uSwanson uqondise isandla sakhe ezinjeni ezifundisayo, engesabi ukuthi uzoba yisitha ngomzuzwana nje eshumayela. Okuhle nokubi, uchaza la magama, ngokusobala, ngokungangabazeki, ngandlela thize.

Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism iyincwadi ehamba phambili ye-Swanson okwamanje.

UDavid Swanson uqhuma ngomlilo emigwaqweni evutha amalangabi esebenzisa imibono njengamamephu akhe, kuyilapho ephawula izibalo ngokulandelana, ephakamisa ukuthi i-USA "ilungile kakhulu kuya-maphakathi" mayelana "nezilinganiso zobukhulu". Uyabhala, “I-US inebhakede elikhulu lemali futhi isabalalise ngokungalingani kunanoma isiphi isizwe esicebile. - ukunikeza i-US iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke lezigidigidi emhlabeni. Amazinga okufa kwezingane e-US ngo-2013 ayephezulu kakhulu emhlabeni othuthukile. I-US yayinesibalo esiphezulu sokukhuluphala ngokweqile emazweni athuthukile. IMelika inezinga lokuboshwa eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. – cishe izikhathi ezi-5 kunesilinganiso se-OECD. Izinga lobumpofu lentsha yaseMelika liphezulu kakhulu kuyo yonke i-OECD kanti ingxenye yesine yentsha iphila ngobumpofu. I-US ifika ku-43^rd emazweni angama-201 ngokuphathelene neminyaka yokuphila. Kuyinto engavamile. Amazinga okubulala ase-US ayephakeme izikhathi ezingu-7 kunamanye amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe anemali eningi, u-82% wabo bonke abantu ababulawa izibhamu babengabase-US.”

Amagama adumele njengezinhlamvu ziyabhodla? Umoya wesilima? Izindaba ezingamanga? UDylan wakuchaza kanjena, “Ilanga aliphuzi – liyinkukhu.”

NjengoDylan, kune-whimsy ekubhaleni kwe-Swanson, nakuba ngingaqiniseki ukuthi kuhloswe ngaleyo ndlela. Isibonelo, uSwanson uyabhala, "Ngizishiyile izimangalo ezinjengalezi ezikhiqizwa ushizi, izinja eziningi, amakati amaningi, nama-roller coaster amaningi, hhayi ngenxa yokucwasa izinto ezinjalo, kodwa ngoba zibonakala zingabalulekile."

UDylan wabhala,

Njengoba onkulunkulu abangabantu behlose uphawu lwabo

Wenze yonke into ngezibhamu zamathoyizi ezinenhlansi

KoKristu benyama abakhanya ebumnyameni

Kulula ukubona ngaphandle kokubheka kude kakhulu

Lokho akukuningi kungcwele ngempela

ISwanson nayo: “Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yokuhluka ibonakala ingahlobene namaqiniso. Inkolelo yokuthunywa kwaphezulu iyisimo sengqondo, hhayi umbono.”

Umbhali ucaphuna u-Eliassen Hilde Restad ka Newsweek "Abantu baseMelika, kuwo wonke umlando wabo, bebekholelwa ukuthi bangabantu abaphakeme, bakholelwa ukuthi banikezwe umsebenzi oyingqayizivele, bakholelwa ukuthi abasoze banqotshwa imithetho yomlando engenaluzwela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umbono abantu baseMelika nabaholi bawo abavame ukwenza kuwo emhlabeni. "

Phela, i-US idlala ibhola ngomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokwethembela emandleni ayo e-veto kanye nekhono layo lokwenqaba igunya le-International Court of Justice noma yisiphi isivumelwano noma isenzo se-UN.

ISwanson yethula engxoxweni yefulegi laseMelika. Ekhuluma kabi, “Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, uma ubona noma yiliphi ifulege, ungakwazi ukulishaya indiva ngaphandle kokumiswa esikoleni noma uvale umsebenzi wakho wezemidlalo.”

UDylan, naye, ukhulume nalezi zindikimba ku-115 yakhe^th Iphupho:

Hhayi-ke, ngidlwengulile endlini

Ngefulegi lase-US ekubonisweni

Ngathi, “Ungangisiza

Ngithole abangani phansi”

Indoda ithi, “Suka lapha

ngizokuklebhula esithweni”

Ngathi, “Uyazi ukuthi bamnqabile uJesu, futhi”

Wathi, “Awusuye Yena.”

Umbhali uzwakalisa indelelo ngenkulumo kaMongameli Obama edabukisayo yokwamukela uMklomelo Wokuthula kaNobel ka-2009. Ama-44^th UMongameli ugxeke umsebenzi kaGandhi kanye neNkosi, ngokusho ngazwi linye, “Ukusho ukuthi amandla kwesinye isikhathi ayadingeka akuwona ubizo lokugxeka - kuwukuqashelwa komlando; ukungapheleli komuntu nemingcele yokucabanga.”

Uthathaphi uDylan? “UNkulunkulu wathi ku-Abrahama: “Ngibulale indodana yakho.” U-Abe wathi, “Ndoda, ufanele ungigqokise.” Futhi, “Ngezinye izikhathi uMongameli waseUnited States ufanele ukuthi ame enqunu.”

"Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, ngesikhathi ezinye izifundiswa zaseMelika zicabanga ukuthi yisikhathi esihle sokuthula, amasosha aseMelika abulale noma asize ukubulala abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-20, agumbuqela okungenani ohulumeni abangama-36, agxambukela kwabangaphandle abangama-84. zazama ukubulala abaholi bakwamanye amazwe abangaphezu kuka-50, futhi zaphonsa amabhomu kubantu emazweni angaphezu kuka-30.”

Emakhasini ambalwa amafushane iSwanson ihlola izitatimende zikaMongameli uMcKinley, iPhini likaMongameli uPence, uDick Cheney, uBarack Obama, kanye noHerman Melville, bonke abaholi be-cheerleader baseMelika.

Uyabhala, “Sivame ukucabanga nge-United States njengezabalaza ukufeza izinhloso zayo ezinhle. Iqiniso liwukuthi uhulumeni wase-US kanye nomphakathi babe nemibono emihle neyihlazo futhi balwela ukuhlangabezana nokuhlangabezana nakho kokubili. Izicukuthwane nobuqhawe buye bahlangana nokugxeka, ukungakwazi, kanye nokudumala. Futhi okunye kwakho kube ngokwedlulele, kukuhle kakhulu noma kubi kakhulu - futhi okuningi kwakho kukhulunywe kahle kakhulu, kukhuthazwe, futhi kwakhangiswa, okuhle nokubi.”

Uma kwenzeka izinkulumo zezemfundo zamahhala zisinda kule nkathi yobumnyama, iSwanson izofundwa yizizukulwane ezikude esikhathini esizayo.

ISwanson ithi ukuhluka kwaseMelika kuhlanganisa ukukhuthaza impucuko yaseMelika ngenkathi kwehlisa izinga lomhlaba wonke. Abantu baseMelika bangabantu abakholelwa ukuthi banelungelo, umsebenzi, ukuphoqelela intando yabo emhlabeni wonke. Ipeni likaSwanson liphenduka inkemba, "I-Exceptionalism isimo sengqondo esivame ukufaka ukukhukhumala, ukungazi, kanye nobudlova, futhi lokhu kuvame ukwenza umonakalo omkhulu." Amehlo avuleke, uSwanson uprofetha ngepeni lakhe, ngoba owehluliwe manje uzowina kamuva.

Funda Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism: Yini engalungile ngendlela esicabanga ngayo nge-United States? Yini esingayenza ngakho?  Ibhalwe nguDavid Swanson.

UPat Elder uyilungu leKomidi Lokuxhumanisa le World Beyond War.