Izindleko Zempi: Ngemuva Kokuhlaselwa Kwango-9/11, Izimpi Zase-US Zixoshwe Okungenani Abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 Emhlabeni Wonke

AMY U-GOODMAN: Sekuphele iminyaka engu-19 ukuhlaselwa okuhlangene kweWorld Trade Center, iPentagon ne-United Airlines Flight 93 kubulale abantu ababalelwa ku-3,000 8. Ngo-46: 93 ekuseni ngezikhathi zaseMpumalanga, ibhanoyi lokuqala lashayisa umbhoshongo osenyakatho weWorld Trade Center lapha eNew York City. Namuhla, uMengameli uTrump nomphakamisi kaMengameli weDemocratic Alliance uJoe Biden bobabili bazovakashela iFlight 9 National Memorial ngaseShanksville, ePennsylvania, ngezikhathi ezehlukene. UBiden uzophinde ahloniphe ngemuva kokuya emcimbini wesikhumbuzo sika-11/XNUMX eNew York, nePhini likaMongameli uPence azothamela nawo.

Namuhla, i-United States ibhekene nokwesaba okuhlukile, njengoba abantu abangaphezu kuka-191,000 sebebulewe yi- Covid-19 ubhadane, kanye new umbiko amaphrojekthi isibalo sabantu abafa e-US singakhuphukela phezulu kubantu abayi-3,000 ngosuku ngoDisemba. Kube nokufa okusha okungaphezulu kwe-1,200 e-US emahoreni angama-24 edlule. Isikhathi uhlela ukuqopha ingqopha-mlando esondela ka-200,000 XNUMX Covid-ukufa okuhlobene e-US ngekhava efundeka ngokuthi "Ukwehluleka KweMelika" futhi inomngcele omnyama okwesibili kuphela emlandweni wayo. Isikhathi sokuqala sasingemva kuka-9/11.

Lokhu kuza njengokusha umbiko uthola impi ebizwa nge-US ebizwa ngokuthi yimpi yomhlaba wonke yobuphekula ishiye okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 emazweni ayisishiyagalombili kusukela ngo-2001. I-Costs of War Project eBrown University ibuye ilinganisele abantu abangaphezu kuka-800,000 [ezishonile] ezimpini ezaholwa yi-US kusukela ngo-2001 ngezindleko zama- $ 6.4 trillion kubakhokhi bentela base-US. Umbiko omusha ubizwa ngokuthi "Ukudala Ababaleki: Ukufuduswa Kubangelwa Izimpi Zase-United States ze-Post-9/11."

Ukuthola okuningi, sijoyinwa ngumbhali-mbhali wayo, uDavid Vine, uprofesa we-anthropology e-American University. Incwadi yakhe entsha iphume ngenyanga ezayo, ebizwa I-United States of War: Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wezingxabano Ezingapheli zaseMelika, kusuka eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State. Ungumbhali futhi Isizwe Esiyisisekelo: Indlela US Bas Bas Military Ngaphandle Kwezwe Amonakalisa America neMhlaba.

UDavid Vine, wamukelekile ku Intando yeningi Manje! Kuhle ukuthi ubuye nathi, yize lolu kuwusuku olubuhlungu kakhulu, kulesi sikhumbuzo seminyaka engu-19 sokuhlaselwa kuka-9/11. Ungakhuluma ngokutholwe ngumbiko wakho?

DAVID UMVINI: Impela. Ngiyabonga, Amy, ngokuba nami. Kuhle ukubuya.

Okutholwe ngumbiko wethu kubuza ngokuyisisekelo - i-United States ibilokhu ilwa izimpi ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba ushilo, iminyaka eyi-19. Sibheke ukuthi ibe yini imiphumela yalezi zimpi. I-Costs of War Project ibisenza lokhu cishe iminyaka eyishumi. Besifuna ukubheka ngqo ukuthi bangaki abantu abadingisiwe ngenxa yalezi zimpi. Ngokuyisisekelo, sithole ukuthi akekho noyedwa owake wazikhathaza ngokuphenya ukuthi bangaki abantu abasuswe ezindaweni zabo ngenxa yezimpi kulokho manje, okungenani, okungenani amazwe angama-24 i-United States ebibambe iqhaza kuwo.

Futhi sithole ukuthi, sebebonke, okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 badlulisiwe ezindaweni zabo ezimpini eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela ezinodlame kakhulu i-United States ebisungule noma yabamba iqhaza kusukela ngo-2001. Lokho yi-Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, ISiriya nePhilippines. Futhi lokho kulinganisa okulondolozeka kakhulu. Sithole ukuthi inani langempela lingafika ezigidini ezingama-48 kuye kwezingu-59.

Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sime kancane kulezi zinombolo, ngoba thina - ngezindlela eziningi, izimpilo zethu ziminza ngamanani, cishe Covid, ngezinto eziningi ezibalulekile ukuzilandela ngobuningi, kepha ukusonga ingqondo yakho ngalokho - abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 kuphela abashiya amakhaya abo kunzima, empeleni, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kudinga umzamo othile wokusebenza, okwenzele mina impela.

Izigidi ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa, ukukubeka ngomlando, abantu abaningi bashiye amakhaya abo nganoma iyiphi impi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngaphandle kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Futhi uma indlela yethu ekhudlwana yokugcina indle inembile, ukulinganiselwa kwezigidi ezingama-48 kuye kwezingu-59, lokho kufana nokufuduswa okukodwa okwabonwa eMpini Yezwe II. Enye indlela yokuzama ukugoqa ingqondo yakho ngesibalo esiphansi kuphela sezigidi ezingama-37, izigidi ezingama-37 zicishe zilingane nezwe laseCalifornia. Cabanga nje sonke isimo saseCalifornia sinyamalala, kudingeke babaleke emakhaya abo. Cishe ngosayizi wayo yonke iCanada, noma iTexas neVirginia kuhlangene.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Futhi kulabo abanele abanenhlanhla yokuba nemizi phakathi nalolu bhubhane, ngicabanga ukuthi abantu bathokozela kakhulu - ngiqonde ukuthi, igama elithi "ababaleki" liyaphonswa nxazonke, kepha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthunjwa. Ungakhuluma ngokuthi kungani lawo mazwe ayisishiyagalombili? Futhi ungakuhlanganisa lokho nezimpi zase-US phesheya?

DAVID UMVINI: Impela. Futhi, besifuna ukugxila ezimpini ezinodlame kakhulu i-United States ebibambe iqhaza kuzo, izimpi i-United States etshale imali ngokujulile kuzo, futhi-ke, igazi, izimpilo zabasebenzi bezempi base-US, futhi, ngo ukunwetshwa, izimpilo ezithintekile, amalungu omndeni wabasebenzi bezempi base-US nabanye. Besifuna ukubheka ngqo izimpi eziqale i-United States, ngakho-ke impi equbuzanayo e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, iMpi e-Iraq, kunjalo; izimpi ezanda kakhulu eMelika, iLibya neSyria, iLibya kanye - neSyria, kanye nababambisene nabaseYurophu nabanye; bese kuthi izimpi i-United States ibambe iqhaza elibonakalayo, ngezindlela ezibandakanya ukuhlinzeka ngabeluleki bezinkundla zempi, ukuhlinzeka ngophethiloli, izingalo nabanye, e-Yemen, eSomalia nasePhilippines.

Kuyo ngayinye yalezi zimpi, sithole ukufuduka kwabo kufinyelela ezigidini. Futhi impela, ngicabanga, uyazi, kufanele sikuqonde ukuthi ukufuduka, isidingo sokubalekela ikhaya lomuntu, ukubalekela impilo yakhe, - ngezindlela eziningi, ayikho indlela yokubala ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini kumuntu oyedwa, umuntu oyedwa umndeni, umphakathi owodwa, kodwa sizwe ukuthi kubalulekile ukubheka ukufuduka kwenqwaba yabantu okudalwe yilezi zimpi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, asisho ukuthi i-United States yiyona kuphela okufanele isolwe ngaleli zinga lokufuduka. Ngokusobala, kukhona abanye abadlali, abanye ohulumeni, abanye abalwa, ababalulekile emthwalweni wemfanelo ababhekene nawo wokufuduka kulezi zimpi: i-Assad eSyria, amasosha eSunni naseShia e-Iraq, amaTaliban, yi-al-Qaeda, amaSulumane State, abanye. Abalingani baseMelika, kufaka neBrithani, nabo banomthwalo othile.

Kepha i-United States ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekulweni impi, ekusunguleni impi nasekuqhubekiseni impi kule minyaka eyi-19 edlule. Futhi njengoba ushilo, lokhu kubize abakhokhi bentela base-US, izakhamizi zase-US, izakhamizi zase-US ngezinye izindlela, kufaka phakathi u- $ 6.4 trillion - futhi lawo ngama-trillion ane-T, $ 6.4 trillion - ukuthi Izindleko Zempi Yezempi ziqagele ukuthi i-United States isetshenzisile noma sekubophezelekile. Futhi lelo nani, liyiqiniso, lenyuka ngosuku.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Futhi, uDavid Vine, inani lababaleki abamukelwa yi-US kulezi zimpi, ukufuduswa kwabo kubangelwa yi-US?

DAVID UMVINI: Yebo, futhi singabheka umlilo eLesbos okhulume ngawo phambilini, oshiye abantu abangaba ngu-13,000 2001, ikamu lababaleki eLesbos elibhujiswe ngokuphelele. Futhi ngithemba ukuthi abantu ababheka imililo eCalifornia nase-Oregon naseWashington bangazwelana kalula nababaleki baseLesbos kanye nababaleki kulo lonke iGreater Middle East, ikakhulukazi, lapho imililo - empeleni, umlilo omkhulu ubelokhu uvutha kusukela ngo-Okthoba XNUMX, lapho i-US yethula iMpi yayo e-Afghanistan.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Bengifuna ukuphendukela kuMongameli Trump ekuqaleni kwaleli sonto ngitshela izintatheli izikhulu eziphezulu zePentagon ukuthi azimthandi ngoba ufuna ukukhipha iMelika ezimpini ezingapheli ezizuzisa abenzi bezikhali.

PRESIDENT UDONALD trump: UBiden wathumela imisebenzi yethu, wavula imingcele yethu futhi wathumela intsha yethu ukuthi ilwe kulezi zimpi ezingasile. Futhi ngesinye sezizathu amasosha - angisho ukuthi amasosha ayangithanda. Amasosha akhona. Abantu abaphezulu ePentagon mhlawumbe abekho, ngoba abafuni ukwenza lutho ngaphandle kokulwa izimpi ukuze zonke lezo zinkampani ezinhle ezenza amabhomu futhi zenze izindiza futhi zenze konke okunye kuhlale kujabulile. Kepha siyaphuma ezimpini ezingapheli.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Kuzwakala kufana nokuthi, uma uHoward Zinn esaphila, ubezothini. Kepha ukugxekwa kukaTrump ngesakhiwo samasosha nezimboni kuyaphikisana nerekhodi lakhe lokwengamela lokhu kwanda komlando ekusetshenzisweni kwempi, kubhajethi yezokuvikela, ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsizakusebenza zempi, ukuthengisa izikhali phesheya kwezilwandle. IPolitico isanda kubiza uTrump ngokuthi “ngumphathi wosonkontileka wezokuvikela.” Ngonyaka odlule, uTrump weqa iCongress ukuze akwazi ukuthengisa izikhali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 8 eSaudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates. Ngasekuqaleni konyaka, abaphathi bakhe bayalela ukuthi kuhunyushwe kabusha isivumelwano esasetshenziswa ngesikhathi seCold War ukuze kuvuleke indlela yokuthengiswa kwe-drone ukuya kohulumeni ababekade bevinjelwe ukuthenga lokho. Ungakwazi ukuphendula kulokho akusho?

DAVID UMVINI: Ngezindlela eziningi, okushiwo nguTrump kucebile impela. Ngempela, uqinisile ukuthi abakhiqizi bezikhali bahlomule kakhulu, kuze kube ngamashumi ezigidigidi zamadola, ngaphezu kwabanye osonkontileka bezingqalasizinda, izinkampani ezenza izisekelo zamasosha manje eziseMiddle East. Kepha, uyazi, uTrump, impela, njengoba uPolitico asho, uyi-booster-in-chief. Uqaphe futhi wafuna izabelomali zamasosha ezidlula lezo ezisezingeni eliphakeme lempi ebandayo.

Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sibuze: Iziphi izitha i-United States ezibhekene nazo namuhla ezidinga isabelomali sezempi salolu sayizi? Ngabe iMelika idinga ukuchitha ngaphezulu kwama- $ 740 billion ngonyaka ukuzivikela? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi sisebenzisa le mali ngezindlela ezingcono zokuzivikela? Futhi yiziphi izidingo, ezinqala, ezinkulu, ezicindezelayo, izidingo zabantu, ezinganakwa ngoba sithela amashumi ezigidigidi, amakhulu ezigidigidi zamadola kulo mshini wempi minyaka yonke?

Futhi ngiyacabanga Covid, kunjalo, ikhomba kulokhu, ikudwebela, kunanini ngaphambili. Izwe laseMelika belingazilungiselele ukubhebhetheka. Futhi lokhu akuyona ingxenye encane ngoba i-United States ibilokhu ithululela imali kulo mshini wempi ngenkathi inganaki izidingo zabantu e-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele - izidingo zezempilo, ukulungela ubhadane, izindlu ezingabizi, imvelo. Le mali ebesiyithela emshinini wempi, kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ibibhekelela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke umuntu akubonayo, okudlala indima ethile emlilweni umuntu abonayo kulo lonke ugu lwaseNtshonalanga, phakathi kwezinye izidingo eziningi ezicindezelayo umhlaba ubuso namuhla.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Leli yiqiniso elimangalisayo olibonisile, UDavid Vine: Amasosha ase-US alwe impi, alwa noma ahlasela amazwe angaphandle kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-11 ikhona.

DAVID UMVINI: Kulungile. Iminyaka yempi eyi-19 edlule, abantu abaningi bavame ukuyibona ihlukile, kuyamangaza ukuthi abantu abangena ekolishi namuhla noma iningi labantu ababhalise ebusosheni base-US namuhla ngeke balubone usuku lokuphila kwabo noma ngeke - bangabi nalo inkumbulo yosuku sempilo yabo lapho i-United States yayingekho empini.

Eqinisweni, lokhu kujwayelekile emlandweni wase-US. Futhi i-Congressional Research Service ikhombisa lokhu minyaka yonke ku umbiko ongakuthola ku-inthanethi. Akusimina nje kuphela, noma nginohlu lwezimpi, olwandayo ohlwini lwe-Congressional Research Service. Lezi yizimpi nezinye izinhlobo zokulwa ezenziwa yiMelika selokhu izwe lathola inkululeko. Futhi impela, eminyakeni engama-95% yeminyaka emlandweni wase-US, yonke kodwa iminyaka eyi-11 emlandweni wase-US, i-United States ibibambe iqhaza kolunye uhlobo lwempi noma okunye ukulwa.

Futhi umuntu udinga ukubheka lo mkhuba wesikhathi eside, le ndlela yesikhathi eside edlulela ngale kwempi, leyo nto ebizwa ngokuthi yimpi yokwesaba eyasungulwa nguGeorge W. Bush ngo-2001, ukuqonda ukuthi kungani i-United States ithulule kakhulu imali kulezi zimpi nokuthi kungani imiphumela yalezi zimpi ibisabeka kakhulu kubantu abathintekayo.

AMY U-GOODMAN: UDavid Vine, ubika encwadini yakho ezayo, I-United States of War: Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wezingxabano Ezingapheli zaseMelika, kusuka eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State, ukuthi izisekelo zase-US zaphesheya zivumela ukulwa emazweni we-24: quote, "Izinkulungwane zamasosha ezempi ase-US emazweni acishe abe yi-100 kanye nezindawo - ngaphezulu kwengxenye yazo ezakhiwe kusukela ngo-2001 - zikwazile ukubamba iqhaza kwamasosha aseMelika ezimpini nakwezinye izimpi okungenani emazweni angama-24 selokhu abaphathi bakaGeorge W. Bush baqala impi yokulwa nobuphekula, ”okubizwa kanjalo, kulandela ukuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, 2001.

DAVID UMVINI: Ngempela. I-United States njengamanje inezikhungo zamasosha ezingaba ngu-800 emazweni nakwamanye amazwe angama-80. Lokhu kuyizisekelo eziningi kunanoma yisiphi isizwe emlandweni wezwe. I-United States, njengoba ubhekise kuyo, ibinezinombolo ezinkulu kakhulu zezisekelo. Ekuphakameni kwezimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kwakukhona ngaphezulu kwezisekelo ze-2,000 phesheya.

Futhi ingxenye yalokho incwadi yami, Izwe laseMelika, imibukiso ukuthi lokhu futhi kuyiphethini yesikhathi eside. I-United States ibilokhu yakha izizinda zamasosha phesheya selokhu izwe lathola inkululeko, ekuqaleni emazweni abantu boMdabu baseMelika, yabe isiya ngokwanda ngaphandle kweNyakatho Melika, futhi ekugcineni yazungeza umhlaba, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II.

Futhi engikukhombisayo ukuthi lezi zisekelo azigcinanga ngokunika amandla impi, azange zenze impi yaba nokwenzeka, kepha empeleni zenze impi yaba nokwenzeka. Kwenziwe impi isinqumo sokukhetha izinqubomgomo esilula kakhulu kubathathi bezinqumo abanamandla, abaholi, osopolitiki, abaholi bezinkampani nabanye.

Futhi sidinga ukuqeda le ngqalasizinda yempi eyakhiwe yi-United States. Kungani i-United States inezisekelo eziningi zamasosha eMiddle East, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe angaphandle kweYemen ne-Iran? Lezi zisekelo zikhona emazweni aholwa yimibuso engabuswa ngentando yeningi, hhayi ukusabalalisa intando yeningi - kude nayo - ezimweni eziningi, ukuvimba ukusabalala kwentando yeningi, nokwenza lezi zimpi zenzeke, lokho - ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukudwebela futhi - ngaphezu kokufuduka kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-37, okungenani, futhi mhlawumbe kuze kufike kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-59, lezi zimpi zithathe izimpilo zabantu, njengoba izindleko zeMpi Yezempi zikhombisile, cishe abantu abayi-800,000. Futhi lokhu kusezimpini ezinhlanu nje kuphela - i-Afghanistan, iPakistan, i-Iraq, iLibya neYemen - i-United States ine - impi yase-US ithathe izimpilo zabantu ababalelwa ku-800,000.

Kepha kukhona nokufa okungaqondile, ukufa okubangelwe ukucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda yendawo, izinsizakalo zezempilo, izibhedlela, imithombo yokudla. Futhi lokho kufa okuphelele kungadlula abantu abayizigidi ezintathu. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi iningi labantu e-United States, futhi, nami uqobo, alibalanga ngomonakalo ophelele odalwe yilezi zimpi. Asikaqali ngisho nokusonga izingqondo zethu ngokuthi kungasho ukuthini ukuba naleli zinga lokubhujiswa ezimpilweni zethu.

AMY U-GOODMAN: Futhi une, isibonelo, imiphumela yamasosha ezisekelweni, njengalokho okwenzeka ePhilippines, lapho umholi wobushiqela, uMongameli Duterte, avele nje waxolela isosha lase-US elatholwa linecala lokubulala owesilisa owayedlulisile.

DAVID UMVINI: Yebo, lokhu kungenye izindleko zempi. Sidinga ukubheka izindleko zempi ngokwemigomo - izindleko zomuntu maqondana nokufa okuqondile okulwa, ukulimala kulezi zimpi, "izimpi zokwesaba," ezibalelwa emashumini ezigidi, kodwa futhi sidinga ukubheka ukufa kanye nokulimala okudalwa nsuku zonke ezungeze izisekelo zamasosha ase-US emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zisekelo zine - ngaphezu kokunika amandla izimpi i-United States ebizilwa, zinokulimala okusheshayo ezikudalela abantu bendawo, kufaka phakathi iPhilippines futhi, njengoba ngishilo, emazweni nakwizindawo ezingama-80 emhlabeni jikelele, ukulimala ezindaweni zabo, imiphakathi yabo yangakini, ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.

AMY U-GOODMAN: UDavid Vine, ngifuna ukukubonga kakhulu ngokuba nathi, uprofesa we-anthropology e-American University, umbhali wencwadi entsha umbiko kwi-Costs of War Project enesihloko esithi "Ukudala Ababaleki: Ukufuduswa Kwabo Kubangelwa Izimpi Zase-United-Post-9/11 Zase-United States." Incwadi yakho entsha, izophuma, Izwe laseMelika.