Kukhale inhlabamkhosi ngesikhathi kuphendulwa imemo esanda kuputshuka evela kuNobhala woMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya uJohn Kelly echaza izinyathelo zokusatshalaliswa kwamayunithi Onogada Kazwelonke, kanye nezinye izindlela, ezifundeni eziningi zezwe zokuzingela kanye nokuvalela labo abasolwa. yokuba abokufika abangenazo izincwadi zokuya e-United States. Abaphathi bakaTrump bafuna ukuziqhelelanisa nememo, beveza ukuthi lo Mnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya (DHS) hhayi umbhalo we-White House. Yize lokhu kuphakamisa eminye imibuzo mayelana nobudlelwano be-White House nakwabanye abaphathi benhlangano, kuphinde kwehluleke ukubeka ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-National Guard ngokumelene nezigidi zamalungu omphakathi wethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokuthi ubani oyala onogada, abaqaphi abakhonzayo, nangaphezu kwalokhu, indima yezinhlangano zamasosha ekuqiniseni noma ekucekeleni phansi intando yeningi ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye.
Ukukhathazeka okusha ngezikhombisi-ndlela eziyingozi ezikhonjiswe imemo ye-DHS kudonsela ukunaka kulokho abanye bethu abebekuphikisa iminyaka—okungukuthi, uhlelo olubuyiselwe, oluguquliwe, nolwandisiwe kakhulu lwe-National Guard kufanele luthathe imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yezokuphepha zaseMelika empini yamanje. ukusungulwa. Ukufika lapho, kuzosiza ukuthatha inkambo yokuphahlazeka kwezomthetho kanye nomlando we-National Guard.
"Izwe laseMelika alikaze lihlaselwe kusukela ngo-1941, kodwa ngonyaka odlule, amayunithi Onogada Besizwe atshalwa emazweni angama-70 ..."
Ake siqale ngoMbusi u-Asa Hutchinson wase-Arkansas, ophendule imemo eputshuziwe ye-DHS ngesitatimende esidalulayo: "Ngingaba nokukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zeNational Guard ukuze kuqiniswe umthetho wabokufika kanye nezibopho zamanje zokusatshalaliswa konogada bethu phesheya kwezilwandle." Abanye ababusi baphakamise ukukhathazeka okufanayo. Ukuhlangana okunjalo kokuthunyelwe phesheya kwezilwandle nokuthunyelwa kwasekhaya kusitshela okuningi mayelana nezinhlaka zomthethosisekelo nezomthetho ezibusa Unogada Kazwelonke. Bayisiphithiphithi esibi.
Umthethosisekelo wase-United States awukuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwe-National Guard ukuhlasela futhi kuthathe amanye amazwe. Esikhundleni salokho, iSigaba 1, Isigaba 8 sihlinzekela ukusetshenziswa konogada “ukusebenzisa imithetho yeNyunyana, ukucindezela ukuvukela umbuso, nokuxosha ukuhlasela.” Imithetho yombuso esungulwe ngaphansi kwegunya loMthethosisekelo ichaza izimo lapho unogada engase futhi angasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwazo ekuphoqeleleni umthetho wasekhaya. Ukufundwa okuningi kwaleyo mithetho ukuthi ayikugunyazi i-unilateral federalization yamayunithi onogada bombuso ukuzingela nokubopha labo abasolwa ngokuba abokufika abangenazo izincwadi. Nokho njengodaba lomthetho womthethosisekelo obandakanya okungenani izigatshana ezimbalwa zezempi kanye noMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo, umbuzo awucacile.
Okusobala ukuthi umthetho weNational Guard wephuliwe njengamanje. I-United States ayikaze ihlaselwe kusukela ngo-1941, kodwa ngonyaka odlule, amayunithi e-National Guard athunyelwa emazweni angama-70, okubonisa isitatimende salowo owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela uDonald Rumsfeld sokuthi, "Ayikho indlela esingabamba ngayo impi yomhlaba wonke yobushokobezi ngaphandle koMlindi. kanye ne-Reserve." Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa okungase kube ngokomthethosisekelo kwe-Guardian ngokumelene nabokufika kuhlangatshezwane nokugxekwa ngokushesha nangokubanzi okuveza abaphikisi abaningi ababengakulungele ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni mayelana nokuthi uyini uMlindi, ukuthi kwakufanele kube yini ekuqaleni, nokuthi wawuyini. kungenzeka noma kufanele.
Umlando Wonogada
“Yini, Mnumzane, ukusetshenziswa kwamasosha? Kuwukuvimbela ukusungulwa kwebutho elimile, isiphetho senkululeko…. Noma nini lapho oHulumeni behlose ukuhlasela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu, ngaso sonke isikhathi bazama ukucekela phansi amasosha, ukuze bakhe ibutho emanxiweni abo.” -I-U.S. U-Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, Agasti 17, 1789.
I-National Guard ingamasosha ahleliwe futhi alawulwayo ase-United States, futhi imvelaphi yabaQaphi ikanye nebutho lezempi lezwe lama-revolutionary state of the 1770s and 1780s. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zomlando ezihlobene nomlando wamakholoni kanye nowangaphambi kobukoloni wesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nama-radicalism esigaba esiphakathi, isizukulwane soguquko sabona ukuthi emabuthweni ami usongo olubulalayo kuhulumeni weRiphabhulikhi. Ngakho-ke, uMthethosisekelo uhlinzeka ngokuhlolwa okuningi kwamandla kahulumeni wobumbano-futhi, ikakhulukazi, igatsha eliphezulu-ukuzibandakanya ekwenzeni impi nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ezempi. Lokhu kuhlola ngokomthethosisekelo kufaka phakathi ukuthola impi ememezela amandla neCongress, ukuqondiswa kwezokuphatha kanye nokwengamela kwezezimali kwamasosha neCongress, ukunikezwa kukaMongameli igunya lehhovisi likaCommander in Chief ngezikhathi zempi kuphela, kanye nokufakwa endaweni eyodwa kwenqubomgomo yezokuvikela kazwelonke nxazonke. uhlelo lwezempi olukhona ngokuphambene nebutho elikhulu eliqeqeshiwe elimile.
Ekhulwini lalo lokuqala, uhlelo lwezempi lwalusebenzela okuhle nokubi njengoba lwaluhloselwe ekuqaleni: ukuxosha ukuhlasela, ukucindezela ukuvukela umbuso, kanye nokuphoqelela umthetho. Lapho amasosha engazange asebenze kahle kwakusekuhlaselweni nasekuthatheni ezinye izizwe namazwe. Lokhu kwakuyiqiniso ezimpini ezibhekiswe kubantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Melika, futhi kwabonakala ikakhulukazi emizamweni ehluleke kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yokuguqula ngokushesha amasosha abe amayunithi ezempi ukuze asebenze ePhilippines, eGuam naseCuba. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngempi ngayinye yekhulu lama-20, kusukela eMpini YaseSpain yaseMelika kuya eziMpini Zomhlaba, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Global War on Terror, abantu baseMelika baye babhekana nokwanda kwezwe. amasosha azinze kuhulumeni wase-United States angene ku-National Guard and Reserves.
Lolu shintsho aluhambisani nje nokukhuphuka kwezwe lesimanje lempi yase-U.S., kube yimibandela edingekayo kukho. Lapho u-Abraham Lincoln evame ukucaphuna ulwazi lwakhe lokuqala ehhovisi lomphakathi okhethweni lwakhe lokuba ukapteni embuthweni wamasosha ase-Illinois, ukukhethwa kwezikhulu akusekho emsebenzini wamasosha ase-U.S. Lapho amabutho ahlukahlukene enqaba khona ukuhlanganyela ekuhlaselweni nasekuhlaselweni kwabantu baseCanada, eMexico, ezweni laseNdiya, nasePhilippines, namuhla ukwenqaba okunjalo kungadala inkinga yomthethosisekelo. Lapho ngo-1898 kwakunamadoda ayisishiyagalombili ngaphansi kwezikhali embuthweni wezempi wase-U.S. ngamunye eButhweni Lezempi Lase-U.S., namuhla i-National Guard isongiwe ezindaweni ezigcinwe yi-U.S. Armed Forces. Ukucekelwa phansi nokufakwa kohlelo lwezempi lwendabuko kwakuyimfuneko yokuvela kwe-imperialism yase-U.S. yekhulu lamashumi amabili.
Njengethuluzi lokuphoqelela umthetho wasekhaya, ukuguqulwa konogada akuphelele. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, amayunithi ezempi aseNingizimu acindezela ukuvukela kwezigqila futhi amayunithi aseNyakatho amelana nabazingeli bezigqila; amanye amasosha ahlukumeza abaNsundu abakhululekile kanye namanye amasosha ahlelwe yizigqila ezivikelwe Ukwakhiwa Kabusha; amanye amayunithi abulale abasebenzi ababetelekile kanti amanye angenela iziteleka. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuye kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye, njengoba Amasosha ayesetshenziswa kokubili ukuphika kanye nokuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi e-Little Rock naseMontgomery; ukucindezela izibhelu zasemadolobheni kanye nemibhikisho yabafundi ukusuka eLos Angeles kuya eMilwaukee; ukusungula umthetho wezempi emibhikishweni yase-Seattle WTO ka-1999-kanye nokwenqaba ukwenza kanjalo ngesikhathi sokuvukela kwe-Wisconsin ka-2011. Omongameli uGeorge W. Bush kanye no-Barack Obama basebenze nababusi bezifunda zomngcele ukuze bathumele amayunithi Onogada ekulawuleni imingcele, kodwa njenge sibonile evikini elidlule, ithemba lokusetshenziswa konogada ukuze kubanjwe ngqo abokufika abangenazo izincwadi lihlangabezane nokuphikiswa okusabalele.
Ibheke Kuhlelo Lwedemokhrasi Lokuvikela
Kuyinto enhle ngokungangabazeki ukuthi, kukho konke okwenziwa kuMvikeli Kazwelonke, isikhungo sabaQaphi sihlala siyindawo ebangwayo. Lokhu bekungelona iqiniso hhayi kuphela ekuphenduleni imemo ye-DHS, kodwa nakakhulu emizamweni ehleliwe ngezikhathi ezithile yalabo abasebenza kwezempi, omakadebona, imindeni yamasosha nabangane, abameli kanye nabameli bentando yeningi ukubhekana nokusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni konogada. Ngawo-1980, ababusi bezifundazwe eziningi baphonsela inselelo ukusetshenziswa konogada ukuqeqesha i-Nicaragua Contras. Kusukela ngo-2007-2009, i-Liberty Tree Foundation yaxhumanisa izifunda ezingamashumi amabili "Letha Ikhaya Labaqaphi!" umkhankaso wokudinga ababusi ukuthi babuyekeze imiyalo ye-federalization mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwabo futhi banqabe imizamo engekho emthethweni yokuthumela amayunithi Onogada bezwe phesheya kwezilwandle. Le mizamo yehlulekile ukufeza izinhloso zayo zangaleso sikhathi, kodwa yavula izinkulumo-mpikiswano zomphakathi ezibucayi ezingase zikhomba indlela eya phambili yokwenziwa kwentando yeningi kwezokuphepha kwezwe.
Ekubuyekezeni umlando Wonogada Kazwelonke, sibona izibonelo eziningi zalokho okufundiswa umthetho osebenzayo kuthiyori yezomthetho: ukuthi umthetho kanye nokubusa komthetho akusebenzi nje embhalweni noma ezikhungweni zomthetho ezisemthethweni kodwa nakakhulu ngezindlela okungumthetho osetshenziswayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kuwo wonke ububanzi nokujula kwempilo yomphakathi. Uma umbhalo woMthethosisekelo wase-US unikeza amandla empi ngokuyinhloko kuCongress kanye nebutho lezempi, kodwa isimo sezempi sakhiwe ngendlela enika amandla igatsha eliphezulu, bese izinqumo mayelana nempi nokuthula, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi kanye amalungelo omphakathi, azokwenziwa nguMongameli. Ukuze umphakathi wentando yeningi uqhamuke futhi udlondlobale, kubalulekile ukuthi umthethosisekelo wangempela wamandla usebenze ngendlela evumela intando yeningi. Kimina, ukuqashelwa okunjalo kuphakamisa inani lezinguquko ohlelweni lwethu lokuvikela izwe, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukwandiswa komsebenzi woMvikeli Kazwelonke ukuze abone ngokucacile indima yawo yamanje ekusizeni izinhlekelele, izinsizakalo zosizo lwabantu, kanye nezinsizakalo ezintsha zokongiwa kwemvelo, ukushintshwa kwamandla, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwamadolobha nezindawo zasemakhaya, kanye nezinye izindawo ezibalulekile;
- Ukumiswa kabusha Kwabaqaphi njengengxenye yesistimu yesevisi yendawo yonke lapho zonke isakhamuzi nesakhamuzi sase-United States zibamba iqhaza lapho umuntu ekhula—futhi, okuyingxenye yesivumelwano esinikeza imfundo ephakeme yamahhala nezinye izinsiza zomphakathi;
- Ukubuyiselwa kokuvota, okuhlanganisa nokukhethwa kwezikhulu, ohlelweni Lokugada Kukazwelonke;
- Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezimali kanye nokulawulwa konogada ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izikhungo zombuso zingena ezimpini kuphela ngenxa yokuhlasela, njengoba kuhlinzekelwe kuMthethosisekelo;
- Ukuhlelwa kabusha okulinganayo kweButho Lezempi Lase-U.S. ngokuzithoba kanye nesevisi kusistimu Yonogada;
- Ukwamukelwa kwesichibiyelo senhlolovo yempi, njengoba kwahlongozwa ngeminyaka yawo-1920 ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I kanye neminyaka yawo-1970 ekupheleni kweMpi YaseVietnam, okudinga inhlolovo kazwelonke ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ingene kunoma iyiphi ingxabano engavikeli; futhi
- Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokwenza ukuthula okusebenzayo njengendaba yenqubomgomo yaseMelika, ngokwengxenye ngeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene eqinisiwe neyayintando yeningi, kangangokuthi i-US isebenzisa okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi ekudaleni izimo zokuthula njengoba yenza ekulungiseleleni impi engenzeka. .
Kukhona labo abathi akukho kulokhu okuya kude ngokwanele, beveza ukuthi impi isivele yavinjelwa izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene i-United States eyisayinile, ikakhulukazi i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ka-1928. Yebo, zilungile. Kodwa izivumelwano ezinjalo, njengoMthetho-sisekelo ozenza zibe “umthetho Ophakeme Wezwe,” zijabulela kuphela amandla angokomthetho kumthethosisekelo wangempela wamandla. Uhlelo lwedemokhrasi lokuzivikela luyisivikelo esiqinisekile sakho kokubili ukuthula nentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthumela komphakathi ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa koMbutho Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke ngezinhloso zokuphoqelela ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kufanele kube isizinda sokuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi sizenza kanjani njengabantu bokuvikela nokuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yethu. .
