Ibhalwe nguMedea Benjamin
Kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha umuntu oyedwa onengqondo yokudala ukunyakazisa lonke uhlelo lwezomthetho. Endabeni yaseCosta Rica, lowo muntu nguLuis Roberto Zamorra Bolaños, owayengumfundi wezomthetho nje lapho ephikisa ukuba semthethweni kokweseka kukahulumeni wakhe ekuhlaseleni kukaGeorge Bush e-Iraq. Leli cala walithatha laze lafika eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCosta Rica—walinqoba.
Namuhla ummeli osebenzayo, u-Zamorra oneminyaka engama-33 usabukeka njengomfundi wasekolishi onobuhlakani. Futhi uyaqhubeka nokucabanga ngaphandle kwebhokisi futhi athole izindlela ezinobuhlakani zokusebenzisa izinkantolo ukuqinisa uthando lwakhe lokuthula namalungelo abantu.
Phakathi nokuvakasha kwami kwakamuva e-Costa Rica, ngithole ithuba lokuxoxisana nalo mmeli we-maverick mayelana nokunqoba kwakhe okwedlule, kanye nombono wakhe omusha omuhle wokufuna isinxephezelo kuma-Iraqis.
Ake siqale ukukhumbula isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni we-Costa Rica we-pacifist.
Lokho kwakungu-1948, lapho uMongameli waseCosta Rica uJose Figueras ememezela ukuthi amasosha esizwe azoqedwa, isinyathelo esagunyazwa ngonyaka olandelayo yi-Constituent Assembly. UFigueras waze wathatha isando waphihliza olunye lwezindonga zendlunkulu yezempi, ememezela ukuthi luzoguqulwa lube umnyuziyamu kazwelonke nokuthi isabelomali sezempi sizoqondiswa kabusha ekunakekelweni kwezempilo nasemfundweni. Kusukela lapho, iCosta Rica yaziwa ngokungathathi hlangothi kwayo okunokuthula nokungahlomile ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.
Ngakho-ke uya phambili ngokushesha futhi nakhu usesikoleni sezomthetho, ngo-2003, futhi uhulumeni wakho wajoyina i-"Coalition of the Willing" kaGeorge Bush”—iqembu lamazwe angama-49 anikeza isitembu sawo sokugunyaza ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq. KuDaily Show, uJon Stewart wenza ihlaya ngokuthi iCosta Rica inikele “ngama-toucan ahogela amabhomu.” Eqinisweni, iCosta Rica ayizange inikele ngalutho; imane yengeze igama layo. Kodwa lokho kwanele ukuthi uphatheke kabi waze wathatha isinqumo sokuyisa uhulumeni wakho enkantolo?
Yebo. Bush utshele umhlaba ukuthi lokhu kuzoba yimpi yokuthula, intando yeningi kanye namalungelo abantu. Kodwa akakwazanga ukuthola igunya le-UN, ngakho kwadingeka akhe umfelandawonye ukuze kubukeke sengathi ukuhlasela kunokusekelwa umhlaba wonke. Yingakho ephushe amazwe amaningi ukuthi ajoyine. ICosta Rica—ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuthi yaqeda impi yayo futhi inomlando wokuthula—yayiyizwe elibalulekile okufanele libe ngasohlangothini lwakhe ukuze libonise igunya lokuziphatha. ICosta Rica iyalalelwa uma ikhuluma e-UN. Ngakho ngalo mqondo, iCosta Rica yayingumlingani obalulekile.
Lapho uMongameli uPacheco ememezela ukuthi iCosta Rica isijoyine lo mfelandawonye, iningi labantu baseCosta Rica laphikisa. Kwangicasula ngempela ukuhileleka kwethu, kodwa futhi kwakungicasula ukuthi abangane bami babengacabangi ukuthi singenza okuthile ngakho. Lapho ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngimangalele umongameli, bacabanga ukuthi ngiyahlanya.
Kodwa ngaqhubeka, futhi ngemva kokuba ngifake icala, iCosta Rica Bar Association yafaka icala; u-Ombudsman wafaka isimangalo—futhi zonke zahlanganiswa nezami.
Lapho isinqumo sivuna ngo-September 2004, ngemva konyaka nesigamu ngifake isicelo, kwaba nomuzwa wokukhululeka phakathi komphakathi. UMongameli uPacheco wayedangele ngoba uyindoda elungile ngempela ethanda isiko lethu futhi mhlawumbe wacabanga, “Kungani ngenze lokhu?” Waze wacabanga ukwesula ngenxa yalokhu, kodwa akazange avume ngoba babebaningi ababemcela ukuba angakwenzi.
Inkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo esivuna wena ngasiphi isisekelo?
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngalesi sinqumo ukuthi sabona isibopho se-UN Charter. Inkantolo inqume ukuthi njengoba iCosta Rica iyilungu leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, singaphansi kwesibopho sokulandela ukuqulwa kwecala futhi njengoba i-UN ingakaze ikugunyaze ukuhlasela, iCosta Rica yayingenalo ilungelo lokuyisekela. Angisalikhumbuli elinye icala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachitha khona isinqumo sikahulumeni ngoba iphula umthetho-sisekelo we-UN.
Lesi sinqumo naso besibaluleke kakhulu ngoba inkantolo ithe ukwesekwa kwalokhu kuhlasela kushayisana nesimiso esibalulekile “sobunikazi baseCosta Rica,” okuwukuthula. Lokhu kusenza sibe yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuhlonipha ilungelo lokuthula, into ecaciswe kakhulu kwelinye icala engalinqoba ngo-2008.
Ungasitshela ngalelo cala?
Ngo-2008 ngaphonsela inselelo isimemezelo sikaMongameli u-Oscar Arias esasigunyaza ukukhishwa kwe-thorium ne-uranium, ukuthuthukiswa kukaphethiloli wenuzi kanye nokwakhiwa kweziphehlisi zenuzi “ngazo zonke izinhloso.” Kulelo cala ngaphinda ngafuna ukwephulwa kwelungelo lokuthula. Inkantolo yawuchitha umthetho kamongameli, ikubona ngokusobala ukuba khona kwelungelo lokuthula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMbuso akumele ugqugquzele ukuthula kuphela, kodwa kufanele uyeke ukugunyaza imisebenzi ehlobene nempi, njengokukhiqiza, ukuthekelisa ngaphandle noma ukungeniswa kwezinto okuhloswe ukuthi zisetshenziswe empini.
Ngakho-ke lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izinkampani ezinjengoRaytheon, ezazithenge umhlaba lapha futhi zazihlose ukumisa izitolo, azisasebenzi.
Imaphi amanye amacala owafakile?
O, abaningi babo. Ngavulela uMongameli u-Oscar Arias icala (owine umklomelo weNobel Peace) ngokugunyaza amaphoyisa ukuba asebenzise izikhali zempi ngokumelene nababhikishi. Leli cala nalo laze lafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme lanqoba.
Ngamangalela uhulumeni ngokusayina Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile SaseMelika Ephakathi, i-CAFTA, esihlanganisa nezikhali ezenqatshelwe eCosta Rica. Ngamangalela uhulumeni kabili ngokuvumela amasosha ase-United States, ngaphansi kwezaba lempi yezidakamizwa, ukuba adlale imidlalo yempi ezweni lakithi njengokungathi umdlalo we-chess. Uhulumeni wethu unikeza izimvume zezinyanga eziyisi-6 zokufika kwemikhumbi yezempi engama-46 emachwebeni ethu, inamasosha angaphezu kuka-12,000 futhi ihlome ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyi-180 ze-Blackhawk, izindiza zezindiza eziyi-10 ze-Harrier II, izibhamu ezingontuluntulu namarokhethi. Yonke into esohlwini olugunyaziwe lwemikhumbi, izindiza, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane namasosha iklanywe futhi ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa empini—ukwephulwa okusobala kweLungelo lethu Lokuthula. Kodwa inkantolo ayizange ililalele leli cala.
Inkinga enkulu kimina ukuthi manje iNkantolo Ephakeme ayisawathathi amanye amacala ami. Ngifake amacala ayi-10 eNkantolo Ephakeme anqatshiwe; Ngifake amasudi ngokumelene nokuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa aseCosta Rican eSikoleni Sezempi SaseMelika esidume kabi sase-US. Leli cala selidonse iminyaka engaphezu kwemi-2. Lapho iNkantolo ikuthola kunzima ukwenqaba elinye lamacala ami, iyalibazisa futhi ibambezele. Ngakho kufanele ngivulele inkantolo icala ngokubambezela, bese iwachitha womabili amacala.
Ngiyabona ukuthi angeke ngisakwazi ukusebenzisa igama lami ukufaka ifayela, noma ngisho nesitayela sami sokubhala ngoba bayakwazi ukubhala kwami.
Embuthanweni wamazwe omhlaba eBrussels ngo-Ephreli wokugubha i-11th isikhumbuzo seminyaka yokuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq, uqhamuke nomunye umbono okhaliphile. Ungasitshela ngakho?
Ngangisedolobheni komunye umhlangano wabameli bamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa abahleli beKhomishana yase-Iraq bathola lokho base bengicela ukuba ngikhulume. Kube nomhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi ngemuva kwalokho futhi abantu bebekhala ngokuthi i-US ayilandeli umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuthi ayihlanganyeli eNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamacala Obugebengu, ukuthi ngeke ilalele amacala ahlobene nokunxeshezelwa kwabantu base-Iraq.
Ngathi, “Uma kungenzeka, iCoalition of the Willing eyahlasela i-Iraq kwakungeyona nje i-United States. Kwakunamazwe angama-48. Uma i-US ingeke ibanxephezele ama-Iraqis, kungani singamangaleli amanye amalungu omfelandawonye?”
Uma ukwazile ukuwina icala egameni lesisulu sase-Iraq ezinkantolo zase-Costa Rican, yiliphi izinga lesinxephezelo ocabanga ukuthi ungaliwina? Futhi-ke bekungeke kube khona elinye icala nelinye icala?
Ngingacabanga ngiwina mhlawumbe amakhulu ambalwa ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Mhlawumbe uma singawina icala elilodwa eCosta Rica, singaqala amacala kwamanye amazwe. Angifuni neze ukucwilisa iCosta Rica ngecala ngalinye. Kepha kufanele sibheke ukuthi singabufunela kanjani abantu base-Iraqi ubulungiswa, nokuthi singaluvimba kanjani lolu hlobo lomfelandawonye ukuthi lungaphinde lwakhiwe. Kufanelekile ukuzama.
Ucabanga ukuthi kukhona esingabe sikwenza enkantolo ukuphonsela inselelo ukubulawa kwama-drone?
Impela. Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abacindezela inkinobho yokubulala kufanele bathweswe icala mathupha ngezenzo zobugebengu ngoba i-drone iyisandiso somzimba wabo, esisetshenziselwa ukwenza izenzo abangakwazi ukuzenza mathupha.
Kukhona futhi neqiniso lokuthi uma umuntu ongenacala ebulawa noma elinyazwa indiza yase-US e-Afghanistan, umndeni unelungelo lokunxeshezelwa ngamasosha ase-US. Kodwa wona lowo mndeni wasePakistan ubungeke unxeshezelwe ngoba ukubulawa kwabantu kwenziwa yiCIA. Uyayibona inselelo ethile yezomthetho lapho?
Izisulu zesenzo esingemthetho esifanayo kufanele zithole impatho efanayo; Ngingacabanga ukuthi kuzoba nendlela yokubeka uhulumeni icala, kodwa angazi ngokwanele ngomthetho wase-US.
Ingabe uye waba nemiphumela yomuntu siqu ngokuthatha izindaba ezibucayi kanjalo?
Nginabangane enkampanini yocingo abangitshele ukuthi ngiyacoshwa. Kodwa anginendaba ngempela. Bangenzenjani uma ngikhuluma ocingweni ngokufaka isudi?
Yebo, kufanele ubeke engcupheni, kodwa awukwazi ukwesaba imiphumela. Okubi kakhulu okungenzeka ukuthi uyadutshulwa. (Ehleka.)
Kungani abameli abaningi emhlabeni wonke bengaphonseli inselelo ohulumeni babo ngezindlela enizenzayo?
Ukuntula umcabango mhlawumbe? Angazi.
Kuyangimangaza ukuthi abameli abaningi abalungile ezikhathini eziningi ababoni okusobala. Ngikhuthaza abafundi ukuthi basungule, basebenzise umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ekhaya. Kuyaxaka ngoba akukho engikwenzile okungajwayelekile. Lena akuyona imibono emihle ngempela. Zithe ukuhluka kancane, futhi esikhundleni sokukhuluma ngazo nje, ngiziyisa phambili.
Ngiphinde ngikhuthaze abafundi ukuthi bafundele umsebenzi wesibili ukuze baqale ukucabanga ngendlela ehlukile. Ngafundela ubunjiniyela bamakhompiyutha njengengxenye yami yesibili enkulu; kwangifundisa ukuhleleka nokuhleleka ekucabangeni kwami.
Bengingaqagela ukuthi ukube unesibili esikhulu, bekungaba into efana nesayensi yezepolitiki noma isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu.
Cha. Njengomhleli wekhompyutha kufanele ugxile ngokuphelele-uhleleke, uhleleke futhi ujule. Lokho kuyasiza kakhulu kwezomthetho. Esikoleni sezomthetho abafundi bebengathandi ukungiphikisa. Bangazama ukususa ingxoxo endleleni, baphambukele odabeni oluseceleni, futhi ngangihlale ngibabuyisela ngqo endikimbeni ewumnyombo. Lokho kuvela ekuqeqeshweni kwami njengonjiniyela wekhompyutha.
Ngicabanga ukuthi omunye umphumela womsebenzi wakho wokuthula ukuthi awenzi mali eningi.
Ngibuke [ehleka]. Ngineminyaka engu-33 ubudala futhi ngihlala nabazali bami. Ngicebile kanjalo ngemva kweminyaka engu-9 yokuzilolonga. Ngiphila kalula. Izinto enginazo yimoto nezinja ezintathu kuphela.
Ngincamela ukusebenza ngedwa—akukho nkampani, akukho ozakwethu, akukho zintambo. Ngingummeli oquliswa amacala futhi ngenza imali namakhasimende ngamanye, kuhlanganisa nezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Ngenza cishe u-$30,000 ngonyaka. Ngiyisebenzisela ukuphila, ukuzama amacala e-pro bono ku-Inter-American Commission kanye nokukhokhela uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe, njengokuya ezingosini zokuthula, izinkundla zomhlaba, izingqungquthela zokuchithwa kwezikhali noma uhambo engalwenza eGaza. Kwesinye isikhathi ngithola usizo ku-International Association of Democratic Lawyers.
Ngiyawuthanda umsebenzi wami ngoba ngenza engifuna ukukwenza; Ngithatha amacala engiwashisekelayo. Ngilwela izwe lami kanye nenkululeko yami siqu. Lo msebenzi angiwucabangi njengomnikelo kodwa njengomsebenzi. Uma sifuna ukuthula kube yilungelo eliyisisekelo, kufanele sikufake esikhungweni—futhi sikuvikele.
UMedea Benjamin ungumsunguli weqembu lokuthula www.codepink.org kanye nenhlangano yamalungelo abantu www.globalexchange.org. WayeseCosta Rica noColonel Ann Wright osewathatha umhlalaphansi ngenxa yesimemo seFriends Peace Centre ukuze bakhulume ngencwadi yakhe. Impi ye-Drone: Ukubulala ngokuLawula kude.
