Ingabe u-Hassan Diab angaba yisisulu sakamuva seGladio Stay-Behind Armices?

Umbhikisho wabafundi e-Rome ngomhla ka-Dec. 12, 1990, isikhumbuzo seminyaka yonke yesibhicongo sase-Piazza Fontana. Isibhengezo sifundeka ngokuthi Gladio = Ubuphekula obuxhaswe nguhulumeni. Umthombo: Il Post.

Ibhalwe nguCym Gomery, Montreal for a World BEYOND War, May 24, 2023
Ishicilelwe okokuqala ngu Amafayela eCanada.

Ngo-April 21, 2023, iNkantolo YaseFrance yase-Assize umemezele ukuthi uprofesa wasePalestine-Canada u-Hassan Diab unecala yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-rue Copernic ngo-1980 eParis, naphezu kobufakazi bokuthi wayengekho eFrance ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa wayeseLebanon ethatha izivivinyo zesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu.

Nakulokhu, uSolwazi Hassan Diab onomoya omnene uzobuyiselwa eFrance. Abezindaba babonakala behluka kakhulu kulolu daba-izintatheli eziningi zezindaba ezijwayelekile ziyamemeza - Akhumule ngekhanda! – njengemithombo yezindaba eqhubekayo ngokungaguquki phinda amaqiniso aleli cala, njengokungathi iqiniso, eliphindaphindwa kaningi ngokwanele, linganyakazisa izinkantolo ngandlela-thile.

Lokhu idrama ibisematheni kusukela ngo-2007, lapho uDiab ezwa ukuthi usolwa ngebhomu le-rue Copernic evela kuntatheli yeLe Figaro. Waboshwa ngoNovemba 2008, wabhekana nokulalelwa kwe-Evidentiary Hearings ngasekupheleni kuka-2009 futhi wazibophezela ekubuyiselweni ezweni ngoJuni 2011, naphezu "kwecala elibuthakathaka." Usizi lwaqhubeka:

• NgoNovemba 14, 2014: UDiab wathunyelwa eFrance futhi waboshwa;

• Novemba 12, 2016: Ijaji lase-French Investigative lithola “Ubufakazi Obuvumelanayo” obusekela ubumsulwa bukaDiab;

• Novemba 15, 2017: Ngisho noma amajaji aseFrance aphenya icala ayeyalele ukukhululwa kukaDiab izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili, INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yachitha umyalo wokugcina (wesishiyagalombili) Wokukhishwa;

• Januwari 12, 2018: Amajaji Abaphenyi baseFrance azichithile izinsolo; uDiab wakhululwa ejele laseFrance;

Manje, ngo-2023, abashushisi baseFrance benza isinqumo esimangalisayo sokuzama u-Diab engekho. Isinqumo secala esimangazayo ngokulinganayo sivuse i-specter yokukhishwa futhi kwasikhumbuza ukuthi kunemibuzo eminingi engaphenduleki. UDiab ubelokhu ememezela ubumsulwa bakhe. Bonke ubufakazi obunikezwe abashushisi baseFrance buye baphikiswa, kaningi.

Kungani uhulumeni waseFrance ezimisele kangaka ukuthi leli cala livalwe, kanye nomsolwa oyedwa ovalelwe ejele? Kungani kungakaze kube nophenyo ukuze kutholwe umgilwa wangempela wokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu?

Ukuhlolwa kobunye ubugebengu ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-rue Copernic kuphakamisa ukuthi uhulumeni waseFrance nabanye abalingisi bangase babe nezisusa ezimnyama zokuphishekela i-scapegoat.

Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-rue Copernic

Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu esinagogeni laseCopernic (Okthoba 3, 1980), amaphephandaba kusho ukuthi oshaye ucingo ongaziwa wayesole ukuhlaselwa kweqembu elaziwayo elimelene namaSemite, iFaisceaux nationalistes Européans. Kodwa-ke, i-FNE (ngaphambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi FANE) yenqaba ukuzibophezela kwamahora kamuva.

Indaba yokuqhuma kwamabhomu yabangela ukucasuka okujwayelekile eFrance, kodwa ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga zophenyo, I-Le Monde ibike ukuthi abekho abasolwa.

Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-rue Copernic kwakuyingxenye yephethini yokuhlasela okufanayo ngaleso sikhathi eYurophu:

Ezinyangeni ezimbili nje ngaphambili, ngo-August 2, 1980, ibhomu epotimendeni laseBologna, e-Italy, laqhuma, labulala abantu abangu-85 lalimaza abangaphezu kuka-200 [1]. Ibhomu lesitayela samasosha ase-US elisetshenzisiwe lalifana neziqhumane ezatholwa amaphoyisa ase-Italy kwenye yezindawo zokulahla izikhali zikaGladio ngaseTrieste. Amalungu e-Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionary (NAR), iqembu elinodlame le-Neo-fascist, abekhona ngesikhathi kuqhuma futhi ephakathi kwabalimele. Amalungu angu-XNUMX e-NAR aboshwa kodwa kamuva akhululwa ngenxa yokungenelela kwe-SISMI, inhlangano yezempi yase-Italy.

• Ngo-September 26, 1980, kwaqhuma ibhomu eMunich Oktoberfest, kwashona abantu abangu-13 kwalimala abangaphezu kuka-200. [2]

• NgoNovemba 9, 1985, kwaqhuma isibhamu esitolo esikhulu saseDelhaize eBelgium, okungenye yochungechunge lwezenzakalo phakathi kuka-1982 no-1985 owaziwa ngokuthi Izibhicongo zaseBrabant okwashiya abantu abangu-28 beshonile. [3]

• Ababulali abakaze bahlonzwe kulezi zigameko zokuhlasela kwamaphekula, kanti nobufakazi bucekelwe phansi kwezinye izigameko. Ukubuka umlando wamasosha e-Gladio asisiza ukuthi sixhumane namachashazi.

Ukuthi amabutho eGladio ahlala ngemuva afika kanjani eYurophu

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amaKhomanisi ayesedume kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi eFrance nase-Italy [4]. Lokhu kuphakamise amafulegi abomvu e-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) e-US, futhi nakanjani kuhulumeni wase-Italy nowaseFrance. UNdunankulu waseFrance uCharles De Gaulle kanye neqembu lakhe leSocialist kwadingeka basebenzisane ne-US noma babe sengozini yokulahlekelwa usizo lwezomnotho olubalulekile lukaMarshall.

U-De Gaulle ekuqaleni wathembisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu lamaKhomanisi (PCF) aphathwe ngendlela efanele kuhulumeni wakhe, kodwa ukumela kwamalungu ephalamende ye-PCF ngezinqubomgomo “eziqinile” njengokuncishiswa kwesabelomali sezempi kwaholela ekungezwani phakathi kwabo nama-French Socialists kaDe Gaulle.

I-scandal yokuqala (1947)

Ngo-1946, i-PCF yaziqhenya ngamalunga ayizigidi, ukufunda kabanzi kwamaphephandaba ayo amabili ansuku zonke, kanye nokulawula izinhlangano zentsha nezinyunyana zabasebenzi. I-US emelene namakhomanisi ngenkani kanye nenkonzo yayo eyimfihlo yanquma ukuqala impi eyimfihlo ku-PCF, ebizwa ngekhodi "Plan Bleu." Baphumelele ukukhipha i-PCF kukhabhinethi yaseFrance. Kodwa-ke, itulo lokulwa namakhomanisi i-Plan Bleu lembulwa nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Wezenhlalakahle u-Edouard Depreux ngasekupheleni kuka-1946 futhi yavalwa ngo-1947.

Ngeshwa, impi eyimfihlo namaKhomanisi ayizange iphelele lapho. UNdunankulu we-French Socialist u-Paul Ramadier uhlele ibutho elisha eliyimfihlo ngaphansi kwe-Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDCE) [5]. Ibutho lomshoshaphansi laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi 'Rose des Vents'– okubhekisela kuphawu olusemthethweni olumise okwenkanyezi lwe-NATO—futhi laqeqeshelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokucekela phansi, yokuvukela umbuso kanye nokuqoqa ubuhlakani.

I-Secret Army ihamba kabi (1960s)

Ngempi yenkululeko yase-Algeria ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, uhulumeni waseFrance waqala ukungalethembi ibutho lawo eliyimfihlo. Nakuba uDe Gaulle ngokwakhe esekela ukuzimela kwe-Algeria, ngo-1961, amasosha ayimfihlo awazange [6]. Bayeka noma yikuphi ukuzenzisa ukusebenzisana nohulumeni, bathatha igama elithi l'Organisation de l'armée secret (OAS), baqala nokubulala izikhulu zikahulumeni eziqavile e-Algiers, babulala amaSulumane ngokungahleliwe, futhi bagasela namabhange [7].

I-OAS kungenzeka ukuthi yasebenzisa inkinga yase-Algeria njengethuba "lemfundiso eshaqisayo" ukwenza ubugebengu obunodlame obungakaze ube yingxenye yegunya layo langempela: ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni kweSoviet. Izikhungo zentando yeningi njengephalamende laseFrance kanye nohulumeni base behlulekile ukulawula amabutho ayimfihlo.

I-SDCE kanye ne-SAC yachithwa, kodwa yabalekela ubulungisa (1981-82)

Ngo-1981, i-SAC, ibutho eliyimfihlo elasungulwa ngaphansi kuka-De Gaulle, lalinamandla amakhulu, linamalungu ayi-10,000 ahlanganisa amaphoyisa, osomathuba, izigelekeqe, kanye nabantu abanombono owedlulele we-right-wing. Kodwa-ke, ukubulawa okunyantisayo kowayengumphathi wamaphoyisa e-SAC uJacques Massif nomndeni wakhe wonke ngoJulayi 1981, kwagqugquzela uMongameli osanda kukhethwa uFrancois Mitterand ukuthi aqale uphenyo lwasephalamende lwe-SAC [8].

Izinyanga eziyisithupha zobufakazi ziveze ukuthi izenzo zeSDCE, i-SAC kanye nenethiwekhi ye-OAS e-Afrika 'yayixhumene kakhulu' nokuthi i-SAC yayixhaswe ngezimali ze-SDECE kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa [9].

Ikomidi labaphenyi likaMitterand liphethe ngokuthi ibutho lomshoshaphansi le-SAC lingene kuhulumeni futhi lenza izenzo zodlame. Izisebenzi zezobunhloli, “eziqhutshwa ukwesaba kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi” zaziphule umthetho futhi zase ziqongelele inqwaba yobugebengu.

Uhulumeni kaFrancois Mitterand uyalele ukuthi inkonzo yemfihlo yezempi ye-SDCE ihlakazwe, kodwa lokhu akwenzekanga. I-SDCE imane yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Direction Generale de la Securité Extérieure (DGSE), kwathi u-Admiral Pierre Lacoste waba uMqondisi wayo omusha. I-Lacoste iqhubekile nokuqhuba ibutho eliyimfihlo le-DGSE ngokubambisana ne-NATO [10].

Mhlawumbe isenzo esidume kakhulu se-DGSE kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “I-Operation Satanique:” NgoJulayi 10, 1985, amasosha ombutho omshoshaphansi aqhumisa ngebhomu umkhumbi we-Greenpeace i-Rainbow Warrior eyayibhikishele ngokuthula ukuhlolwa kwe-athomu yaseFrance ePacific [11] . U-Admiral Lacoste waphoqeleka ukuthi asule esikhundleni ngemuva kokuthi ubugebengu bulandelelwa emuva ku-DGSE, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uCharles Hernu kanye noMongameli uFrancois Mitterand uqobo.

NgoMashi 1986, ilungelo lezepolitiki lanqoba ukhetho lwasephalamende eFrance, kwathi uNdunankulu waseGaulist uJacques Chirac wajoyina uMongameli Mitterrand njengenhloko yezwe.

1990: Ihlazo likaGladio

Ngo-Agasti 3, 1990, undunankulu wase-Italy u-Giulio Andreotti waqinisekisa ukuba khona kwekhodi yebutho eliyimfihlo ebizwa ngokuthi "Gladio" - igama lesiLatini elisho "inkemba" - ngaphakathi kombuso. Ubufakazi bakhe phambi kwekomidi elincane leSenethi eliphenya ubuphekula e-Italy bashaqisa iphalamende lase-Italy kanye nomphakathi.

Iphephandaba laseFrance lembula ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amasosha ebutho lomshoshaphansi laseFrance ayeqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa izikhali, ukuphatha iziqhumane, nokusebenzisa imishini ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezikude eFrance.

Kodwa-ke, uChirac cishe wayemagange ukubona umlando webutho eliyimfihlo laseFrance uphenywa, njengoba naye engumongameli we-SAC emuva ngo-1975 [12]. Kwakungekho uphenyo olusemthethweni lwasephalamende, futhi nakuba uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uJean Pierre Chevenement eqinisekisa ngokungabaza kwabezindaba ukuthi amabutho ayimfihlo ayekhona, waveza ukuthi ayeyinto yesikhathi esidlule. Nokho, uNdunankulu wase-Italy uGiulio Andreotti kamuva watshela abezindaba ukuthi abameleli bebutho lomshoshaphansi laseFrance babehlanganyele emhlanganweni weGladio Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) eBrussels muva nje ngo-October 24, 1990—isambulo esihlazisayo kosopolitiki baseFrance.

1990 kuya ku-2007—I-NATO kanye ne-CIA kumodi yokulawula umonakalo

Uhulumeni wase-Italy wathatha iminyaka eyishumi, kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-2000, ukuphothula uphenyo futhi ukhiphe umbiko oqondile. kuthinta i-US kanye ne-CIA ekubulaweni kwabantu okuhlukahlukene, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu nezinye izenzo zezempi.

I-NATO kanye ne-CIA benqabile ukuphawula ngalezi zinsolo, ekuqaleni bephika ukuthi bake benza imisebenzi eyimfihlo, base behoxisa ukuphika futhi benqaba ukuphawula okwengeziwe, becela "izindaba zokufihla kwezempi". Kodwa-ke, owayengumqondisi weCIA uWilliam Colby uphule isikhundla ezikhumbuzo zakhe, evuma ukuthi ukumisa amabutho ayimfihlo eNtshonalanga Yurophu “kwakuwuhlelo olukhulu” lweCIA.

Isisusa nesandulela

Ukube bebegunyazwe ukuthi balwe nobukhomanisi kuphela, kungani amabutho eGladio egcina ukuhlasela okungaka kwabantu abangenacala abahlukene ngokwemibono, njengesibhicongo sasebhange iPiazza Fontana (Milan), isibhicongo saseMunich Octoberfest (1980), isitolo esikhulu saseBelgium. ukudubula (1985)? Kuvidiyo ethi “Amabutho ayimfihlo e-NATO”, abangaphakathi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kuhlasela kuhloselwe ukwenza imvume yomphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha nokuqhubeka nempi ebandayo. Ukubulawa kwabantu baseBrabant, ngokwesibonelo, kwaqondana nemibhikisho emelene ne-NATO eBelgium ngaleso sikhathi, kanti iGreenpeace Rainbow Warrior yaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu njengoba ibhikishela ukuhlolwa kwe-athomu yaseFrance ePacific.

Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu esinagogeni lase-rue Copernic, nakuba kwakungekona mayelana nokuqeda ukuphikisa ngempi yenuzi, kwakuhambisana “nesu lokungezwani” le-CIA lobuphekula besikhathi sokuthula.

Abaphehli bokuhlasela okufana nesibhicongo sasePiazza Fontana eMilan 1980, ibhomu laseMunich Oktoberfest ngo-1980, kanye nokudubula kwesitolo esikhulu saseDelhaize eBelgium ngo-1985, abakaze batholakale. Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-rue Copernic Synagogue kukhombisa indlela efanayo, umehluko kuphela ukuthi uhulumeni waseFrance ugcizelele ngenkani ukugwetshwa ngaleli cala.

Ukusebenzisana komlando kukahulumeni waseFrance namabutho ayimfihlo eGladio kungase kube isizathu, ngisho nanamuhla, uhulumeni angathanda ukuvimbela umphakathi ukuba ube nelukuluku lokwazi ngokuhlasela kwamaphekula okungakaxazululwa eYurophu.

I-NATO ne-CIA, njengezinhlangano ezinodlame ubukhona bazo buncike empini, abanantshisekelo yokubona umhlaba oxubile lapho amaqembu ahlukahlukene ejabulela ukuhlalisana ngokuzwana. Bona, kanye nezikhulu ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni waseFrance, banesizathu esicacile sokuphishekela i-scapegoat ukuze babasize bangcwabe icala likaCopernic.

Njengoba impi yenuzi ingenzeka ngempela, ukuxazulula lobu bugebengu kungaba nomthelela emhlabeni jikelele kanye nemiphumela. Ngoba, njengofakazi oyedwa kudokhumentari I-Operation Gladio-NATO's Secret Armies waphawula, “Uma uthola ababulali, cishe uthola nezinye izinto.”

Okubhekwayo

[1] I-Nato's Secret Amabutho, ikhasi 5

[2] I-Nato's Secret Amabutho, ikhasi 206

[3] Ibid, ikhasi

[4] Ibid, ikhasi 85

[5] Amabutho ayimfihlo e-NATO, ikhasi 90

[6] Ibid, ikhasi 94

[7] Ibid, ikhasi 96

[8] Ibid, ikhasi 100

[9] Ibid, ikhasi 100

[10] Ibid, ikhasi 101

[11] Ibid, ikhasi 101

[12] Ibid, ikhasi 101

Inothi lomhleli:  I-Canada Files ukuphela komthombo wezindaba wezwe ogxile kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseCanada. Sihlinzeke ngophenyo olubucayi nokuhlaziya okunzima kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-Canada kusukela ngo-2019, futhi sidinga ukwesekwa nguwe.