Kubonakala sengathi siqeda nje ukubhekana nengxabano leyo mpi isilungele ngoba iletha ukuthula. Futhi kulandela ukusonta okuhluke kakhulu, okuhlanganiswe neminye imininingwane ethokozisayo. Nakhu a iposi blog nguJoshua Holland kuwebhusayithi kaBill Moyers.
“Sekuyisikhathi eside impi ibhekwa njengomzamo ogqugquzelwa abantu abavelele ababemele kakhulu ukuzuza ezingxabanweni - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvikela impahla yaphesheya kwezilwandle, ukudala izimo ezingcono kakhulu zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe noma ngokuthengisa izinto zokungqubuzana - futhi zikhokhelwe ngegazi. kwabampofu, ifolishi yenganono ekhonza izwe labo kodwa abangenalo igalelo eliqondile emphumeleni.
“. . . Usosayensi wezepolitiki we-MIT uJonathan Caverley, umbhali we Ukuvota Kwezempi Yentando Yeningi, Ingcebo, Nempi, futhi naye umakadebona wamasosha asemanzini aseMelika, uthi amasosha akhula ngobuchwephesha obuphezulu, anamabutho angamavolontiya agcina abalimala abambalwa ezingxabanweni ezincane, ahlangana nokungalingani kwezomnotho okwandayo ukuze akhe izisusa eziphambene eziguqula umbono ojwayelekile wempi ekhanda lawo. . . .
“UJoshua Holland: Ucwaningo lwakho luholela esiphethweni esiphikisayo. Ungakwazi ukunginika ithisisi yakho ngamafuphi?
"UJonathan Caverley: Impikiswano yami iwukuthi ezweni lentando yeningi elinezimboni kakhulu njenge-United States, sesenze uhlobo lwempi oludinga imali enkulu. Asisathumeli izigidi zamasosha phesheya kwezilwandle - noma sibone inqwaba yabantu abalimala beza ekhaya. Uma uqala ukuya empini ngezindiza eziningi, amasathelayithi, ezokuxhumana - kanye namabutho ambalwa aqeqeshwe kakhulu akhethekile - ukuya empini kuba umsebenzi wokubhala isheke esikhundleni sokuhlanganisa umphakathi. Futhi uma usuguqule impi ibe umsebenzi wokubhala isheke, izikhuthazo zokuya empini ziyashintsha.
“Ungacabanga ngakho njengomsebenzi wokusabalalisa kabusha, lapho abantu abanemali encane ngokuvamile bekhokha ingxenye encane yezindleko zempi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni. E-United States, uhulumeni wobumbano uvame ukuxhaswa kakhulu ngamaphesenti angama-20 aphezulu. Iningi likahulumeni wobumbano, ngingathi amaphesenti angama-60, mhlawumbe namaphesenti angama-65, axhaswe ngabacebile.
“Kubantu abaningi, impi manje ibiza kancane kakhulu ngokwegazi nengcebo. Futhi inomphumela wokusabalalisa kabusha.
Ngakho indlela yami yokusebenza ilula kakhulu. Uma ucabanga ukuthi umnikelo wakho ekungqubuzaneni uzoba mncane, futhi ubone izinzuzo ezingaba khona, kufanele ubone ukwanda kwesidingo sezindleko zokuvikela kanye nokwenyuka kobuqili emibonweni yakho yenqubomgomo yangaphandle, ngokusekelwe emalini yakho engenayo. Futhi ukufunda kwami umbono womphakathi wakwa-Israyeli kwathola ukuthi lapho umuntu engacebe kakhulu, wayeba nolaka nakakhulu ekusebenziseni amasosha.”
Cishe uCaverley uzovuma ukuthi izimpi zase-US zivame ukuhlatshwa ohlangothini olulodwa lwabantu abahlala emazweni ampofu, nokuthi ingxenye ethile yabantu base-United States iyalazi lelo qiniso futhi iphikisana nezimpi ngenxa yalokho. Cishe uyazi futhi ukuthi amasosha ase-US asashona ezimpini zase-US futhi asadonswa ngokulinganayo kwabampofu. Cishe uyazi (futhi cishe wenza konke lokhu kucace encwadini yakhe, engingayifundanga) ukuthi impi isalokhu inenzuzo enkulu eqenjini eliphakeme kakhulu phezulu emnothweni wase-US. Izitokwe zezikhali zisezingeni eliphakeme njengamanje. Umeluleki wezezimali ku-NPR izolo ubencoma ukuthi kutshalwe izikhali. Ukuchithwa kwempi, empeleni, kuthatha imali yomphakathi futhi kuyisebenzise ngendlela ezuzisa kakhulu abacebe ngokwedlulele. Futhi ngenkathi amadola omphakathi ekhuphuka kancane kancane, akhuphuka kancane kancane kunakudala. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko zokulungiselela impi empeleni kuyingxenye yalokho okushayela ukungalingani uCaverley athi kuqhuba ukusekelwa okuphansi kwezimpi. Okushiwo uCaverley ngesimangalo sakhe sokuthi impi (ephansi) iphinde ihlukaniselwe kabusha yenziwa kucace kakhudlwana ku-interview:
"E-Holland: Ocwaningweni uveza ukuthi ososayensi abaningi bezenhlalo ababoni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kunomthelela wokwabiwa kabusha. Angizange ngikuqonde lokho. Lokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi “i-Mitary Keynesianism” umqondo osunesikhathi eside ukhona. Sithole ithani lokutshalwa kwezimali kwezempi ezifundazweni eziseNingizimu, hhayi nje ngezinjongo zokuvikela, kodwa futhi njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umnotho wesifunda. Kungani abantu bengakuboni lokhu njengohlelo olukhulu lokusabalalisa kabusha?
“Caverley: Hhayi-ke, ngiyavumelana nalokho kwakhiwa. Uma ubuka noma yimuphi umkhankaso wekhongolose noma ubheka ukuxhumana kwanoma yimuphi ummeleli nabameleli bakhe, uzobona ukuthi bakhuluma ngokuthola ingxenye yabo efanelekile yezindleko zokuvikela.
“Kodwa iphuzu elikhulu ukuthi noma ungacabangi ngokusetshenziswa kwezokuvikela njengenqubo yokusabalalisa kabusha, kuyisibonelo esivelele sohlobo lwezimpahla zomphakathi ezihlinzekwa nguhulumeni. Wonke umuntu uyazuza ekuvikeleni umbuso – akusibo abantu abacebile kuphela. Ngakho-ke ukuzivikela kuzwelonke cishe kungenye yezindawo okungenzeka ukuthi ubone ipolitiki esabalalisa ngayo kabusha, ngoba uma ungayikhokhi kakhulu, uzocela okwengeziwe.”
Ngakho-ke, okungenani ingxenye yombono ibonakala sengathi ingcebo isuswa ezindaweni ezicebile zase-United States iye kwempofu. Kukhona iqiniso kulokho. Kodwa i ezomnotho Kusobala ukuthi, sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kukhiqiza imisebenzi embalwa kanye nemisebenzi ekhokha kabi kakhulu, futhi kunenzuzo encane yezomnotho, kunokusebenzisa imali yemfundo, ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindleko zomphakathi, noma ngisho nokuncishiswa kwentela kubantu abasebenzayo - okuyinto ngokwencazelo ziyehla kabusha futhi. Manje, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kungaqeda umnotho futhi kubonakale njengokuthuthukisa umnotho, futhi umbono yiwo onquma ukusekelwa kwezempi. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi "okujwayelekile" okujwayelekile kungaqhubeka ngesivinini esingaphezu kwezikhathi ze-10 zokusebenzisa impi ethile, futhi umbono ojwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zezepolitiki zase-US kungaba ukuthi yizimpi ezibiza imali enkulu. Kodwa kufanele sivume iqiniso ngisho nalapho sixoxa ngemithelela yombono.
Bese kuba nombono wokuthi impi izuzisa wonke umuntu, engqubuzana neqiniso lokuthi impi izingozi izizwe ezikulwayo, lokho “kuzivikela” ngezimpi empeleni akukhiqizi. Nalokhu kufanele kuvunywe. Futhi mhlawumbe - nakuba ngingabaza - lokho kuvuma kwenziwa encwadini.
Izinhlolovo zikhombisa ukuncipha kokwesekwa kwezimpi ngaphandle kwasezikhathini ezithile zenkulumo-ze eshubile. Uma ngalezo zikhathi kungaboniswa ukuthi abantu base-US abahola kancane bathwele umthwalo omkhulu wokusekela impi, lokho kufanele kuhlolwe ngempela - kodwa ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi abasekeli bempi banesizathu esihle sokusekela. Ngempela, uCaverley unikeza ezinye izizathu ezengeziwe zokuthi kungani zingase zidukiswe:
"E-Holland: Ake ngikubuze mayelana nencazelo oyimbangi yokuthi kungani abantu abampofu bengase basekele isenzo sezempi. Ephepheni, ukhuluma ngombono wokuthi izakhamuzi ezingacebile zingase zithambekele kakhulu ekuthengeni lokho okubiza ngokuthi “izinganekwane zombuso.” Ungakwazi ukukuqaqa lokho?
“Caverley: Ukuze siye empini, kufanele senze amadimoni ngaphesheya. Akuyona into encane ukuthi iqembu elithile labantu likhuthaze ukubulala elinye iqembu labantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi isintu singase sibe lukhuni kangakanani. Ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kuningi okusongela ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinsongo, futhi lokho kumane kuhambisane nendawo yempi.
“Ngakho-ke ebhizinisini lami, abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi inkinga iwukuthi abahlonishwayo bayahlangana futhi, ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu, bafuna ukuya empini. Lokho kuyiqiniso kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukulondoloza amasimu abo kabhanana eMelika Ephakathi noma ukuthengisa izikhali noma yini onayo.
"Futhi bakha lezi zinganekwane zombuso - lezi zinsongo ezigcwele amandla, lezi zingwe zamaphepha, noma yini ofuna ukuyibiza - futhi bazame ukuhlanganisa izwe lonke ukuze kuliwe nokungqubuzana okungenzeka kungabi nentshisekelo yabo.
“Ukube bebeqinisile, ubuzobona ukuthi imibono yabantu yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle - umbono wabo wokuthi usongo olukhulu kangakanani - ingahlobana nemali engenayo. Kodwa lapho usulawule imfundo, angizange ngithole ukuthi le mibono iyahluka kuye ngokuthi iyini ingcebo noma iholo lakho.”
Lokhu kubonakala kuncane kimi. Akungabazeki ukuthi abaphathi beRaytheon kanye nezikhulu ezikhethiwe abazixhasayo bazobona umqondo owengeziwe wokuhlomisa izinhlangothi zombili zempi kunokuthi umuntu ojwayelekile wanoma yiliphi izinga lemali engenayo noma lemfundo azothambekela ekuboneni. Kodwa labo baphathi nosopolitiki abalona iqembu elibalulekile ngokwezibalo lapho bekhuluma kabanzi ngabacebile nabampofu e-United States. Iningi labenzi benzuzo bempi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka bakholelwe izinganekwane zabo, okungenani lapho bekhuluma nabavoti. Ukuthi abantu baseMelika abahola kancane badukile akusona isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi abantu baseMelika abahola kakhulu nabo abaduki. UCaverley uthi futhi:
“Okwangijabulisa kakhulu ukuthi esinye sezibikezelo ezinhle kakhulu zesifiso sakho sokusebenzisa imali ekuvikeleni kwakuyisifiso sakho sokusebenzisa imali emfundweni, isifiso sakho sokusebenzisa imali ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, isifiso sakho sokusebenzisa imali emigwaqweni. Kwangimangaza ngempela ukuthi akukho okuningi 'okushintshile ngezibhamu nebhotela' emiqondweni yabaningi abaphendula kulezi zingxoxo zemibono yomphakathi."
Lokhu kubonakala kulungile. Alikho inani elikhulu labantu baseMelika elikwazile eminyakeni yamuva nje ukwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kweJalimane isebenzisa i-4% yamazinga ase-US kwezempi yayo kanye nokunikeza ikolishi lamahhala, phakathi kwe-US echitha imali eningi njengoba umhlaba wonke uhlangene namalungiselelo empi nokuhola abacebile. izwe labantu abangenamakhaya, ukuntula ukudla, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuboshwa, njalonjalo. Lokhu kuyingxenye, ngicabanga, ngoba amaqembu amabili amakhulu ezombusazwe athanda ukusetshenziswa kwemali enkulu kwezempi, kuyilapho omunye ephikisa futhi omunye usekela amaphrojekthi amancane ahlukahlukene okusebenzisa imali; ngakho-ke impikiswano iqala phakathi kwalezo zokusebenzisa noma ezimelene nokuchitha ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kokuba noyedwa oke abuze ukuthi “Kuchithwe ngani?”
Uma sikhuluma ngezinganekwane, nansi enye egcina ukwesekwa kwe-bipartisan kwezempi kuqhubekela phambili:
"Holland: Okutholakala lapha ukuthi imodeli yakho ibikezela ukuthi njengoba ukungalingani kukhuphuka, izakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zizosekela kakhulu i-adventurism yezempi, futhi ekugcineni kwentando yeningi, lokhu kungase kuholele kuzinqubomgomo zangaphandle ezinolaka. Ingabe lokhu kuhlobana nalokho okwaziwa “njengethiyori yokuthula yentando yeningi” - umqondo wokuthi imibuso yentando yeningi inokubekezelela okuphansi kwezingxabano futhi mancane amathuba okuba baye empini kunezinhlelo eziningi zombuso?
“Caverley: Hhayi-ke, kuya ngokuthi ucabanga ukuthi yini eyenza kube nokuthula kwentando yeningi. Uma ucabanga ukuthi kuyindlela yokugwema izindleko, lokhu akusho ukuthi kunokuthula kwentando yeningi. Ngingathi abantu abaningi engikhuluma nabo ebhizinisini lami, siqinisekile ukuthi amademokhrasi athanda ukulwa izimpi eziningi. Bamane bathanda ukungalwi bodwa. Futhi mhlawumbe izincazelo ezingcono zalokho zivamile. Umphakathi awuzimisele nje ukusekela impi emelene nomunye umphakathi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.
"Ukuyibeka kalula, lapho umbuso wentando yeningi unokukhetha phakathi kokuxoxisana nodlame ukuxazulula izinkinga zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, uma izindleko zokukodwa kwalokhu zehla, kuzofaka okuningi kwaleyo nto kwiphothifoliyo yayo."
Lena inganekwane ethandekayo ngempela, kodwa iyawa lapho ihlangana neqiniso, okungenani uma umuntu ephatha amazwe afana ne-United States “njengamademokhrasi.” I-United States inomlando omude wokuketula umbuso wentando yeningi kanye nokuketulwa kwezempi kobunjiniyela, kusukela ngo-1953 e-Iran kuze kube namuhla iHonduras, Venezuela, Ukraine, njll. Umbono wokuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amademokhrasi awawahlaseli amanye amademokhrasi uvame ukunwetshwa, ngisho nangaphezulu. iqiniso, ngokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eminye imibuso yentando yeningi kungabhekwana nayo ngokunengqondo, kuyilapho izizwe zethu ezihlaselwayo ziqonda kuphela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ulimi lobudlova. Uhulumeni wase-United States unabo omashiqela namakhosi amaningi kakhulu njengabangane abaseduze ukuze bakubambe lokho. Empeleni amazwe anothile ngezinsiza kodwa ampofu ngokwezomnotho ajwayele ukuhlaselwa ukuthi ngabe abusa ngentando yeningi noma cha nokuthi abantu basekhaya bayahambisana nayo noma cha. Uma kukhona abantu baseMelika abacebile abaphikisana nalolu hlobo lwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, ngibakhuthaza ukuthi baxhase ukukhuthaza lokho kuzofaka esikhundleni salo isethi yamathuluzi asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi angabulali.
