Ukubonisa Impendulo Ekuguqukeni Kwesimo Sezulu

April 17, 2020

Kusukela I-Peace Science Digest

Isikweletu sezithombe: Tony Webster

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufingqa futhi kuveze ucwaningo olulandelayo: UBoyce, GA, uLaunius, S., Williams, J. & Miller, T. (2020). I-Alter-geopolitics kanye nenselelo yabesifazane ekuvikeleni inqubomgomo yesimo sezulu. Ubulili, Indawo, Namasiko, 27 (3), 394-411.

Izinkulumo zokukhuluma

Ngokwesimo sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni:

• Ohulumeni bezwe, ikakhulukazi eGlobal North, bagcizelela ukushiswa kwezempi kwemingcele yezwe ukuvikela ababaleki besimo sezulu ngezinqubomgomo-ezinjengokunciphisa ukuphuma kwekhabhoni — okuyizolungisa usongo lokuphepha olubangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu uqobo.
• Le mpendulo eyenzelwa ezikhundleni ikhiqiza ukungavikeleki nokunganaki kokubhekisisa kokuphila kwabantu nemiphakathi okuchayeke kakhulu kulimale.
• Ukuhamba komphakathi okwamukela imicabango ehlanganisayo yokuphepha nezenzo ngamabomu zobumbano kungakhombisa indlela eya phambili kwinqubomgomo yesimo sezulu ephendula ngokunengqondo emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yokungavikeleki kunokukhulisa ukungavikeleki ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zenqubomgomo ezihlangene nokulawulwa komngcele.

Isifinyezo

Izinketho eziningi zenqubomgomo zitholakala emazweni ukubhekana nokuphendula ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Uma ubheka ngqo e-US, ababhali balolu cwaningo bathi lezi zinketho zenqubomgomo zibukwa nge-lens ye- i-geopopulationism, okuholela ohulumeni ukuphatha impi yemikhawulo yezwe njengenketho ngokuhambisana nemizamo yokwehlisa ukuphuma kwekhabhoni. Amazwe aveze ukufuduka okubangelwa yisimo sezulu (ikakhulukazi ukusuka eGlobal South kuya eGlobal North) njengengozi evelele yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu, ukuyifaka njengensongo yezokuphepha edinga izindonga zomngcele, abaholi abahamba ngezikhali nababoshiwe.

I-Geopopulationism: "Izinqubo zokubandlulula zokwenziwa kwendawo okuhloswe ngazo ukuphatha abantu, ngokulawula noma ukukhawula ukuhamba kwabo kanye / noma ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezithile." Ababhali balesi sihloko basebenzisa lolu hlaka ekutheni amazwe ngokwesiko anquma kanjani izinsongo zawo zokuphepha. Ohlelweni lwamazwe omhlaba wonke olususelwa kuhulumeni, abantu baqondwa ukuthi bangabesifunda (amazwe) achazwe esifundeni, futhi lezo zifundazwe zibonakala zincintisana.

Ababhali bayakugxeka lokhu kuhlanganiswa, abathi balwela ukuthi kuqhamuke ohlakeni lwe-geopopulationist lapho abantu bengamazwe achazwe ngokwendawo futhi la mazwe encintisana ukuze avikele izintshisekelo zawo. Esikhundleni salokho, bafuna enye impendulo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngokudonswa ekufundeni kwabesifazane, ababhali babheka ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi — iNorth American Sancwele Movement kanye #I-BlackLivesMatter—ukufunda ukuthi ungahlanganisa kanjani ukubamba iqhaza okuningi nokusabalalisa imibono yokuphepha.

Ababhali baqala ngokulandela i ukuphepha yenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu e-US Bathola ubufakazi emithonjeni efana nombiko othunyelwe yi-Pentagon ka-2003 obonisa ukuthi amasosha ase-US akuhlola kanjani ukufuduka kwabantu okubangelwa isimo sezulu njengosongo olukhulu lokuphepha kwezokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, okwenza ukuthi baqinise imingcele ukuze bavikele “abokufika abangadingeki abalambele ezweni. Iziqhingi zaseCaribbean, iMexico, naseNingizimu Melika. ”[1] Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwe-geopopulationist kwaqhubeka kulo lonke ukuphatha okwalandela kwe-US, okuholele ekutheni izikhulu zase-US ziphathe ukufuduka kwabantu okubangelwa isimo sezulu ukuya e-US njengosongo oluphezulu lokuphepha oluvela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuphepha Kuthathwa “njengenguqulo eyeqisa ngokwedlulele kwezombusazwe” lapho “udaba [lwenqubomgomo] lwethulwa njengosongo olukhona, oludinga izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kanye nezenzo ezifanelekile ezingaphandle kwemingcele ejwayelekile yenqubo yezepolitiki.” UBuzan, B., Waever, O., noWilde, J. (1997). Ukuhlaziywa kokuphepha: Izinsiza kusebenza zomqondo. Ku- Ezokuphepha: Uhlaka olusha lokuhlaziya, 21-48. Boulder, CO: Abashicileli bakaLynn Rienner.

Ngakho-ke, ababhali baphawula ukuthi "izingozi zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu somhlaba, ke, azwisiswa njengokubandakanya ukuphuma kwezulu okungalawulwa, ukuqina kwe-olwandle, isomiso, isimo sezulu esibi, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, noma imithelela yalokhu enhlalakahleni yabantu, e-se - kodwa kunalokho [ukufuduka kwabantu] ukuthi le miphumela icatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ibangele. ” Lapha, ababhali basuka ekufundweni kobesifazane i-alter-geopolitics okubonisa ukuthi ukucabanga kwe-geopopulationist kukhipha kanjani ukungaqiniseki nokunganaki kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhleliwe kwabantu nemiphakathi. Lokhu kushiwo ngenhla komphakathi kuyinselelo le logopopistist ngokwengeza incazelo yezokuphepha futhi ikwenze kufakwe ngaphezulu kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwalabo ngqo ngendlela yokulimala — indlela ekhomba enye indlela eya phambili ekuphenduleni kwethu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.

I-Alter-Geopolitics: Enye indlela eya kuma-geopolitics "aveza ukuthi [izinqubomgomo] zezokuphepha zisebenza kanjani esikalini [sizwe] zikhiqiza futhi zisabalalise ukungazethembi kuwo wonke amandla namandla nomehluko," futhi kukhombisa ukuthi "izenzo kanye nokuqoqana kukhula kanjani ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso imingcele isabalalisa, isabalalisa, isabalalisa futhi iphinde ivikele ukuphepha njengephrojekthi enwebekayo futhi ehlanganayo. ” Koopman, S. (2011). I-Alter-geopolitics: Okunye ukuphepha okwenzekayo. I-Geoforum, 42 (3), 274-284.

Okokuqala, iNorth American Sancwele Movement yaqala njengenhlangano yezishoshovu, amasonto, amasinagoge, amanyuvesi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nomasipala abasabela ekuphathweni kwabafuna indawo yokukhosela abavela eMelika Ephakathi ngeminyaka yo-1980 — iningi labo elabalekela udlame ezandleni zase-US. ohulumeni abagxiliwe emazweni anjenge-El Salvador, iGuatemala, neHonduras. Le nhlangano ibhekane ngqo futhi iveze umbono wezwe lase-US — lapho i-US ixhasa ohulumeni abanodlame njengembonakaliso yezintshisakalo zayo zokuphepha bese izama ukuvimba abantu abathintekile ekutholekeni e-US — ngokwakha ubumbano phakathi kwabantu kanye nemiphakathi eyalimala. Lokhu kubumbana kukhombisile ukuthi ukuphishekela ukuphepha kwase-US empeleni kukhiqize ukungavikeleki kubantu nemiphakathi eminingi njengoba bebalekela udlame oluvela kuhulumeni. Inhlangano le igqugquzelwe ukuthola izixazululo zenqubomgomo, njengokudalwa kwesigaba Sesikhashana Esivikelwe Esimweni Somthetho sababaleki base-US.

Okwesibili, i- #I-BlackLivesMatter Ukunyakaza kwenze ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kodlame lobuhlanga kanye nokuchayeka okungalingani ekulimaleni kwemvelo okuzwakala yimiphakathi yemibala. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenziwa kuphela kube kubi kakhulu ngabaphathi abahlulekile boshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Inhlangano yenhlangano lena ayifuni nje kuphela "ukulwa nodlame lwamaphoyisa obuhlanga, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nabanye abashayeli bezokungalingani kanye nokufa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi" kodwa futhi "nokuxoshwa komphakathi okuvela emfucumfucwini, kanye nokutshala imali okulawulwa ngumphakathi kwezemfundo, ezempilo kanye namandla azinzile." Le nhlangano idonsela ukuxhumana phakathi kwemiphakathi yokungafani kobuso bemibala maqondana nokulimazeka kwemvelo kanye nengqondo enkulu ye-geopopulationist, eyehluleka ukwamukela lokho kungavikeleki noma ibhekane nezimbangela zayo.

Imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu izwakala ngaphesheya kwemingcele yezepolitiki, ifuna incazelo ehlanganayo yokuphepha ehamba kahle ngaphezu kwalokho okuchazwe kwi-geopopulationism. Ekuhloleni ukunyakaza komphakathi kulolu cwaningo, ababhali baqala ukwakha enye indlela yenqubomgomo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokususelwa emcabangweni wokubandakanya ukuphepha. Okokuqala, kuthathwe kulokho okwenzeka #I-BlackLivesMatter, ukuqonda ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela emiphakathini engavikelekile yombala osuvele unawo ngenxa yobandlululo bemvelo. Okulandelayo, kunamathuba wobumbano lwe-transboundary, njengoba iSancwele Movement ikhombisile, ukubuyela emuva ekuhloleni okuncane kokungavikeleki okubangelwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, okudinga ukuthi kuqiniswe imingcele yezwe ngenkathi kunganakwa obunye ububi bendawo obuthinta inhlala-kahle yabantu.

Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba

Ngesikhathi kubhalwa lokhu kuhlaziya, umhlaba ubhekene nenye futhi ingozi yokuphepha komhlaba wonke — ubhadane lomhlaba wonke. Ukusakazeka okusheshayo kwe-coronavirus kudalula amaphutha ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo futhi kukhombisa ukungabikho kokulungela emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi i-US Sihlangene sonke silangazelela umthelela ukulahleka okungavinjelwa yezimpilo njengoba i-COVID-19 iba Imbangela yesibili yokufa e-United States kuleli sonto eledlule, ingasaphathwa eyemiphumela ebalulekile yezomnotho (ukulinganisa kwe phezulu kwemisebenzi engama-30%) ukuthi le nkinga izokwenzeka ezinyangeni naseminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Kuhola ochwepheshe abaningi bokuthula nokuphepha dweba ukuqhathanisa nempi kodwa futhi kuholele iningi lalabo ochwepheshe abafinyelela esiphethweni esabiwe: siphephe kangakanani ngempela?

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukuphepha kwezwe lonke lase-US kugxile ekuvikeleni izimpilo zabantu baseMelika ekusongelweni kobuphekula bangaphandle kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili "izintshisekelo zokuphepha" zase-US. Le ndlela yezokuphepha iholele kwisabelomali sokuzivikela esilinganiselayo, ukungenelela kwamasosha kanye nokulahleka kwezimpilo zabantu abaningi, noma ngabe ngabezizwe nabahlaseli bezempi noma amasosha aseMelika-konke lokhu kwaqiniswa inkolelo yokuthi lezi zenzo zenza abantu baseMelika baphephe. Kodwa-ke, ilensi emincane lapho i-US ibone futhi ichaze "izintshisekelo zayo zokuphepha" iye yathuthukisa ikhono lethu lokuphendula ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, ezikhona ezisongela ezethu ukuphepha okuvamile—ubhubhane lomhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Abalobi balesi sihloko basuka kufanelekile kusuka ekufundeni kwabesifazane kanye nasenhlanganweni yezenhlalo ukucacisa ezinye izindlela kule ndlela ebushelelezi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuhlobene, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yabesifazane iyinhlaka esetshenzayo, ngokusho kwe Isikhungo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yabesifazane, "Kuphakamisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwemiphakathi ebekelwe ubumdaka phambili futhi ihlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okubanzi nokujulile kwezinkinga zomhlaba." Kanye ne-alter-geopolitics, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yabesifazane inikezela incazelo ehluke ngokuphelele yokuthi yini evumela ukuthi siphephe. Ibonisa ukuthi ukuphepha akubangelwa ukuncintisana phakathi kwamazwe. Esikhundleni salokho, siphephile kakhulu lapho siqinisekisa ukuthi abanye bavikelekile kakhulu. Izinkinga ezinjengalesi sifo esikhona emhlabeni jikelele kanye nokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu ziyaqondakala njengezisongo zokuphepha ngenxa yomthelela wazo ongemuhle ezimpilweni zabantu nemiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele, hhayi ngoba ziphazamisa "izintshisakalo zezokuphepha" zamazwe. Impendulo esebenzayo kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izimo akuyona ukuhlela imingcele yethu noma ukufaka imingcele yokuhamba kepha ukusindisa izimpilo ngokubambisana nabanye kanye nokwenza izixazululo ezibhekana nezimpande zenkinga.

Ngezinga lalezi zingqinamba kanye nosongo empilweni yabantu esethula, isikhathi manje sekuwukuguqula ngokukhulu ukucophelela lokho esikushoyo ngokuphepha. Isikhathi manje sokuthi siphinde sibheke kabusha isabelo-mali sethu sokuqala nokusebenzisa imali yezokuvikela. Isikhathi manje sokuzibandakanya neparadigm entsha eqonda ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, akekho umuntu ophephile ngaphandle kokuthi sonke siphephile.

Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda

Haberman, C. (2017, Mashi 2). UTrump nempi yendawo engcwele eMelika. The New York Times. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 1, 2020, kusuka  https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/us/sanctuary-cities-movement-1980s-political-asylum.html

Imigqa Yemibala. (2016, Agasti 1). FUNDA: Ipulatifomu yenqubomgomo ye-Movement for Black Lives '. Kubuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2020, kusuka https://www.colorlines.com/articles/read-movement-black-lives-policy-platform

Isikhungo seNqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Yabesifazane. (Nd). Uhlu lokufunda lweNqubomgomo Yangaphandle Yabesifazane. Kubuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2020, kusuka https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org/feminist-foreign-policy

I-Peace Science Digest. (2019, Februwari 14). Uma kucatshangelwa ukuxhumana phakathi kobulili, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushayisana. Kubuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2020, kusuka https://peacesciencedigest.org/considering-links-between-gender-climate-change-and-conflict/

I-Peace Science Digest. (2016, Ephreli 4). Ukwakha ukunyakaza okubanzi okusekelwe ezimpilweni zabantu abamnyama. Kubuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2020, kusuka https://peacesciencedigest.org/creating-broad-based-movement-black-lives/?highlight=black%20lives%20matter%20

IKomiti Yezinkonzo Zabangani BaseMelika. (2013, June 12). Ukuphepha okwabiwe: Umbono wenqubomgomo yama-US angaphandle yethulwe. Kubuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2020, kusuka https://www.afsc.org/story/shared-security-quaker-vision-us-foreign-policy-launched

Izinhlangano

UMnyango Wezisebenzi Zasepulazini Likazwelonke, Inhlangano Entsha Yezindawo Zokugcina http://nfwm.org/new-sanctuary-movement/

Indaba Yokuphila Abamnyama: https://blacklivesmatter.com

Isikhungo seNqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Yabesifazane: https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org

Amagama angukhiye: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, impi, United States, ukuhamba komphakathi, i-Black Lives Matter, iSancwele Movement, ubuzwe

[1] USchwartz, P., noRandall, D. (2003). Isimo sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esibi kanye nemithelela yaso ekuphepheni kwezwe lase-US. ICalifornia Institute of Technology, iPasadena Jet Propulsion Lab.