NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Ngo-Ephreli 25, i-2022
"Izinyoni Akuzona Zangempela" - umbono wokuthi zonke izinyoni zingama-drones - iwumdlalo owenzelwe ukuhleka, okucatshangwa ukuthi unabantu abambalwa abaphazamiseke ngokomqondo abawukholelwayo. “I-Costa Rica Ayilona Iqiniso” ayikaze ikhulunywe nhlobo, futhi nokho iphathwa ngokungathi sína abaningi. Ngisho, wonke umuntu uzovuma ukuthi iCosta Rica ihlezi lapho kumephu, futhi empeleni, phakathi kweNicaragua nePanama, iPacific neCaribbean. Nokho, isidingo sesizwe sebutho lezempi elikhula njalo (okubhekiselwa kuso ngisho nayizishoshovu zokuthula ezingakhokhi ngisho indibilishi yenkonzo “njengesivikelo”) ngokuvamile sibangelwa into engaqondakali ebizwa ngokuthi “imvelo yomuntu” nakuba iCosta Rica — uma sicabanga kanjalo. ikhona futhi iqukethe abantu - yaqeda amasosha ayo eminyakeni engama-74 edlule, futhi zonke ezinye izizwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kokukhetha zichitha eduze ne-Costa Rica's $ 0 kwezempi yayo kunokuba i-United States ichitha kwezempi exhaswe yi-4% yabantu enquma ukuthi yini. “imvelo yomuntu” isho.
Ukuthi iCosta Rica yenze okuthile okubalulekile futhi okuzuzisa kakhulu ngokuqeda amasosha ayo ngokuvamile kubhekwana nakho ngokuyishaya indiva, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokubeka izaba ngakho - ngokuthi iCosta Rica inamasosha ngasese, noma ithi amasosha ase-US ayavikela. I-Costa Rica, noma abathi isibonelo sase-Costa Rica asifani futhi asiwusizo kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Sonke singazuza ngokufunda incwadi kaJudith Eve Lipton noDavid P. Barash, Amandla Ngokuthula: Ukuxoshwa Kwezempi Kwaholela Kanjani Ekuthuleni Nenjabulo eCosta Rica, Futhi Lokho Wonke Umhlaba Ongakufunda Esizweni Esincane SaseTropical. Lapha sifunda ukuthi singazibi okushiwo iCosta Rica, futhi sifunda ukuthi iCosta Rica ayinalo amasosha ngasese, nokuthi amasosha ase-United States awenzi noma yimuphi umsebenzi eCosta Rica, nokuthi izici eziningi okungenzeka zaba nomthelela eCosta. Ukuqedwa kweRica kwezempi yayo, kanye nezinzuzo eziningi okungenzeka zaba umphumela, cishe zingaphansi kokuphindwaphindwa kwezinye izindawo, nakuba engekho amazwe amabili afanayo, izindaba zabantu ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nezizwe ezenze lokho kanye iCosta Rica ekwenzile. usuqedile yenza isethi yedatha engu-1.
ICosta Rica ihlezi endaweni empofu ngokwezomnotho emhlabeni futhi nayo ngokwayo impofu kakhulu, kodwa uma kuziwa ezilinganisweni zenhlalakahle, injabulo, ithemba lokuphila, ezempilo, imfundo, ayikaze ibekwe noma kuphi eduze nanoma yikuphi omakhelwane bayo, futhi imvamisa ibalwa phezulu emhlabeni wonke kumashadi phakathi kwamazwe acebe kakhulu. I-Ticos, njengoba izakhamuzi zaseCosta Rica zibizwa kanjalo, zihlanganyela kancane kancane, empeleni, ziziqhenya ngokuqedwa kwazo kwezempi, emasikweni abo entando yeningi ngokuphawulekayo kanye nezinhlelo zenhlalo, emazingeni abo aphezulu emfundo nempilo, ngokungenzeka kwabo. ukuvikelwa kwamaphesenti amakhulu kunawo wonke komhlaba-emhlabeni wezindawo zasendle eziqiwini naseziqiwini, kanye naku-99% wazo otholakala ugesi ovuselelwayo. Ngo-2012 i-Costa Rica yavala konke ukuzingelwa kokuzijabulisa. Ngo-2017, omele i-UN yase-Costa Rica wahola umkhandlu owaxoxisana ngeSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Ze-Nuclear. Lapho ngibhala incwadi mayelana Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism, kwakungesikho lokhu engangikucabanga. Bengibhala ngezwe elihamba phambili ngokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukuboshwa, impi kanye nokudelelwa kwamanye amazwe. Anginakugxekwa ngokuzigqaja ngokwenza izinto ezinhle.
Vele iCosta Rica njenge-utopia ephelele ayiyona into yangempela. Akuyona into enjalo, ngisho nokusondelana. Eqinisweni uma uhlala e-United States futhi ugwema izindawo ezingomakhelwane ezimbi kanye nezisekelo zamasosha nezikhali nemicabango yalokho uhulumeni akwenzayo emhlabeni wonke, futhi uma ukudubula kwabantu abaningi kukuphuthelwa, cishe uzoyibheka njengento enokuthula, indawo ethembayo, nengenabo udlame kuneCosta Rica. Ngeshwa, iCosta Rica ayinalo izinga eliphansi lodlame phakathi kwabantu noma ukugetshengwa noma ukweba izimoto. Leli pharadesi elinokuthula ligcwele ucingo oluhlabayo namasistimu ama-alamu. I-Global Peace Index ezinhlwini I-Costa Rica 39th kanye ne-United States 122nd, kunokuba 1st kanye ne-163rd, ngokufaka ukuphepha kwasekhaya, hhayi nje impi. I-Costa Rica iphinde ihlupheke ngenxa yokungcola, inertia ye-bureaucratic, inkohlakalo, ukubambezeleka okungapheli - okuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, udlame lwamaqembu ezigelekeqe, kanye nesimo sesigaba sesibili sabokufika "abangekho emthethweni" ikakhulukazi abavela eNicaragua.
Kodwa abantu baseCosta Rica abazithumeli izingane zabo ukuthi ziyobulala futhi zife noma zibuye zilimele ezimpini. Abesabi ukuthi bazobuyela emuva ezimpini zabo ezingekho. Abakwesabi ukuhlasela kwezitha zabo zempi okuhloselwe ukukhipha izikhali zabo ezingekho. Baphila nokucasuka okuncane kokungabi nabulungisa kwesistimu noma ukungalingani kwengcebo enkulu noma ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Ngenkathi ama-indices omhlaba enza iCosta Rica ilinganisa ngendlela efanele futhi iya ngokuya ilingana, isiko lakhona libonakala ligcina ukuthanda ukulingana namahloni ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokugqamayo.
ICosta Rica yaba nenhlanhla enkulu yokuntula igolide noma isiliva noma uwoyela noma amatheku awusizo noma indawo engcono kakhulu yokutshala izigqila noma indawo efanelekayo yomsele noma umgwaqo osuka olwandle uye olwandle. Iye yabhekana nezimpi ezimbalwa kakhulu, kodwa nje ukuketulwa kwezempi okwanele ukuze kubheke amasosha njengosongo.
Ngo-1824, iCosta Rica yaqeda ubugqila - kunalokho ngokuhlazisayo ngokombono wase-US ngoba yakwenza lokho ngaphandle kwempi okufanele siziqhenye ngayo. Ngo-1825, uMongameli waseCosta Rica wagomela ngokuthi amasosha akhona ayengadingi noma iyiphi impi. Ngo-1831 iCosta Rica yanquma ukunikeza izindawo ezisogwini kubantu abampofu nokuphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zilime izitshalo ezidingeka kakhulu eYurophu, njengekhofi, ushukela, nokhokho. Lokhu kwasiza ekusunguleni isiko lamapulazi omndeni amancane.
Ngo-1838 iCosta Rica yahlukana neNicaragua. Abantu bala mazwe womabili abahlukaniseki ngokofuzo. Nokho omunye uye waphila cishe nezimpi, kanti omunye unezimpi ezinganqamuki kuze kube namuhla. Umehluko ungowamasiko, futhi wandulela ukuqedwa kombutho wezempi waseCosta Rica ngo-1948. ICosta Rica ayizange ibe khona ngempi ekhazimulayo egujwa ngokungapheli, kodwa ngokusayina amaphepha athile.
ICosta Rica yasiqeda isigwebo sentambo ngo-1877. Ngo-1880, uhulumeni waseCosta Rica waqhosha ngokuba namalungu angu-358 kuphela ebutho lezempi. Ngo-1890, umbiko kaNgqongqoshe Wezempi waseCosta Rica wathola ukuthi abakwaTicos babecishe bangabi nandaba futhi iningi labo bengazi ngokuba nebutho lezempi, futhi lapho bekwazi lokhu bakubheka “ngokudelela okuthile.”
(Psst: Abanye bethu bacabanga ngendlela efanayo e-United States kodwa ungacabanga nje ukusho ngokuzwakalayo? - Ssshh!)
Ngo-1948, uMongameli waseCosta Rica waqeda amasosha - agujwa ngoDisemba 1 njengoSuku Lokuqedwa Kwezempi - ngemuva kokuthi uNgqongqoshe Wezokuphepha (nge-akhawunti yakhe yakamuva) ephikisene ngokuthi kwenziwe lokho ukuze kuthethelelwe ukusetshenziswa kwemali zemfundo ephakeme.
Lingakapheli isonto nesigamu, iCosta Rica yayisihlaselwa yiNicaragua. ICosta Rica yanxusa iNhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika eyaphoqa abahlaseli ukuthi bahlehle. Ngokuvumelana ne ifilimu Ukuthula Okunesibindi, iCosta Rica nayo yakhulisa amasosha esikhashana. Kwenzeka okufanayo ngo-1955, kwaba nomphumela ofanayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ubukeka ecabanga ukuthi kuzobukeka kubi ngendlela engamukelekile kulandela ukuketulwa umbuso kwawo eGuatemala ukuthi wehluleke ukuphikisa ukuhlasela kwezwe okuwukuphela kwalo elingahlomile nelibuswa ngentando yeningi eMelika Ephakathi.
Vele, i-United States ibingeke ibambe iqhaza eGuatemala ukube iGuatemala ibingenamasosha.
I-Costa Rica yasinda eMpini Yomshoshaphansi yase-US-Soviet kanye neminyaka kaRonald Reagan ngokugcina ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokuvinjelwa okushiwo "kobukhomanisi" ngenkathi isungula izinqubomgomo zokushiya. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo kwaze kwayivumela ukuthi yenqabe ukusekela i-Iran-Contra kanye nokuxoxisana ngokuthula eNicaragua, okwadumaza kakhulu uhulumeni wase-US.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, izishoshovu ezingenalo udlame zabuyisela emuva izinga likagesi liyakhuphuka. Ngicabanga ukuthi yilokhu kuphela okukhulunywa ngakho ngesishoshovu Amandla Ngokuthula, okushiya umfundi ezibuza ngesiko elingangabazeki lobushoshovu ngaphambi nangemva kwaleso sikhathi, nokuthi iyiphi indima okungenzeka ukuthi yayilidlalile futhi isadlala ekudaleni nasekugcineni izwe elingenamasosha. Kunolunye uhlobo lobushoshovu olwathintwayo: Ngo-2003, uhulumeni waseCosta Rica wazama ukujoyina “iCoalition of the Willing” yase-US ukuhlasela i-Iraq, kodwa umfundi wezomthetho wamangalela futhi wavimba isenzo njengesiphambene nomthethosisekelo.
Kungani isibonelo saseCosta Rica singasakazeki? Izimpendulo ezisobala ziyinzuzo yempi kanye nesiko lempi, ukungazi ezinye izindlela, kanye nomjikelezo ononya wezinsongo zempi nokwesaba. Kodwa mhlawumbe liyasabalala. Umakhelwane waseNingizimu iPanama, ngenkathi engunodoli wase-US, akanalo nje kuphela amasosha alo kodwa ngokungenabudlova waphoqa i-US ukuthi inikeze umsele futhi isuse amasosha ayo.
Igxathu emvakwe gxathu . . . kodwa kungcono siqale ukunyathela ngokushesha!
Amandla Ngokuthula iyincwadi enolwazi oluningi, ephikisanayo, futhi ebhalwe kahle. Nakuba ihluleka ukuphikisana nokuqedwa kwezempi yonke indawo, yehluleka ukuxoxa ngenye indlela yokuzivikela engahlomile, futhi ithi i-United States "inesidingo sangempela okungenani amandla athile ezempi," noma kunjalo ngiyayengeza ohlwini olulandelayo ngenxa esisitshela kona ngeCosta Rica njengokukhanya okuqondisayo ezweni elivaleleke ebumnyameni bokucabanga kwempi.
UMKHONO WOKWENZA KWEMHLABA:
Izimiso Zokuziphatha, Ukuphepha, kanye Nomshini Wezempi: Izindleko Zangempela Zamasosha ngu-Ned Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda Umkhakha Wempi nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Impi engekho nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Amandla Ngokuthula: Ukuthi Ukuxoshwa Kwezempi Kwaholela Kanjani Ekuthuleni Nenjabulweni E-Costa Rica, Futhi Lokho Wonke Umhlaba Ongakufunda Esizweni Esincane SaseTropiki, nguJudith Eve Lipton noDavid P. Barash, 2019.
Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi nguJørgen Johansen noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukubulala Kuhlanganisiwe: Incwadi Yesibili: Ukuthandwa Kwesikhathi SaseMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, 2018.
Izindlela Zokuthula: Abasinda Abakwa-Hiroshima nabakwaNagasaki Bakhuluma ngu-Melinda Clarke, i-2018.
Ukuvimbela Impi Nokukhuthaza Ukuthula: Umhlahlandlela Wezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo ihlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
I-Business Plan Yokuthula: Ukwakha Umhlaba Ongenawo Impi ngu-Scilla Elworthy, i-2017.
Impi Akukaze Imane nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icala Elimelene NeMpi: Yikuphi I-America Elahlekile Ekilasini Lomlando We-US kanye Nalokho Thina (Konke) Ongakwenza Manje nguKathy Beckwith, i-2015.
Impi: Ubugebengu Ngomuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubukeka kwamaKatolika nokuqeda iMpi nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: UkuQala KweMpi, Ukuphela Kwempi nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Impi engekho: I-Case for the Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Ukuphela kweMpi nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Ukuguquka Kuya Ekuthuleni nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukusuka Empi Kuya Ekuthuleni: Umhlahlandlela Eminyakeni Eyinkulungwane Ezayo ngu-Kent Shifferd, i-2011.
Impi Ngamanga nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphandle kweMpi: I-Human Potenti for Peace nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwempi nguWinslow Myers, i-2009.
Ukuchithwa Kwegazi Okulingene: Izixazululo eziyi-101 Zobudlova, Usongo, Nempi nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Iplanethi Yomhlaba: Isikhali Sempi Samuva nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Abafana Bayoba Abafana: Ukuphula Isixhumanisi Phakathi Kobudoda kanye Udlame lukaMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
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