Izivumelwano, Imithethosisekelo, kanye Nemithetho Emelene Nempi

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Januwari 10, 2022

Ngeke ukuqagele kusukela kukho konke ukwamukelwa kwempi buthule njengebhizinisi elisemthethweni kanye nayo yonke ingxoxo mayelana nezindlela okuthiwa zigcina impi isemthethweni ngokuguqulwa kobudlova obuthile, kodwa kunezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezenza izimpi ngisho nosongo lwempi olungekho emthethweni. , imithetho-sisekelo kazwelonke eyenza izimpi nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebhebhethekisa izimpi kube ngokungemthetho, nemithetho eyenza ukubulala kube semthethweni ngaphandle kokukhetha ukusetshenziswa kwemicibisholo noma izinga lokubulala.

Kunjalo, okubalulekile njengokusemthethweni akukhona nje lokho okubhalwe phansi, kodwa futhi yilokho okuthathwa njengokusemthethweni, okungasoze kwashushiswa njengecala. Kodwa yilokho kanye iphuzu lokwazi nokwenza kwaziwe kabanzi isimo sempi esingekho emthethweni: ukuthuthukisa imbangela yokuphatha impi njengobugebengu, ngokomthetho obhaliwe. Ukuphatha into njengecala kusho okungaphezu nje kokuyishushisa. Kungase kube nezikhungo ezingcono kwezinye izimo kunezinkantolo zomthetho zokufeza ukubuyisana noma ukubuyisela, kodwa amasu anjalo awasizwa ngokugcina sengathi impi isemthethweni, ukwamukeleka kwempi.

IZIVUMELWANO

Kusukela 1899, wonke amaqembu ku I-Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes bazibophezele ukuthi “bayavuma ukusebenzisa imizamo yabo engcono kakhulu ukuze baqinisekise ukuxazululwa ngokuthula kokungezwani kwamazwe ngamazwe.” Ukwephulwa kwalesi sivumelwano kwaba yi-Charge I ngo-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa icala wamaNazi. Amaqembu emhlanganweni zihlanganisa izizwe ezanele ukuze kuqedwe impi ngempumelelo uma kuthotshelwe.

Kusukela 1907, wonke amaqembu ku I-Hague Convention ye-1907 baye baphoqeleka ukuba “basebenzise imizamo yabo emihle kakhulu ukuze baqinisekise ukuxazululwa ngokuthula kokungezwani kwamazwe ngamazwe,” ukunxusa ezinye izizwe ukuba zilamule, zamukele izicelo zokuxoxisana ezivela kwezinye izizwe, ukwakha uma kudingekile “iKhomishana Yophenyo Yamazwe Ngamazwe, ukuze kube lula Isixazululo salezi zingxabano ngokucacisa amaqiniso ngophenyo olungachemi nolukanembeza” kanye nokudlulisa icala enkantolo ehlala unomphela eHague ukuze kuxazululwe amacala. Ukwephulwa kwalesi sivumelwano kwakuyi-Charge II ngo-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa icala wamaNazi. Amaqembu emhlanganweni zihlanganisa izizwe ezanele ukuze kuqedwe impi ngempumelelo uma kuthotshelwe.

Kusukela 1928, wonke amaqembu ku I-Kellogg-Briand Pact (KBP) kuye kwadingeka ngokomthetho ukuthi “ilahle ukungenela impi ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi iyilahle, njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo kazwelonke ebudlelwaneni babo phakathi kwabo,” futhi “bavume ukuthi ukuxazululwa noma isixazululo sazo zonke izingxabano. noma ukungqubuzana kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo noma kwanoma yimuphi umsuka okungase kuphakame phakathi kwabo, akusoze kwafunwa ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokuthula.” Ukwephulwa kwalesi sivumelwano kwakuyi-Charge XIII ngo-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa icala wamaNazi. Icala elifanayo alibekwanga kwabanqobile. Icala lisungule leli cala elalingabhalwanga ngaphambili: “AMAGEBENGU OKUTHULA: okungukuthi, ukuhlela, ukulungiselela, ukuqala noma ukulwa impi yolaka, noma impi ephula izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano noma iziqinisekiso, noma ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni olufanayo noma uzungu lokulwa nobudlova. ukufezwa kwanoma yikuphi kwalokhu osekushiwo ngaphambili.” Lokhu okusunguliwe kwaqinisa ukujwayelekile ukungaqondi kahle we-Kellogg-Briand Pact njengokuvinjelwa kwempi enolaka kodwa engeyona yokuzivikela. Kodwa-ke, isivumelwano se-Kellogg-Briand sivinjelwe ngokucacile hhayi kuphela impi enonya kodwa futhi impi yokuzivikela - ngamanye amazwi, yonke impi. Amaqembu Esivumelwaneni zihlanganisa izizwe ezanele zokuqeda impi ngempumelelo ngokuhambisana nayo.

Kusukela 1945, wonke amaqembu ku I-UN Charter baye baphoqeleka ukuba “baxazulule izingxabano zabo zamazwe ngamazwe ngezindlela ezinokuthula ngendlela yokuthi ukuthula nokulondeka kwamazwe ngamazwe, nobulungisa, kungabi sengozini,” futhi “bayeke ubudlelwano babo bamazwe ngamazwe ekusongelweni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ngokumelene nobuqotho bendawo noma ukuzimela kwezombusazwe kwanoma yimuphi umbuso,” nakuba kunezintuba ezingezelelwe ezimpini ezigunyazwe yi-UN nezimpi “zokuzivikela,” (kodwa hhayi ngokusongela impi) - izintuba ezingasebenzi kunoma yiziphi izimpi zakamuva, kodwa zivala ubukhona bempi. okudala ezingqondweni eziningi umqondo ongacacile wokuthi izimpi zisemthethweni. Imfuneko yokuthula nokuvinjelwa kwempi iye yachazwa kabanzi phakathi neminyaka ezinqumweni ezihlukahlukene ze-UN, njenge 2625 futhi 3314. The amaqembu kuSomqulu yayizoqeda impi ngokuhambisana nayo.

Kusukela 1949, wonke amaqembu ukuze I-NATO, baye bavuma ukuhlehliswa kokuvinjelwa kokusongela noma ukusebenzisa amandla atholakala ku-UN Charter, ngisho nalapho bevuma ukulungiselela izimpi kanye nokuhlanganyela ezimpini zokuzivikela ezilwiwa ngamanye amalungu e-NATO. Iningi lezikhali Zomhlaba ezisebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezempi, kanye nengxenye enkulu yokwenza kwawo impi, kwenziwa ngu. Amalungu e-NATO.

Kusukela 1949, amaqembu ku Isivumelwano se-Geneve yesine baye banqatshelwa ukuhlanganyela kunoma yiluphi udlame olubhekiswe kubantu abangabambi iqhaza empini, futhi bavinjelwe kukho konke ukusetshenziswa "[c] izinhlawulo zokuzikhethela kanye nazo zonke izinyathelo zokwesabisa noma zobuphekula," kuyilapho iningi lalabo ababulawa ezimpini bebengewona amasosha. Bonke abakhi bempi abakhulu ingxenye Yezingqungquthela zaseGeneva.

Kusukela 1952, i-US, Australia, kanye ne-New Zealand bebeyingxenye yeSivumelwano se-ANZUS, lapho “Abahlanganyeli bethembisana, njengoba kubekwe kuSomqulu weZizwe Ezihlangene, ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe abangahileleka kuzo ngezindlela ezinokuthula ngendlela yokuthi ukuthula nokulondeka nobulungisa kwamazwe ngamazwe akubeki engcupheni futhi kugwenywe ubudlelwano babo bamazwe ngamazwe ekusongelweni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla nganoma iyiphi indlela engqubuzana nezinjongo zeZizwe Ezihlangene.”

Kusukela 1970, lo Isivumelwano sokungakhushulwa kwezikhali ze-Nuclear idinge ukuthi amaqembu ayo “aqhubekisele phambili izingxoxo ngokwethembeka ezinyathelweni ezisebenzayo eziphathelene nokuqedwa komjaho wezikhali zenuzi kusenesikhathi kanye nokwehliswa kwezikhali zenuzi, kanye nesivumelwano esimayelana nokujwayelekile kanye ukuncishiswa kwezikhali okuphelele [!!] ngaphansi kolawulo oluqinile nolusebenzayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.” Amaqembu esivumelwaneni hlanganisa abakhulu kakhulu aba-5 (kodwa hhayi aba-4 abalandelayo) abanezikhali zenuzi.

Kusukela 1976, lo Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Emalungelo Ezimboni Nezopolitiki (ICCPR) kanye ne- Isivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalakahle, Namasiko babophe amaqembu abo kulawa mazwi okuvula eSigaba I sazo zombili izivumelwano: “Bonke abantu banelungelo lokuzikhethela.” Igama elithi “bonke” lizobonakala lingahlanganisi iKosovo kuphela nezingxenye zangaphambili zeYugoslavia, iSouth Sudan, iBalkan, iCzechia neSlovakia, kodwa futhi neCrimea, i-Okinawa, iScotland, uDiego Garcia, iNagorno Karabagh, iWestern Sahara, iPalestine, iSouthern Ossetia. , Abkhazia, Kurdistan, njll. Amaqembu Ezivumelwaneni zihlanganisa iningi lomhlaba.

I-ICCPR efanayo idinga ukuthi “Noma iyiphi inkulumo-ze yempi izokwenqatshelwa ngokomthetho.” (Nokho amajele awakhishwanga ukuze kuvuleke izikhulu zabezindaba indawo. Eqinisweni, abahlebi baboshwa ngokudalula amanga ezimpi.)

Kusukela 1976 (noma isikhathi sokujoyina seqembu ngalinye) the ISivumelwano Se-Amity Nokubambisana eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (okuzo iChina kanye nezinhlobonhlobo izizwe ngaphandle kweNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njenge-United States, iRussia, ne-Iran, bayiqembu) idinga ukuthi:

“Ebudlelwaneni babo nabanye abantu, Izinhlaka Ezinezinkontileka Eziphakeme zizoholwa yile migomo ebalulekile elandelayo:
a. Ukuhloniphana ngokuzimela, ubukhosi, ukulingana, ubuqotho bendawo kanye nobunikazi besizwe bazo zonke izizwe;
b. Ilungelo lawo wonke imibuso lokuhola ubuzwe bayo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ukuketulwa noma ukucindezelwa;
c. Ukungagxambukeli ezindabeni zangaphakathi zomunye nomunye;
d. Ukuxazulula ukungezwani noma izingxabano ngezindlela ezinokuthula;
e. Ukulahla usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla;
f. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwabo. . . .
“IQembu ngalinye Elinezinkontileka Eziphakeme ngeke lihlanganyele nganoma iyiphi indlela noma nganoma iyiphi indlela kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi ongaba usongo ekuzinzeni kwezombusazwe nezomnotho, ubukhosi, noma ubuqotho bendawo benye Inhlangano Esezinkontileka Eziphakeme. . . .

“Amaqembu Asezinkontileka Eziphakeme azoba nokuzimisela kanye nokholo oluhle ukuvimbela izingxabano ekuphakameni. Uma kwenzeka izingxabano ezindabeni ezibathinta ngokuqondile kufanele ziphakame, ikakhulukazi izingxabano ezingase ziphazamise ukuthula kwesifunda nokuzwana, bayogwema ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi bayozixazulula lezi zingxabano phakathi kwabo ngezingxoxo zobungane. . . .

“Ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano ngezinqubo zesifunda, Izinhlaka Eziphezulu Ezinkontileka zizokwakha, njengohlaka oluqhubekayo, uMkhandlu Ophakeme ohlanganisa Omele Omele ezingeni longqongqoshe ovela eNhlanganweni Ephakeme Yezinkontileka ukuze unake ukubakhona kwezingxabano noma izimo ezingase ziphazamise isifunda. ukuthula nokuzwana. . . .

“Uma kwenzeka kungekho sixazululo esifinyelelwa ngezingxoxo eziqondile, uMkhandlu oPhethe uzoyinaka ingxabano noma isimo futhi uzoncoma izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ngezindlela ezifanele zokuxazulula njengamahhovisi amahle, ukulamula, ukuphenya noma ukubuyisana. Nokho, uMkhandlu oPhethe unganikeza izikhundla zawo ezinhle, noma ngemva kwesivumelwano sezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo, uzenzele ikomidi lokulamula, lophenyo noma lokubuyisana. Uma kubonakala kunesidingo, uMkhandlu oPhethe uzoncoma izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvimbela ukuwohloka kwengxabano noma isimo. . . .”

Kusukela 2014, lo I-Arms Trade Treaty ifune ukuthi izinhlangano zayo "zingagunyazi noma yikuphi ukudluliswa kwezikhali ezijwayelekile ezimbozwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 2 (1) noma zezinto ezivezwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 3 noma iSigaba 4, uma inolwazi ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa ukuthi izikhali noma izinto zizosetshenziswa ikhomishini yokubulawa kohlanga, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini, ukwephulwa okukhulu kweMivumelwano yase-Geneva yango-1949, ukuhlasela okubhekiswe ezintweni ezingezona ezomphakathi noma izakhamuzi ezivikelwe kanjalo, noma obunye ubugebengu bempi njengoba kuchazwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe abayingxenye yazo.” Angaphezu kwesigamu samazwe omhlaba Amaqembu.

Kusukela ngo-2014, amazwe angamalungu angaphezu kuka-30 oMphakathi Wamazwe aseLatin America naseCaribbean (CELAC) aboshelwe yilokhu. Isimemezelo Sendawo Yokuthula:

“1. I-Latin America kanye ne-Caribbean njengeNdawo Yokuthula esekelwe ekuhlonipheni izimiso nemithetho yoMthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa amathuluzi wamazwe ngamazwe lapho Amazwe Angamalungu ayingxenye yawo, Izimiso Nezinjongo ZoMqulu WeZizwe Ezihlangene;

“2. Ukuzibophezela kwethu unomphela ukuxazulula izingxabano ngezindlela ezinokuthula ngenhloso yokususa unomphela usongo noma ukusebenzisa amandla endaweni yethu;

“3. Ukuzibophezela kwamaZwe esifunda nesibopho sawo esiqinile sokungangeneleli, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ezindabeni zangaphakathi zanoma yimuphi omunye uMbuso futhi bagcine imigomo yobukhosi bezwe, amalungelo alinganayo kanye nokuzikhethela kwabantu;

“4. Ukuzinikela kwabantu baseLatin America naseCaribbean ukukhuthaza ukubambisana nobudlelwano obunobungani phakathi kwabo kanye nezinye izizwe kungakhathaliseki umehluko ezimisweni zabo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalakahle noma amazinga entuthuko; nibekezelelane, nihlale ndawonye ngokuthula, njengabakhelwane abahle;

“5. Ukuzibophezela Kwamazwe aseLatin America naseCaribbean ekuhlonipheni ngokugcwele ilungelo elingenakugwenywa lawo wonke amaZwe lokukhetha uhlelo lwawo lwezombangazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, nezamasiko, njengezimo ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuphilisana ngokuthula phakathi kwezizwe;

“6. Ukugqugquzelwa kwesiko lokuthula esifundeni, phakathi kokunye, emigomeni yesiMemezelo seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene mayelana Nesiko Lokuthula;

“7. Ukuzibophezela kweMibuso esifundeni ukuziqondisa ngalesi Simemezelo ekuziphatheni kwabo kwamazwe ngamazwe;

“8. Ukuzibophezela kwezifundazwe zesifunda ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi njengenhloso ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nokufaka isandla ngokukhipha izikhali okuvamile nokuphelele, ukugqugquzela ukuqinisa ukuzethemba phakathi kwezizwe. "

Kusukela 2017, lapho linegunya khona, i I-International Criminal Court (I-ICC) ibe nekhono lokushushisa ubugebengu bokuhlukumeza, inzalo yokuguqulwa kwe-Nuremberg ye-KBP. Angaphezu kwesigamu samazwe omhlaba Amaqembu.

Kusukela 2021, amaqembu ku ISivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali Zase-Nuclear bavumile ukuthi

“Iqembu Lombuso ngalinye alizibophezeli ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ukuthi:

“(a) Ukuthuthukisa, ukuhlola, ukukhiqiza, ukwenza, ukuthola, ukuphatha noma ukuqoqa izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane;

“(b) Ukudlulisela kunoma yimuphi umamukeli noma yiziphi izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane zenuzi noma ukulawula lezo zikhali noma iziqhumane ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile;

“(c) Ukuthola ukudluliswa noma ukulawula izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane zenuzi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile;

“(d) Ukusebenzisa noma ukusabisa ngokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane zenuzi;

“(e) Ukusiza, ukukhuthaza noma ukunxenxa, nganoma iyiphi indlela, noma ubani ukuthi azibandakanye kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi owenqatshelwe eQenjini LoMbuso ngaphansi kwalesi Sivumelwano;

“(f) Afune noma athole noma yiluphi usizo, nganoma iyiphi indlela, kunoma yimuphi umuntu ukuze enze noma yimuphi umsebenzi owenqatshelwe Engxenyeni Yombuso ngaphansi kwalesi Sivumelwano;

"(g) Vumela noma yikuphi ukumiswa, ukufakwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiziphi izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane zenuzi endaweni yayo noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kolawulo lwazo."

Amaqembu Esivumelwaneni zengezwa ngokushesha.

UMTHETHOSISEKELO

Iningi lemithethosisekelo kazwelonke ekhona ingafundwa ngokugcwele lapha https://constituteproject.org

Iningi labo likubeka ngembaba ukusekela kwalo izivumelwano izizwe ezihlangene nazo. Abaningi basekela ngokusobala i-UN Charter, ngisho noma beyiphikisa. Imithethosisekelo eminingana yaseYurophu ibeka umkhawulo ngokusobala amandla kazwelonke ekuhlonipheni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Abaningi bathatha ezinye izinyathelo zokuthula nokulwa nempi.

Umthethosisekelo waseCosta Rica awuvimbeli impi, kodwa uyavimbela ukugcinwa kwebutho lezempi elimile: "Ibutho lezempi njengesikhungo esihlala njalo liyaqedwa." I-US kanye neminye imithethosisekelo ibhalwe sengathi, noma okungenani ihambisana nombono wokuthi, amasosha azokwakhiwa okwesikhashana uma kunempi, njengeCosta Rica kodwa ngaphandle kokuqedwa okucacile kwebutho lezempi elimile. Ngokuvamile, le mithethosisekelo ikhawulela isikhathi (kuya onyakeni owodwa noma iminyaka emibili) lapho amasosha angaxhaswa khona. Imvamisa, laba hulumeni bamane bakwenza umkhuba ukuqhubeka nokuxhasa amasosha abo kabusha unyaka nonyaka.

Umthethosisekelo wasePhilippines unanela i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ngokulahla “impi njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo kazwelonke.”

Ulimi olufanayo lungatholakala kuMthethosisekelo waseJapan. Isethulo sithi, “Thina, abantu baseJapane, esasisebenza ngabameleli bethu abakhethwe ngokufanelekile ku-National Diet, sanquma ukuthi sizozitholela thina nenzalo yethu izithelo zokubambisana ngokuthula nazo zonke izizwe nezibusiso zenkululeko kulo lonke izwe, futhi sanquma ukuthi ngeke siphinde sivakashelwe ngezinhlekelele zempi ngesenzo sikahulumeni.” Futhi iSiphakamiso sesi-9 sifundeka kanje: “Ngokulangazelela ngobuqotho ukuthula kwezizwe zonke okusekelwe ubulungisa nokuhleleka, abantu baseJapane bayayilahla phakade impi njengelungelo elibusayo lesizwe kanye nosongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze kufezwe inhloso yesigaba esandulele, ibutho lezwe, ulwandle, nelasemoyeni, kanye namanye amandla empi, akusoze kwagcinwa. Ilungelo lokulwa nombuso ngeke lihlonishwe.”

Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, isishoshovu sesikhathi eside saseJapan kanye nesishoshovu sokuthula kanye nondunankulu omusha u-Kijuro Shidehara wacela uGeneral Douglas MacArthur waseMelika ukuthi akhiphe impi kumthethosisekelo omusha waseJapan. Ngo-1950, uhulumeni wase-US wacela iJapane ukuthi yephule i-Article 9 futhi ijoyine impi entsha ngokumelene neNyakatho Korea. IJapane yenqaba. Isicelo esifanayo nokwenqatshwa kwaphindwa ngempi yaseVietnam. Kodwa-ke, iJapan yavumela i-US ukuthi isebenzise izisekelo eJapan, naphezu kombhikisho omkhulu wabantu baseJapan. Ukuguguleka kwe-Article 9 kwase kuqalile. IJapan yenqaba ukuhlanganyela eMpini Yokuqala YeGulf, kodwa yanikeza ukwesekwa kwamathokheni, imikhumbi yokugcwalisa amafutha, ngempi yase-Afghanistan (undunankulu waseJapane akusho ngokusobala ukuthi kwakuyindaba yokubeka abantu baseJapane esimweni sokwenza impi esikhathini esizayo). IJapan yalungisa imikhumbi nezindiza zase-US eJapan phakathi nempi ka-2003 e-Iraq, nakuba kungani umkhumbi noma indiza engakwazi ukusuka e-Iraq iye eJapane futhi ibuye idinga ukulungiswa ayizange ichazwe. Muva nje, uNdunankulu waseJapan uShinzo Abe uhole “ukuhunyushwa kabusha” kwe-Article 9 ukuze isho okuphambene nalokho ekushoyo. Naphezu kokuhunyushwa kabusha okunjalo, kukhona umnyakazo oqhubekayo eJapane wokuguqula amagama oMthethosisekelo ukuze uvumele impi.

Imithethosisekelo yase-Germany ne-Italy isukela esikhathini sangemva kwe-WWII efanayo neyase-Japan. I-Germany ihlanganisa lokhu:

“(1) Imisebenzi evame ukuphazamisa noma eyenziwa ngenhloso yokuphazamisa ubudlelwano obunokuthula phakathi kwezizwe, futhi ikakhulukazi ukulungiselela impi enolaka, iyophambana noMthethosisekelo. Bayoba ngaphansi kwesijeziso.

“(2) Izikhali eziklanyelwe ukulwa zingakhiqizwa, zithuthwe noma zimakethwe ngemvume kaHulumeni Wombuso. Imininingwane izolawulwa ngumthetho wenhlangano. "

Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho:

“(1) Inhlangano, ngomthetho, ingadlulisela amandla okubusa ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe.

“(2 ) Ukuze kulondolozwe ukuthula, i-Federation ingase ijoyine uhlelo lokuvikeleka ngokuhlanganyela; ngokwenza kanjalo izovumelana naleyo mingcele yamandla ayo abusayo eyoletha futhi iqinisekise ukuhleleka okunokuthula nokuhlala njalo eYurophu naphakathi kwezizwe zomhlaba .

"(3) Ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, i-Federation izojoyina uhlelo olujwayelekile, oluphelele, oluyisibopho lokulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe."

Ukwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza kuMthethosisekelo waseJalimane:

“Akekho umuntu oyophoqwa ngokumelene nonembeza wakhe ukuba enze inkonzo yezempi ehilela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali. Imininingwane izolawulwa umthetho wenhlangano. "

Umthethosisekelo wase-Italy uhlanganisa ulimi olujwayelekile: “I-Italy iyenqaba impi njengethuluzi lobudlova ngokumelene nenkululeko yabanye abantu nanjengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Italy iyavuma, ngezimo zokulingana namanye amazwe, emikhawulweni yobukhosi engase idingeke ku-oda lomhlaba oqinisekisa ukuthula nobulungiswa phakathi kweZizwe. I-Italy ikhuthaza futhi ikhuthaze izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe eziqhubekisela phambili lezi zinhloso.”

Lokhu kubonakala kunamandla kakhulu, kodwa ngokusobala kuhloswe ngakho ukuthi kucishe kube yize, ngoba wona kanye umthethosisekelo ofanayo uthi, “IPhalamende linegunya lokumemezela isimo sempi futhi linikeze amandla adingekayo kuHulumeni. . . . UMongameli ungumkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile, uyokwengamela uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezokuvikela osungulwe ngokomthetho, futhi uyokwenza izimemezelo zempi njengoba kuvunyelwene yiPhalamende. . . . Izinkantolo zezempi ngezikhathi zempi zinegunya elimiswe ngokomthetho. Ngezikhathi zokuthula banegunya kuphela emacaleni ezempi enziwa amalungu amabutho ahlomile.” Sonke sijwayelene nosopolitiki “abenqaba” noma “abaphikisa” ngokungenanjongo into abasebenza kanzima ukuze bayamukele futhi bayisekele. Imithethosisekelo ingenza into efanayo.

Ulimi kuyo yomibili imithethosisekelo yase-Italy kanye ne-German mayelana nokunikeza amandla kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (engashiwongo) iyihlazo ezindlebeni zase-US, kodwa akuhlukile. Ulimi olufanayo lutholakala kumthethosisekelo waseDenmark, eNorway, eFrance nakweminye imithethosisekelo eminingana yaseYurophu.

Lapho sisuka eYurophu siya eTurkmenistan, sithola umthethosisekelo ozibophezele ekuthuleni ngezindlela ezinokuthula: “ITurkmenistan, njengoba ingaphansi komphakathi womhlaba wonke, izohambisana nenqubomgomo yayo yezangaphandle ezimisweni zokungathathi hlangothi unomphela, ukungagxambukeli ezindabeni zangaphakathi zabanye. amazwe, agweme ukusebenzisa amandla nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zezempi nemifelandawonye, ​​akhuthaze ubudlelwano obunokuthula, obunobungane nobuzuzisanayo namazwe akulesi sifunda kanye nazo zonke izifunda zomhlaba.”

Uma sibhekisa amabombo emazweni aseMelika, sithola e-Ecuador umthethosisekelo ozibophezele ekuziphatheni ngokuthula yi-Ecuador kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezempi yinoma ubani omunye e-Ecuador: “I-Ecuador indawo yokuthula. Ukusungulwa kwezizinda zamasosha angaphandle noma izindawo zangaphandle ngezinhloso zempi ngeke kuvunyelwe. Akuvunyelwe ukudlulisela izizinda zempi kazwelonke emabuthweni angaphandle ahlomile noma ezokuphepha. . . . Ikhuthaza ukuthula nokuncishiswa kwezikhali emhlabeni wonke; igxeka ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezibhubhisayo kanye nokumiswa kwezisekelo noma izikhungo ngezinjongo zempi yiMibuso ethile endaweni yabanye.”

Eminye imithethosisekelo evimbela izizinda zamasosha akwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-Ecuador, ihlanganisa leyo yase-Angola, iBolivia, iCape Verde, iLithuania, iMalta, iNicaragua, iRwanda, i-Ukraine, neVenezuela.

Imithethosisekelo eminingi emhlabeni wonke isebenzisa igama elithi “ukungathathi hlangothi” ukuze ibonise ukuzibophezela ekugwemeni izimpi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Belarus, ingxenye yomthethosisekelo manje esengozini yokushintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezikhali zenuzi zaseRussia ifundeka kanje, “IRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus ihlose ukwenza indawo yayo ibe indawo engenazinyuzi, kanye nezwe elingathathi hlangothi.”

E-Cambodia, umthethosisekelo uthi, “Umbuso waseCambodia wamukela [i]nqubomgomo yokungathathi hlangothi unomphela nokungahlangani. Umbuso waseCambodia ulandela inqubomgomo yokuhlalisana ngokuthula nomakhelwane bawo kanye nawo wonke amanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. . . . Umbuso waseCambodia ngeke uhlanganyele kunoma iyiphi inhlangano yezempi noma isivumelwano sezempi esingahambisani nenqubomgomo yawo yokungathathi hlangothi. . . . Noma yisiphi isivumelwano nesivumelwano esingahambelani nokuzimela, ubukhosi, ubuqotho bendawo, ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nobunye besizwe boMbuso Wase-Cambodia, sizosulwa. . . . Umbuso waseCambodia uzoba izwe elizimele, elizimele, elinokuthula, elingathathi hlangothi unomphela futhi elingachemile.

I-Malta: "I-Malta iyizwe elingathathi hlangothi eliphishekela ukuthula, ukuphepha kanye nenqubekela phambili yezenhlalakahle phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe ngokubambelela kumgomo wokungahlanganisi kanye nokwenqaba ukubamba iqhaza kunoma iyiphi imifelandawonye yezempi."

UMoldova: “IRiphabhulikhi yaseMoldova imemezela ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo okuhlala njalo.”

ESwitzerland: ISwitzerland “ithatha izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvikeleka kwangaphandle, ukuzimela nokungathathi hlangothi kweSwitzerland.”

E-Turkmenistan: “IZizwe Ezihlangene ngeSinqumo SoMkhandlu Kazwelonke 'Ukungathathi hlangothi Okungapheli KweTurkmenistan' sango-December 12 1995 no-3 June 2015: Iqaphela futhi isekele isimo esimenyezelwe sokungathathi hlangothi unomphela kweTurkmenistan; Icela amazwe angamalungu eNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ukuthi ahloniphe futhi aseseke lesi simo se-Turkmenistan futhi ahloniphe ukuzimela kwayo, ubukhosi nobuqotho bendawo. . . . Ukungathathi hlangothi unomphela kweTurkmenistan, kuzoba yisisekelo senqubomgomo kazwelonke nezangaphandle. . . .”

Amanye amazwe, njenge-Ireland, anesiko lokungathathi hlangothi okufunwayo nokungaphelele, kanye nemikhankaso yezakhamuzi yokwengeza ukungathathi hlangothi kumthethosisekelo.

Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi yezizwe ihlose ukuvumela impi, naphezu kokuthi isekela izivumelwano ezigunyazwe ohulumeni bazo, kodwa idinga ukuthi noma iyiphi impi ibe impendulo “yobudlova” noma “ubudlova bangempela noma obuseduze.” Kwezinye izimo, le mithethosisekelo ivumela kuphela “impi yokuzivikela,” noma ivimbela “izimpi ezinonya” noma “izimpi zokunqoba.” Lokhu kufaka phakathi imithethosisekelo yase-Algeria, Bahrain, Brazil, France, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Qatar, kanye ne-UAE.

Imithetho-sisekelo evimbela impi enonya ngamandla amakholoni kodwa ibophezele isizwe sazo ekusekeleni izimpi "zenkululeko yezwe" ihlanganisa leyo yaseBangladesh neCuba.

Eminye imithethosisekelo idinga ukuthi impi ibe impendulo “ekuhlaselweni” noma “ubudlova bangempela noma obuseduze” noma “isibopho sokuzivikela esivamile” (njengesibopho samalungu e-NATO sokujoyina izimpi namanye amalungu e-NATO). Le mithetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa owase-Albania, eChina, eCzechia, ePoland nase-Uzbekistan.

Umthethosisekelo waseHaiti udinga impi lapho "yonke imizamo yokubuyisana ibhuntshile."

Eminye imithethosisekelo yezizwe ezingenawo amasosha amile noma awekho nhlobo, futhi ezingenazo izimpi zakamuva, ayikhulumi ngempi noma ukuthula: i-Iceland, iMonaco, iNauru. Umthethosisekelo wase-Andorra umane ukhuluma ngesifiso sokuthula, ngokungafani nalokho okungatholakala kumithetho-sisekelo yabanye babashisekeli abakhulu bempi.

Nakuba ohulumeni abaningi bomhlaba beyingxenye yezivumelwano zokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi, abanye baphinde bavimbele izikhali zenuzi emithethweni yabo: Belarus, Bolivia, Cambodia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Iraq, Lithuania, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Philippines, kanye neVenezuela. Umthethosisekelo waseMozambique uyakweseka ukwakhiwa kwendawo engenawo amandla enuzi.

I-Chile isemkhankasweni wokubhala kabusha umthethosisekelo wayo, kanti abanye abantu baseChile banjalo ukufuna ukuba nokuvinjelwa kwempi kufakwe.

Imithethosisekelo eminingi ihlanganisa izinkomba ezingacacile zokuthula, kodwa ukwamukela impi ngokusobala. Abanye, njengase-Ukraine, bavala ngisho namaqembu ezombusazwe akhuthaza impi (ukuvinjelwa okusobala ukuthi akunakwa).

Kumthethosisekelo waseBangladesh, singakufunda kokubili lokhu:

“UMbuso uyosekela ubudlelwano bawo bamazwe ngamazwe ezimisweni zokuhlonipha ubukhosi nokulingana kwezwe, ukungagxambukeli ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamanye amazwe, ukuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuthula, nokuhlonipha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimiso ezishiwo kuSomqulu weZizwe Ezihlangene. , futhi phezu kwesisekelo saleyo migomo - a. silwela ukuhoxiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuncishiswa kwezikhali okuvamile nokuphelele.”

Futhi lokhu: "Impi ngeke imenyezelwe futhi iRiphabhulikhi angeke ibambe iqhaza kunoma iyiphi impi ngaphandle uma kunemvume yePhalamende."

Imithethosisekelo eminingi ithi ivumela impi ngisho nangaphandle kwemikhawulo eshiwo ngenhla (ukuthi ivikela noma umphumela wesibopho sesivumelwano [nakuba futhi iwukwephulwa kwesivumelwano]). Ngamunye wabo uyacacisa ukuthi yiliphi ihhovisi noma umgwamanda okufanele uqalise impi. Abanye ngokwenza kanjalo benza izimpi zibe nzima kakhulu ukuziqala kunezinye. Alikho elidinga ivoti lomphakathi. I-Australia yayivamise ukwenqabela ukuthumela noma yiliphi ilungu lezempi phesheya kwezilwandle “ngaphandle uma bevuma ngokuzithandela ukwenza kanjalo.” Ngokwazi kwami ​​ngisho izizwe ezikhala kakhulu ngokulwela intando yeningi azikwenzi lokho manje. Ezinye zezizwe ezivumela ngisho nezimpi ezinolaka, zivimbela imvume yazo ezimpini zokuzivikela uma iqembu elithile (elifana nomongameli esikhundleni sephalamende) liqala impi. Imithethosisekelo egunyaza impi ingeyala mazwe: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, DRC, Congo , Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia , Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malawi, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, IMyanmar, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, ISouth Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzan ia, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, kanye neZimbabwe.

IMITHETHO

Njengoba kudingwa izivumelwano eziningi, izizwe ziye zafaka izivumelwano eziningi eziyingxenye yazo emithethweni yezwe. Kodwa kuneminye imithetho engasekelwe kusivumelwano engase ihambisane nempi, ikakhulukazi imithetho emelene nokubulala.

Uprofesa wezomthetho wake watshela iCongress yaseMelika ukuthi ukuqhumisa umuntu ngomcibisholo kwelinye izwe kuyisenzo sobugebengu sokubulala ngaphandle uma kuyingxenye yempi, lapho kwakusemthethweni ngokuphelele. Akekho owabuza ukuthi yini eyayizokwenza impi ibe semthethweni. UProfessor wabe esevuma ukuthi akazi noma izenzo ezinjengalezi ziwukubulala noma zamukeleka ngokuphelele, ngoba impendulo yombuzo wokuthi zaziyingxenye yempi yayifihlwe encwadini eyimfihlo eyayifihlwe nguMongameli wangaleso sikhathi uBarack Obama. Akekho owabuza ukuthi kungani into ethile eyingxenye yempi noma cha yayibalulekile uma kungekho muntu obuka lesi senzo onganquma ukuthi kwakuyimpi noma kwakungeyona yini. Kodwa ake sicabange, ngenxa yengxabano, ukuthi othile uchaze ukuthi iyini impi futhi wayenza yaba sobala ngokuphelele futhi okungenakuphikiswa ukuthi yiziphi izenzo ezingezona ingxenye yezimpi. Awusamile yini umbuzo othi kungani ukubulala kungaqhubeki kuyicala lokubulala? Kunesivumelwano esijwayelekile sokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kusaqhubeka kuyicala lokuhlukumeza uma kuyingxenye yempi, nokuthi ezinye izingxenye zezimpi ezingenakubalwa zigcina isimo sazo sobugebengu. I-Geneva Conventions idala inqwaba yobugebengu ngenxa yezehlakalo ezivamile ezimpini. Zonke izinhlobo zokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu, impahla, nomhlaba wemvelo okungenani kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala kuwubugebengu ngisho noma kuthathwa njengezingxenye eziyinhloko zezimpi. Ezinye izenzo ezivunyelwe ngaphandle kwezimpi, ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, ziba ubugebengu ngokuba yingxenye yezimpi. Izimpi azinikezi imvume evamile yokwenza ubugebengu. Kungani kufanele samukele ukuthi ukubulala kuyinto ehlukile? Imithetho emelene nokubulala ezizweni emhlabeni wonke ayinikezi okuhlukile ngempi. Izisulu ePakistan zifuna ukushushisa ukubulawa kwendizamtshina yaseMelika njengekubulala. Akukho ukungqubuzana okuhle kwezomthetho okunikiwe ukuthi kungani kungafanele.

Imithetho inganikeza nezinye izindlela esikhundleni sempi. I-Lithuania idale uhlelo lokumelana nomphakathi okukhulu ngokumelene nokuhlala kwamanye amazwe okungenzeka. Lowo ngumbono ongathuthukiswa futhi usabalaliswe.

Izibuyekezo kule dokhumenti zizokwenziwa ngo- https://worldbeyondwar.org/constitutions

Sicela uthumele noma yiziphi iziphakamiso lapha njengamazwana.

Siyabonga ngamazwana awusizo ku-Kathy Kelly, Jeff Cohen, Yurii Sheliazhenko, Joseph Essertier,. . . nawe?