NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, Disemba 12, 2019
UMark Ruffalo njengoRob Billot eManzini Amnyama.
Amanzi Amnyama Ifilimu ebaluleke kakhulu yaseMelika eshumini leminyaka, yize inciphisa ithuba lokuveza ngokuphelele ukungcoliswa kwePFAS * njengoba sekungubhubhane lwempilo yabantu ezweni lonke. Ifilimu ishiya ingxenye yendaba futhi lokho kubandakanya iqhaza labezempi.
* per- and poly fluorinated alkyl lintho (PFAS) zifaka i-PFOA, i-PFOS kanye ne-5,000 amanye amakhemikhali ayingozi asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezempi nezimboni.
Iningi lababukeli liyohamba licabanga ukuthi libuke imovie ebeka izindaba eziyiqiniso zecala laseDuPont elingcolisa inhlabathi yendawo namanzi wedolobha elingelolusizo, eParkersburg, eWest Virginia. Akunandaba, Amanzi Amnyama ifilimu eliphakeme. Uma ungakayiboni, ngicela wenze njalo.
Kule filimu, ummeli uRobert Bilott (uMark Ruffalo) usebenza enkampanini yezomthetho yaseCincinnati esebenza ngokukhethekile ukuvikela izinkampani zamakhemikhali. UBilott uthintwa ngumlimi ogama lakhe nguWilbur Tennant osola ukuthi isakhi sokwakha iDuPont esiseduze kwakhe ubemoshe ubuthi emanzini izinkomo zakhe ziphuza. UBilott uthola ngokushesha ukuthi abantu nabo banobuthi futhi uzinikela ekuvikeleni impilo yabantu ngokumangalela i-goliath yamakhemikhali. Izenzo zikaDupont ziyizigebengu
Ku-2017, uBilott uzuze isibonelelo semali engu- $ 670 yezigidi zamalungu omphakathi we-3,500 abemanzi lawo angcoliswe yi-PFOA.
Abagxeki bama-Movie bebelokhu behle kakhulu, yize bekugxilwe kancane. Bachaza idrama yenqubo, uhlobo lwecala likaPerry Mason eliphumela kahle. IDetroit News ibiza le filimu ngendaba kaDavid noGoliyathi. (UDavida ubulala uGoliyathi kuleyo ndaba emnandi. Lapha uGoliyati uqinisa iphini.) I-Atlantic esibizwa Amanzi Amnyamasa pensive, movie yezomthetho. I-Toronto Star ithi Kwanele ukukwenza ufune ukugcona yonke imikhiqizo yakho engeyona eyezinduku nengangenwa ngamanzi ngemuva kokubona le movie. I-Aisle Seat ikubeka ngendlela efanayo, ibhala ukuthi le movie ingakhuthaza abantu ukuthi balahle amapani angenazinti futhi "baphuze ngokwesaba kuleyongilazi yamanzi elandelayo." Lokhu akuyona into evuthayo ukufutheka kwezigidi emhlabeni wonke ezifakwe lawa makhemikhali ubuthi.
Abantu banesimo sokucabanga ukuthi izinhlaka zabo ezilawula indawo, izifundazwe, kanye nezinhlangano zombuso zigcina ukungcola okunje emanzini abo, nokuthi iziqephu ezinjengeParkersburg zihlukanisiwe - futhi uma zenzeka, izakhamuzi ziyaziswa futhi zivikelwe. Funda umbiko wamanzi ovela kumphakeli wangakini ukuze uthole ukuthi akukho okumele ukhathazeke ngakho.
Iqiniso ukuthi amanzi ethu okuphuza alayishwe ama-carcinogen namanye amakhemikhali ayingozi ngenkathi imikhawulo esemthethweni yokungcola emanzini ompompi ingakavuselelwa eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngama-20. Yini esemanzini akho? Bheka i-Environmental Working Group's Thinta Indawo Yokugcina Amanzi ukuthola.
Abantu banesiqiniseko sokuthi, "Akunakwenzeka lapha," ngakho abenzi bamafilimu bekufanele benze umsebenzi ongcono wokuqeda lo mbono. Ngesikhathi somdlandla kule filimu, uBilott uyakholisa, "Bafuna sicabange ukuthi sivikelekile," uyaduma. “Kodwa siyasivikela. Siyakwenza! ” Kungumyalezo ovuthayo wokuguqula, ngeshwa uvalelwe endabeni yabantu abafakwe ushevu edolobheni elincane laseWest Virginia.
Ngaso leso sikhathi i-movie yayihamba phambili ezweni lonke, ICongress ibuyile kude nomthetho lokho bekuyobe kulawula i-PFOA ne-PFOS - izinhlobo ezimbili zokungcola kwePFAS ezilethe usizi olungapheli eParkersburg.
I-movie ayikaze ikhulume ngebutho lezempi nangeqhaza eliyidlalayo ekufakeni ubuthi kubantu eParkersburg nasezinkulungwaneni zemiphakathi esondele ezinhlakeni zamasosha emhlabeni jikelele. UDuPont wayengumhlinzeki ophambili we-DOD's amanzi film-forming foam (AFFF) asetshenziswa ezokulwa nomlilo ojwayelekile ezisekelweni zezempi. IDupont imemezele ukuthi izokhipha ngokuzithandela ukusetshenziswa kwe-PFOS ne-PFOA ngokuphela kwe-2019 ngenkathi ingasenzi noma ithengisela igwebu lokucisha umlilo ku-DOD. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuphuma kwayo I-Chemours, Kanye ikhemikhali enkulu i-3M zigcwalisa ama-oda we-Pentagon ama-carcinogens angathola indlela emzimbeni wakho.
Imikhosi njalo yamasosha ikhanyisa imililo emikhulu esekwe ngo-petroleum ngezinhloso zokuziqeqesha iphinde iwanciphise ngezinsimbi ezihamba nge-PFAS. Ama-ejenti abangela umdlavuza avunyelwe ukungcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, kanye nesistimu yesitimu sokuhambisa indle esisatshalaliswa emasimini epulazini kuya ezitshalweni eziyingozi. I-DOD ihlala ifaka okuqukethwe, naphezu kokukhathazeka ngokuthi la “makhemikhali amaphakade” angahlala eqinile.
I-3M, iDuPont, neChemours zonke zibhekene nokungcoliswa kokucekelwa phansi kwamagwebu okuvela ekuqhutshekisweni nokuqhubeka kwamasosha la makhemikhali, yize lokhu kungazibandakanyi kokusebenza kwengqungquthela kuzosiza ekuzivikeleni kwawo. Ama-Chemours ne-3M amasheya adutshulwa ngemuva kwezindaba zokuthi iCongress inqume ukungalawuli ama-ejenti abangela umdlavuza.
Umkhosi ubhekele ukungcola okuningi okubangelwa yiPFAS ezweni lonke. Isibonelo, Ibhodi Yezamanzi YaseCalifornia State isanda kuhlola imithombo kamasipala i568 kulo lonke izwe. Ukuhlolwa kuvame ukuhlala kude nokufakwa kwezempi. I-308 yemithombo (i-54.2%) kutholakale ukuthi inamakhhemikhali e-PFAS ahlukahlukene. Izingxenye ze-19,228 trillion ngayinye (ppt) zezinhlobo ze-14 ze-PFAS ezihloliwe zitholakale kuleyo mithombo ye-308. Ama-51% bekungaba yi-PFOS noma i-PFOA ngenkathi ama-49% asele kungamanye ama-PFAS okwaziwayo ukuthi anomthelela ongemuhle empilweni yabantu.
I-DOD bekungeyona eyokugxila kwalolu phenyo, noma ngabe yisisekelo esisodwa, iSiteshi seNalal Air Weapons China Lake singcolise umthombo ku-8,000,000 ppt. ye-PFOS / PFOA, ngokusho kwe-DOD. IChibi laseChina linamakhemikhali aphindwe izikhathi ezingama-416 emanzini alo angaphansi komhlaba kunamanye izindawo ezentengiselwano ahlolwe kuzwe wonke ehlangene. Izisekelo zamasosha ezingama-30 zingcolise kakhulu amanzi kulo lonke elaseCalifornia, kanti ezinye ezingama-23 zikhonjwe yi-DOD njengezisebenzise ama-carcinogens. Sesha lapha: https://www.militarypoisons.org/
Izifunda zamanzi ezifundazweni eziningana seziqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlanza ukungcola, yize iCongress ne-EPA bengazange babeke amaMaximum Contaminant Levels (ama-MCL) wamaphoyinti futhi akulindelekile ukuthi benze kanjalo noma nini kungekudala. Kuyisibonakaliso samandla esakhiwo samakhemikhali eCongress kanye nekhono le-DOD lokubhidliza isikweletu, esingagqitha ama- $ 100 Billion.
Okwamanje, i-DOD ngeke icelwe ukuyihlanza ukungcoliswa kwePFAS yezigidi ze-10.9 isisuse ngokwazi ishiywe emhlabathini e-England Air Force Base e-Alexandria, eLouisiana ngenkathi ihamba isuka endaweni ese1992. Ososayensi beHarvard bathi i-1 ppt emanzini okuphuza iyingozi. Ukungcola nokuhlupheka kwabantu kuyizinto ezinhle kakhulu e-US. futhi abantu bayafa.
Amanzi Amnyama ulahlekelwe yithuba lokudonsela ukunakekela emgodleni wamasosha we-800-pound futhi wakhipha nethuba lokukhomba ngokuphelele i-EPA njengesikhungo esikhona ukuvikela imboni yaseMelika kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela ezikweletini nasekuthukuthelweni komphakathi.
Le filimu ngokusobala yakhiqizwa ukusiza ukuqalisa umdlalo wokulwa ne-PFAS. Umhlanganyeli, inkampani yabezindaba ezinikele ekukhuthazeni ushintsho kwezenhlalo, yethule “Yilwa Naphakade Amakhemikhali”Umkhankaso wokuqondaniswa nefilimu.
"Njengamanje, imithetho yethu kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi ziyehluleka ukusivikela," kusho uRuffalo esitatimendeni. “Bengifuna ukwenza Amanzi Amnyama ukutshela indaba ebalulekile ngokuletha ubulungiswa emphakathini odalulwe ngendlela eyingozi amashumi eminyaka kumakhemikhali abulalayo ngenye yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu nezinamandla emhlabeni. Ngokuxoxa lezi zindaba singaqwashisa ngamakhemikhali unomphela futhi sisebenzisane ukufuna ukuvikelwa okuqinile kwemvelo. ”
URufflo ujoyine uBillot, izishoshovu eziholayo, kanye nomphakathi ngesikhathi sehholo ledolobha ngocingo kungekudala ukukhululwa kwale filimu. Ukusetshenziswa kwento yamasosha kwakhulunywa kafushane ngomhlanganyeli oyedwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umzamo wokuhlela ubheke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinto ezingezona ezempi, kuze kube yilapho isiqeshana esisanda kufika sithunyelwe ezinkulungwaneni zezwe lonke ezikhuluma ngeNational Defense Authorization Act:
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Sidinga iCongress ukulwela impilo yethu futhi senze lezi zinhlangano ziphendule. Isikhathi sokuthi iDuPont ne-3M bahlanze ukungcola kwePFAS! ICongress kufanele yenze umthetho wokugunyazwa kwezokuvikela kuzwelonke okhipha i-PFAS emanzini ethu ompompi futhi ihlanze ukungcola kwefa kwama-PFAs.
Siyabonga ngokuma nathi.
Mark Ruffalo
Isishoshovu ne-Actor
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Abafundi bangacabanga ukuthi kunelukuluku lokuqondisa umthetho kazwelonke wokugunyazwa kwezokuvikela ngoba ingxoxo ayikaze igxile kwiPentagon. Umzamo ubukeka kahle, kepha usuku seludlulile futhi lifushane. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, amaDemocrat asevele asuka etafuleni esekela abazuzi bawo embonini yamakhemikhali.
Amanzi Amnyama ihlinzeka ngengxenye yendaba. Enye ingxenye ifaka ukusetshenziswa okungakhethi kwalawa makhemikhali amabutho.
