NguDavid Vine, uPatterson Deppen noLeah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Ngo-September 20, i-2021
Isifinyezo esiphezulu
Ngaphandle kokuhoxiswa kwezisekelo zamasosha ase-US namasosha e-Afghanistan, i-United States iyaqhubeka nokugcina izisekelo zamasosha ezungeze i-750 phesheya emazweni angama-80 nakwamanye amazwe (izindawo). Lezi zisekelo zibiza ngezindlela eziningi: kwezezimali, kwezepolitiki, kwezenhlalo nakwezemvelo. Izisekelo zase-US emazweni aphesheya zivame ukuphakamisa ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, zisekele imibuso engabuswa ngentando yeningi, futhi zisebenze njengethuluzi lokuqasha amaqembu ezimpi aphikisana nobukhona be-US kanye nohulumeni ubukhona bayo buqinisa. Kwamanye amacala, kusetshenziswa izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe futhi zenze kwaba lula ukuthi i-United States iqalise futhi isebenzise izimpi eziyinhlekelele, kufaka phakathi lezo ezise-Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia naseLibya. Kuwo wonke umkhakha wezepolitiki kanye nasemasosheni ase-US kunokwanda okwandayo kokuthi izisekelo eziningi zaphesheya kwezilwandle bekufanele ngabe zivaliwe emashumini eminyaka adlule, kepha inertia yeziphathimandla kanye nezintshisekelo zezombusazwe ezingekho emthethweni zibagcine bevulekile.
Phakathi kokubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo kwe "Global Posture Review," abaphathi beBiden banethuba eliyingqophamlando lokuvala amakhulukhulu ezizinda zamasosha ezingadingekile phesheya futhi bathuthukise ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nakwamanye amazwe kule nqubo.
IPentagon, kusukela ngonyaka wezimali u-2018, yehlulekile ukushicilela uhlu lwayo lwaminyaka yonke lwezisekelo zase-US phesheya. Ngokwazi kwethu, lo mfushane wethula ukubalwa kwezimali okugcwele komphakathi kwezisekelo zase-US nezindawo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezempi emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlu nemephu efakiwe kulo mbiko zikhombisa izinkinga eziningi ezihambisana nalezi zisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle, ezinikeza ithuluzi elingasiza abenzi bomgomo ukuhlela okuhlelwa ukuvalwa kwezisekelo okuphuthumayo.
Amaqiniso asheshayo ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwezempi zase-US
• Cishe zingama-750 izindawo zamasosha aseMelika phesheya emazweni angama-80 namakoloni.
• I-United States inezizinda eziphindwe kathathu eziphakeme phesheya (i-750) njengamanxusa ase-US, amanxusa, nezithunywa emhlabeni jikelele (276).
• Ngenkathi kukhona cishe ukufakwa kwesigamu okuningi njengokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izisekelo zase-US zisabalale zafinyelela emazweni namakholoni aphindwe kabili (kusuka kuma-40 kuye kwangama-80) ngasikhathi sinye, kunokugxila okukhulu kwezinsiza eMiddle East, e-East Asia , izingxenye zeYurophu, ne-Afrika.
• I-United States okungenani inezisekelo eziningi eziphindwe kathathu kunamanye amazwe ahlanganisiwe.
• Izisekelo zase-US phesheya zibiza abakhokhi bentela imali elinganiselwa ku- $ 55 billion ngonyaka.
• Ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yamasosha phesheya kudle abakhokhi bentela okungenani ama- $ 70 billion kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, futhi kungabiza ngaphezu kuka- $ 100 billion.
• Izisekelo zaphesheya zisize i-United States ukuqala izimpi neminye imisebenzi yokulwa okungenani emazweni angama-25 kusukela ngo-2001.
• Ukufaka kwe-US kutholakala okungenani emazweni angama-38 kanye namakholoni angabuswa ngentando yeningi.
Inkinga yezisekelo zamasosha aseMelika phesheya
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II nasezinsukwini zokuqala zeCold War, i-United States yakha uhlelo olungakaze lube khona lwezikhungo zamasosha emazweni aphesheya. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kusenezindawo eziyisisekelo eziyi-119 eJalimane kanti ezinye ziyi-119 eJapan, ngokusho kwePentagon. ENingizimu Korea kunama-73. Ezinye izisekelo zase-US zichaze iplanethi kusuka e-Aruba kuya e-Australia, eKenya kuya eQatar, eRomania kuya eSingapore, nangaphezulu.
Silinganisela ukuthi i-United States njengamanje igcina cishe amasayithi angama-750 ayisisekelo emazweni angama-80 angaphandle nasemakoloni (izindawo). Lesi silinganiso sivela kulokho esikholelwa ukuthi yizinhlu eziphelele kunazo zonke zezisekelo zamasosha aseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle ezitholakalayo (bheka iSithasiselo). Phakathi kweminyaka yezimali i-1976 ne-2018, iPentagon ishicilele uhlu lwaminyaka yonke lwezisekelo ezaziphawuleka ngamaphutha nokushiyeka kwazo; kusukela i-2018, iPentagon yehlulekile ukukhipha uhlu. Sakhe uhlu lwethu oluzungeze umbiko we-2018, uhlu lukaDavid Vine's 2021 olutholakala esidlangalaleni lwezisekelo zaphesheya, nezindaba ezinokwethenjelwa neminye imibiko.
Ngaphesheya kwezombangazwe ngisho nasemasosheni ase-US kunokwanda okukhulayo ukuthi izisekelo eziningi zase-US phesheya bekufanele ngabe zivaliwe emashumini eminyaka adlule. "Ngicabanga ukuthi sinengqalasizinda eningi kakhulu phesheya kwezilwandle," isikhulu esisezingeni eliphakeme embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika, uSihlalo Wezabasebenzi Abahlanganyelwe uMark Milley, ukuvumile lokhu ngesikhathi kuphawula umphakathi ngoDisemba 2020. " ukuvikela i-United States? ” UMilley ucele "ukubukelwa kanzima," ezikhungweni zaphesheya, ebona ukuthi eziningi "zitholakala lapho iMpi Yezwe II yaphela khona."
Ukubeka izisekelo zamasosha ase-750 aphesheya ngokulinganayo, kunezindawo zamasosha ezicishe ziphindwe kathathu kunamanxusa ase-US, ama-consulates kanye nezithunywa emhlabeni jikelele - 276.3 Futhi zihlanganisa ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu inani lezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle eziphethwe yizo zonke ezinye amasosha ahlangene. I-United Kingdom kubikwa ukuthi inezindawo ezingama-145 zakwamanye amazwe.4 Amanye amasosha omhlaba ahlanganisiwe kungenzeka alawule amanye ama-50-75, kufaka phakathi izizinda zangaphandle zaseRussia ezimbili noma ezintathu nezikhungo ezinhlanu zaseChina (kanye nezisekelo zaseTibet) .5
Izindleko zokwakha, ukusebenza nokugcina izisekelo zamasosha aseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle zilinganiselwa ku- $ 55 billion minyaka yonke (ngonyaka wezimali ka-2021) .6 Ukumisa amasosha kanye nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisekelweni zaphesheya kubiza kakhulu kunokuzigcina ezisekelweni zasekhaya: $ 10,000- $ 40,000 ngaphezulu umuntu ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso.7 Ukwengeza izindleko zabasebenzi abasebenza phesheya kuhambisa izindleko eziphelele zezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle zifike ku- $ 80 billion noma ngaphezulu.
Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezokwakha ezempi kukodwa - izimali ezabiwe ukwakha nokwandisa izisekelo phesheya kwezilwandle - uhulumeni wase-US usebenzise imali ephakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 70 kuya ku- $ 182 billion phakathi kweminyaka yezimali 2000 no-2021. ukwakhiwa “ezindaweni ezingacacisiwe” emhlabeni wonke, ngaphezu kwama- $ 132 billion asetshenziswe ngokusobala phesheya kwezilwandle. Lo mkhuba wesabelomali wenza kube nzima ukuhlola ukuthi ingakanani le mali ehlukanisiwe eya ekwakheni nasekukhuliseni izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ukulinganiselwa okulindelekile kwamaphesenti ayi-34 kungakhipha imali eyengeziwe engama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-15, yize iningi lezindawo "ezingacacisiwe" zingaba phesheya kwezilwandle. Ama- $ 20 billion ngaphezulu avele kusabelomali sempi “esiphuthumayo”
Ngaphandle kwezindleko zabo zezimali, nangokuphikisana nokunye, izisekelo zaphesheya zibukela phansi ukuphepha ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuba khona kwezisekelo zase-US phesheya kwezilwandle kuvame ukuphakamisa ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, kususe ukungazwani okusabalele e-United States, futhi kusebenza njengethuluzi lokuqasha amaqembu ezimpi afana ne-al Qaeda.
Izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe futhi zenze kwaba lula ukuthi i-United States ibambe iqhaza ezimpini eziningi ezinolaka, kusukela ezimpini zaseVietnam naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kuye eminyakeni engama-20 "yempi engunaphakade" selokhu kwahlasela i-Afghanistan e2001. Kusukela ngo-1980, izisekelo zase-US eMiddle East ezinkulu zisetshenziswe okungenani izikhathi ezingama-25 ukuqalisa izimpi noma ezinye izenzo zokulwa okungenani emazweni ayi-15 kuleyo ndawo kuphela. Kusukela ngo-2001, amasosha ase-US abambe iqhaza empini okungenani emazweni angama-25 emhlabeni jikelele
Ngenkathi abanye bethi kusukela ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi ukuthi izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle zisiza ekusakazeni intando yeningi, okuhlukile kuvame ukubonakala kunjalo. Ukufakwa kwe-US kutholakala okungenani emazweni ayi-19 wobushiqela, emazweni ayisishiyagalombili ayiziphathimandla, nakumakholoni ayi-11 (bheka iSithasiselo). Kulezi zimo, izisekelo zase-US zinikela ngama-de facto ukwesekwa kwemibuso engabuswa ngentando yeningi futhi evame ukucindezela njengaleyo ebusa eTurkey, eNiger, eHonduras nasePersian Gulf. Ngokunjalo, izizinda ezisemakoloni ase-US asele - "izindawo" zase-US zasePuerto Rico, eGuam, iCommonwealth yaseNyakatho Mariana Islands, i-American Samoa, kanye ne-US Virgin Islands - zisizile ukuqhubekisela phambili ubudlelwano bazo bobukoloni namanye amazwe aseMelika kanye nokuba yisakhamuzi kwesigaba sesibili kwabantu base-US.12
Njengoba ikholomu "Yomonakalo Obalulekile Wezemvelo" kuThebula 1 leSithasiselo ibonisa, izindawo eziningi ezakhiwe phesheya zinerekhodi lokulimaza izindawo zasendaweni ngokuvuza okunobuthi, izingozi, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu enobungozi, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo, nokuqeqeshwa okubandakanya izinto ezinobungozi. Kulezi zikhungo zaphesheya kwezilwandle, iPentagon ngokuvamile ayihambisani nezindinganiso zemvelo zase-US futhi isebenza kaningi ngaphansi kwezivumelwano ze-Status of Forces ezivumela amasosha ukuthi agweme nemithetho yezemvelo yezwe.
Ngokunaka ukulimala okunjalo kwemvelo kukodwa neqiniso elilula lamasosha aphesheya ahlala ezweni elibusayo, akumangazi ukuthi izisekelo zaphesheya ziveza ukuphikisana cishe yonke indawo lapho zitholakala khona (bheka ikholomu ye "Protest" kuThebula 1). Izingozi ezibulalayo nobugebengu obenziwa ngabezempi base-US ekufakweni kwezilwandle, kufaka phakathi ukudlwengula nokubulala, imvamisa ngaphandle kobulungiswa bendawo noma ukuphendula, nakho kudala imibhikisho eqondakalayo futhi kulimaze isithunzi se-United States.
Ukubeka kuhlu izisekelo
IPentagon kudala yehluleka ukunikeza imininingwane eyanele yeCongress kanye nomphakathi ukuthi ihlole izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamasosha - isici esikhulu senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Izindlela zamanje zokwengamela azenele ukuthi iCongress nomphakathi basebenzise ukulawula okufanele kwabantu ekufakweni kwamasosha nemisebenzi phesheya kwezilwandle. Isibonelo, lapho amasosha amane efa empini eNiger e2017, amalungu amaningi eCongress ashaqeka lapho ezwa ukuthi cishe babalelwa ku-1,000 14 abezempi kuleliya lizwe.15 Izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kunzima ukuvala uma sezisunguliwe, imvamisa ngenxa ye-inertia yezomthetho. XNUMX Isimo esingalungile sezikhulu zamasosha kubukeka sengathi uma kukhona isizinda saphesheya kwezilwandle, kufanele kube lusizo. ICongress ayivamile ukuphoqa amasosha ukuthi ahlaziye noma akhombise izinzuzo zokuphepha zikazwelonke zezisekelo zaphesheya.
Ukuqala okungenani ngo-1976, iCongress yaqala ukufuna ukuthi iPentagon ikhiqize ukubalwa kwemali kwaminyaka yonke "kwezisekelo zayo zamasosha, ukufakwa, nezinsiza," kufaka phakathi inombolo nobukhulu bayo. ngokuhambisana nomthetho wase-US. . Kepha ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi manje sekukhona ukufakwa okungaba ngama-16 kwamasayizi ahlukahlukene ezwenikazi; Isikhulu sezempi samukele ukufakwa okungama-2018 ngo-17
Kungenzeka ukuthi iPentagon ayilazi inani langempela lokufakwa phesheya. Ngokusho, isifundo sakamuva esixhaswe yi-US Army ngezisekelo zase-US sincike kuhlu lukaDavid Vine luka-2015 lwezisekelo, kunokuba luhlu lwePentagon.
Lo mfushane uyingxenye yemizamo yokwandisa ukusebenzela obala nokwenza sikwazi ukwengamela okungcono imisebenzi yePentagon nokusetshenziswa kwemali, okufaka isandla emizamweni ebucayi yokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwezimali okuchitha imali kanye nokuqeda ukubonakala okungekuhle kwezisekelo zase-US phesheya. Inani eliphelele lezisekelo kanye nemfihlo nokuntuleka kokubonakala kwenethiwekhi eyisisekelo kwenza uhlu oluphelele lungenzeki; Ukwehluleka kwakamuva kwePentagon ukukhipha i-Base Structure Report kwenza uhlu olunembile lube nzima kakhulu kunaseminyakeni edlule. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, indlela yethu yethembela kuMbiko Wokwakhiwa Kwesisisekelo ka-2018 kanye nemithombo ethembekile eyinhloko kanye neyesibili; lezi zihlanganiswe kuDavid Vine's 2021 idatha isethiwe kwesithi “Izisekelo Zempi Zase-US Kwelinye Izwe, 1776-2021.”
Yini “isisekelo”?
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha uhlu lwezisekelo phesheya sichaza ukuthi yini okuyisisekelo. Izincazelo ekugcineni zihambisana nezepolitiki futhi zivame ukuzwela kwezepolitiki. Imvamisa uhulumeni wePentagon nowase-US, kanye nezizwe ezingosokhaya, bafuna ukuveza ubukhona base-US "bungeyona indawo yase-US" ukugwema umbono wokuthi i-United States yephula ubukhosi bezwe elibusayo (empeleni, . Ukugwema lezi zingxoxo ngangokunokwenzeka, sisebenzisa umbiko wePentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) negama laso elithi “base site” njengesiqalo sohlu lwethu. Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kusho ukuthi kwezinye izimo ukufakwa okujwayele ukubizwa njengesisekelo esisodwa, njenge-Aviano Air Base e-Italy, empeleni kunamasayithi amaningi ayisisekelo - esimweni sika-Aviano, okungenani ayisishiyagalombili. Ukubala indawo ngayinye eyisisekelo kunengqondo ngoba amasayithi anegama elifanayo avame ukuba ezindaweni ezingafani ngokwendawo. Isibonelo, amasayithi ayisishiyagalombili ka-Aviano asezingxenyeni ezihlukene zikamasipala wase-Aviano. Ngokuvamile, futhi, isizinda ngasinye sikhombisa ukwabiwa okuhlukile kwemali ekhokhwa ngabakhokhi bentela. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani amanye amagama ayisisekelo noma izindawo zivela kaningana ohlwini olunemininingwane exhunywe kwiSithasiselo.
Amabhesi aqala ngosayizi kusuka ekufakweni okuphakathi kwedolobha ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zabezempi kanye namalungu omndeni kuya ekufakweni okuncane kwe-radar nokuqapha, izinkundla zezindiza ze-drone, ngisho namathuna ambalwa ezempi. I-BSR yePentagon ithi "inezikhungo ezinkulu" ezingama-30 phesheya. Abanye bangaphakamisa ukuthi isibalo sethu samasayithi ayisisekelo angama-750 aphesheya ngaleyo ndlela yihaba lezinga lengqalasizinda yase-US yaphesheya kwezilwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukuphrinta okuhle kwe-BSR kukhombisa ukuthi iPentagon ichaza "okuncane" njenganenani elibikiwe elifinyelela ku- $ 1.015 billion.21 Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwamasayithi amancane kunawo wonke kususa ukufakwa okungafakwanga ohlwini lwethu ngenxa yemfihlo ezungeze izisekelo eziningi phesheya. Ngakho-ke, sichaza inani lethu eliphelele “elilinganiselwa ku-750” njengesilinganiso esihle kakhulu.
Sifaka izisekelo kumakholoni ase-US (izindawo) esibalweni sezisekelo zaphesheya ngoba lezi zindawo zintula ukufakwa kwentando yeningi okugcwele e-United States. IPentagon ibuye ibeke lezi zindawo ngokuthi “phesheya kwezilwandle.” (IWashington, DC ayinamalungelo agcwele wentando yeningi, kepha uma inikezwa ukuthi iyinhloko-dolobha yesizwe, sibheka izisekelo zaseWashington njengekhaya.)
Qaphela: Le mephu ka-2020 ikhombisa cishe izisekelo ezingama-800 zase-US emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwakamuva, kufaka phakathi ne-Afghanistan, sesiphinde sabala futhi sabuyekeza isilinganiso sethu sehla sehla saya ku-750 ngalesi sikhathi esifushane.
Izisekelo zokuvala
Ukuvala izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kulula kwezombusazwe uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvala ukufakwa kwasekhaya. Ngokungafani nenqubo ye-Base Realignment and Closed yezindawo ezise-United States, iCongress akudingeki ukuthi ibandakanyeke ekuvalweni kwezilwandle. Omongameli uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton, noGeorge W. Bush bavale amakhulukhulu ezisekelo ezingenasidingo eYurophu nase-Asia ngawo-1990 nango-2000. Abaphathi bakaTrump bavale ezinye izisekelo e-Afghanistan, Iraq naseSyria. UMongameli Biden wenze isiqalo esihle ngokuhoxisa amabutho aseMelika ezikhungweni ezise-Afghanistan. Izilinganiso zethu zangaphambilini, muva nje ngo-2020, bekuwukuthi i-United States ibibambe izisekelo ezingama-800 phesheya (bona iMephu 1). Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwakamuva, siphinde sabala futhi sabuyekeza kwehlela ku-750.
UMongameli Biden umemezele "Ukubuyekezwa Kwesimo Somhlaba Wonke" okuqhubekayo futhi wazibophezela ekuphathweni kwakhe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha aseMelika emhlabeni wonke "kuhambisana ngokufanele nenqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle kanye nezinto eziseqhulwini kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke." 22 Ngakho-ke, abaphathi beBiden banomlando ithuba lokuvala amakhulukhulu ezizinda zamasosha ezingadingekile phesheya kanye nokwenza ngcono ezokuphepha kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe kule nqubo. Ngokuphambene nokuhoxa ngokushesha kukaMongameli wangaphambilini uDonald Trump kwezisekelo namasosha eSyria kanye nomzamo wakhe wokujezisa iJalimane ngokususa ukufakwa lapho, uMongameli Biden angavala izisekelo ngokucophelela nangokuzibophezela, aqinisekise ababambisene naye ngenkathi egcina izindodla zemali yabakhokhi bentela.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezizimele zodwa, amalungu eCongress kufanele asekele ukufakwa kokuvala phesheya kwezilwandle ukubuyisa izinkulungwane zabasebenzi namalungu omndeni - nemali abayikhokhelwayo - ezifundeni nasezifundeni zabo. Kunomthamo obhalwe ngokweqile wamandla wokubuya kwamasosha nemindeni ezisekelweni zasekhaya. 23
Abaphathi beBiden kufanele balalele izidingo ezikhulayo kuwo wonke amaqembu ezepolitiki ukuvala izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle futhi balandele isu lokudambisa isimo samasosha aseMelika phesheya, babuyise amasosha ekhaya, futhi bakhe isimo sezombusazwe kanye nemifelandawonye.
isithasiselo
| Ithebula 1. Amazwe anezisekelo zezempi zase-US (idathasethi ephelele lapha) | ||||||
| Igama lezwe | Ingqikithi yama- # Sites Base | Uhlobo lukaHulumeni | Abasebenzi Est. | Izimali Zokwakhiwa Kwezempi (FY2000-19) | Protest | Umonakalo Omkhulu Wezemvelo |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 309 | $ 19.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-ARUBA | 1 | Ikoloni laseDashi | 225 | $ 27.1 million24 | Yebo | Cha |
| Isiqhingi Sokwenyuka | 1 | Ikoloni laseBrithani | 800 | $ 2.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 1,736 | $ 116 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| BAHAMS, THE | 6 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 56 | $ 31.1 million | Cha | Yebo |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Igunya | 4,603 | $ 732.3 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-BELGIUM | 11 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 1,869 | $ 430.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| BOTSWANA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 2,500 | $ 80.2 million | Cha | Cha |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Igunya | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Igunya | 15 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Igunya | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ECANADA | 3 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 161 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Yebo |
| Chad | 1 | Igunya | 20 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CHILE | 1 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 35 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| I-COLOMBIA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 84 | $ 43 million | Yebo | Cha |
| ICOSTA RICA | 1 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ICUBA | 1 | Igunya25 | 1,004 | $ 538 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-CURAÇAO | 1 | Intando yeningi ephelele26 | 225 | $ 27.1 million | Cha | Cha |
| I-CYPRUS | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| I-DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Ikoloni laseBrithani | 3,000 | $ 210.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Djibouti | 2 | Igunya | 126 | $ 480.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| IGIBHITHE | 1 | Igunya | 259 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Umbuso weHybrid | 70 | $ 22.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 17 | $ 60.8 million | Cha | Cha |
| GABON | 1 | Igunya | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EGEORGIA | 1 | Umbuso weHybrid | 29 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EJALIMANE | 119 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 46,562 | $ 5.8 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| GHANA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 19 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| IGRISI | 8 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 446 | $ 179.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Ikoloni laseDenmark | 147 | $ 168.9 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-GUAM | 54 | Ikoloni lase-US | 11,295 | $ 2 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| Honduras | 2 | Umbuso weHybrid | 371 | $ 39.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Hungary | 2 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 82 | $ 55.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| ICELAND | 2 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 3 | $ 51.5 million | Yebo | Cha |
| IRAQ | 6 | Igunya | 2,500 | $ 895.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| IRELAND | 1 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 8 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| U-ISRAYELI | 6 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 127 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| ITALY | 44 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 14,756 | $ 1.7 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| EJAPANE | 119 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 63,690 | $ 2.1 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| UJOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 0 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| JORDAN | 2 | Igunya | 211 | $ 255 million | Yebo | Cha |
| EKENYA | 3 | Umbuso weHybrid | 59 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| IKOREA, IRIPHABHLIKI YAMABHAYIBHELI | 76 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 28,503 | $ 2.3 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| IKOSOVO | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha * | 18 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| Kuwait | 10 | Igunya | 2,054 | $ 156 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-LATVIA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 14 | $ 14.6 million | Cha | Cha |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 21 | $ 67.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| Mali | 1 | Igunya | 20 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ISIHLOKO SAMARSHALL | 12 | Intando yeningi ephelele * | 96 | $ 230.3 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| E-NETHERLANDS | 6 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 641 | $ 11.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| ENIGER | 8 | Igunya | 21 | $ 50 million | Yebo | Cha |
| N. IMARIANA ISLANDS | 5 | Ikoloni lase-US | 45 | $ 2.1 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| ZASENORWAY | 7 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 167 | $ 24.1 million | Yebo | Cha |
| Oman | 6 | Igunya | 25 | $ 39.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| IPALAU, IRIPHABHLIKI YAMABHAYIBHELI | 3 | Intando yeningi ephelele * | 12 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EPANAMA | 11 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 35 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| PERU | 2 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 51 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EPHILIPPINES | 8 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 155 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| I-POLAND | 4 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 226 | $ 395.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| Portugal | 21 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 256 | $ 87.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| E-PUERTO RICO | 34 | Ikoloni lase-US | 13,571 | $ 788.8 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Qatar | 3 | Igunya | 501 | $ 559.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| EROMANIA | 6 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 165 | $ 363.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| I-SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Igunya | 693 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| Senegal | 1 | Umbuso weHybrid | 15 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| ESINGAPORE | 2 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 374 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 12 | $ 118.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Umbuso weHybrid * | 71 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| SPAIN | 4 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 3,353 | $ 292.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| Suriname | 2 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 2 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| YASESIRIYA | 4 | Igunya | 900 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| THAILAND | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 115 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| TUNISIA | 1 | Intando yeningi enamaphutha | 26 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| IGALIKUNI | 13 | Umbuso weHybrid | 1,758 | $ 63.8 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| UGANDA | 1 | Umbuso weHybrid | 14 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| I-UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Igunya | 215 | $ 35.4 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-UNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Intando yeningi ephelele | 10,770 | $ 1.9 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| IZINSIZWA ZE-VIRGIN, US | 6 | Ikoloni lase-US | 787 | $ 72.3 million | Cha | Yebo |
| Isiqhingi SOKUVUKA | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 5 | $ 70.1 million | Cha | Yebo |
Amanothi kuThebula 1
Amasayithi ayisisekelo: Umbiko wePentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report uchaza isiza “site” njenganoma iyiphi “indawo ethile enamaphasela omhlaba ngamanye noma izakhiwo ezinikezwe yona […] okungukuthi, noma eyayiphethwe, eqashiswe kuyo, noma ngenye indlela ngaphansi kwegunya le-DoD Uphiko egameni le-United States. ”27
Uhlobo lukahulumeni: Izinhlobo zikahulumeni wezwe zichazwa ngokuthi “yintando yeningi ephelele,” “intando yeningi enamaphutha,” “umbuso we-hybrid,” noma “wobushiqela.” Lokhu kuhlanganiswe kusuka ku-Economist Intelligence Unit's “Democracy Index” ka-2020 ngaphandle kwalapho kuboniswe ngenye indlela nge-asterisk (izingcaphuno ezingatholakala kudathasethi ephelele).
Izimali Zokwakhiwa Kwezempi: Lezi zibalo kufanele zithathwe njengezincane. Imininingwane ivela emibhalweni esemthethweni yesabelomali sePentagon ethunyelwe kwiCongress yokwakhiwa kwamasosha. Ingqikithi ayibandakanyi imali eyengeziwe ezimalini zempi ("imisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo zaphesheya"), amabhajethi ahlukanisiwe, neminye imithombo yesabelomali, kwesinye isikhathi, engadalulwanga kwiCongress (isb., Lapho amasosha esebenzisa imali eyabelwe inhloso eyodwa yokwakha ezempi .28 Ubukhulu obubonakalayo bemali yaminyaka yonke yokwakhiwa kwamasosha iya "ezindaweni ezingacacisiwe," okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US utshala malini ezikhungweni zamasosha phesheya.
Izilinganiso zabasebenzi: Lezi zilinganiso zifaka phakathi amasosha asebenzayo, onogada bakazwelonke namasosha agciniwe, kanye nabantu basePentagon. Izilinganiso zitholakala ku-Defence Manpower Data Center (ibuyekezwe ngoMashi 31, 2021; noJuni 30, 2021 e-Australia), ngaphandle kwalapho kuphawulwe ngenye inkanyezi (izinkomba ezingatholakala kudathasethi ephelele). Abafundi kufanele bazi ukuthi amasosha ahlala ahlinzeka ngemininingwane engalungile yabasebenzi ukufihla uhlobo nosayizi wokuthunyelwa.
Izilinganiso zomhlaba (zitholakala kudathasethi ephelele): Lokhu kuvela embikweni wePentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) futhi afakwe ohlwini lwamahektare. I-BSR inikeza ukulinganisela okungaphelele futhi lawo masayithi ayisisekelo angafakiwe abhalwe ukuthi "awadalulwanga."
Imibhikisho yakamuva / eqhubekayo: Lokhu kusho ukwenzeka kwanoma imuphi umbhikisho omkhulu, kungaba ngumbuso, abantu, noma inhlangano. Yimibhikisho kuphela emelene ngqo nezizinda zamasosha ase-US noma ukuba khona kwamasosha aseMelika jikelele okuphawulwe ukuthi “yebo.” Izwe ngalinye elibhalwe ukuthi “yebo” lifakazelwa futhi lisekelwa yimibiko emibili yabezindaba kusukela ngo-2018. Lawo mazwe lapho kungatholakali khona imibhikisho yakamuva noma eqhubekayo abhalwe ukuthi “cha”
Ukulimala okuphawulekayo kwemvelo: Lesi sigaba sibhekise ekungcolisweni komoya, ukungcola komhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukungcoliswa komsindo, kanye / noma izitshalo noma izingozi zezilwane ezihlanganiswe nokuba khona kwesisekelo samasosha aseMelika. Izisekelo zamasosha, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, zilimaza imvelo zinikezwe ukugcinwa kwazo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezinto ezinobungozi, amakhemikhali anobuthi, izikhali eziyingozi, nezinye izinto eziyingozi.29 Izisekelo ezinkulu zivame ukulimaza kakhulu; ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi noma isiphi isisekelo esikhulu sidale ukulimala kwemvelo. Indawo ebhalwe ukuthi “cha” akusho ukuthi isisekelo asidalanga monakalo kwemvelo kepha kunalokho ukuthi akukho mibhalo etholakele noma ukuthi umonakalo uthathwa njengonqunyelwe.
Ukuvuma
La maqembu nabantu abalandelayo, abayingxenye ye-Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition, basizile ekucabangeni, ekucwaningeni nasekubhaleni kanye nakulo mbiko: Umkhankaso Wokuthula, Ukupheliswa Kwezikhali kanye Nokuvikeleka Okuvamile; Codepink; Umkhandlu Wezwe Eliphilayo; Ukubambisana Kwenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle; Isikhungo Sezifundo Zenqubomgomo / Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Ekugxilwe Kuyo; Andrew Bacevich; UMedea Benjamin; UJohn Feffer; Sam Fraser; UJoseph Gerson; UBarry Klein; UJessica Rosenblum; ULora Lumpe; UCatherine Lutz; UDavid Swanson; UJohn Tierney; Allan Vogel; kanye noLawrence Wilkerson.
I-Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition (OBRACC) yiqembu elibanzi labahlaziyi bezempi, izifundiswa, abameli, nabanye ochwepheshe bezempi abavela kulo lonke uhlangothi lwezepolitiki abasekela ukuvala izizinda zamasosha aseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle. Ngeminye imininingwane, bheka www.overseasbases.net.
UDavid Vine nguProfesa we-Anthropology e-American University eWashington, DC. UDavid ungumbhali wezincwadi ezintathu ezimayelana nezisekelo zamasosha nempi, kubandakanya ne-United States of War esanda kukhishwa: Umlando Omhlaba Wezingxabano Ezingapheliyo ZaseMelika, kusukela eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), nowayengowokugcina umklomelo we-2020 LA Times Book woMlando. Izincwadi zangaphambilini zikaDavid ziyi-Base Nation: Indlela Amasosha Amasosha aseMelika aphesheya ayilimaza ngayo iMelika kanye noMhlaba (Metropolitan Books / uHenry Holt, 2015) kanye ne-Island of Shame: Umlando Oyimfihlo Wezempi Zase-US ku-Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). UDavid uyilungu le-Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
UPatterson Deppen ungumcwaningi we World BEYOND War, lapho ahlanganisa khona uhlu oluphelele lwalo mbiko lwezikhungo zamasosha aseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle. Usebenza ebhodini lokuhlela e-E-International Relations lapho engumhleli wabanye wezindatshana zabafundi. Ukubhala kwakhe kuvele ku-E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, nakuThe Progressive. Umbhalo wakhe wakamuva kuTomDispatch, "iMelika njengesizwe esiyisisekelo esivuselelwe," ubheka izizinda zamasosha aseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokuba khona kwawo embusweni emhlabeni wonke namuhla. Wathola amakhosi akhe kwezentuthuko nokuphepha e-University of Bristol. Uyilungu le-Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
Leah Bolger uthathe umhlalaphansi ngonyaka ka-2000 e-US Navy esezingeni lika-Commander ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20 yomsebenzi osebenzayo. Wakhethwa njengoMongameli wokuqala wesifazane weVeterans For Peace (VFP) ngonyaka ka-2012, kwathi ngo-2013 wakhethwa ukwethula Isifundo Sokuthula Sase-Ava Helen neLinus Pauling Memorial e-Oregon State University. Usebenza njengoMongameli we World BEYOND War, inhlangano yomhlaba wonke ezinikele ekuqedeni impi. ULeah uyilungu le-Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
World BEYOND War yinhlangano yomhlaba wonke engenabudlova yokuqeda impi nokusungula ukuthula okulungile nokusimeme. World BEYOND War yasungulwa ngoJanuwari 1st, 2014, lapho ababambisene nabo uDavid Hartsough noDavid Swanson beqala ukwakha inhlangano yomhlaba wonke yokuqeda isikhungo sempi uqobo, hhayi "impi yosuku" kuphela. Uma impi izoke iqedwe, khona-ke kufanele isuswe etafuleni njengenketho esebenzayo. Njengoba nje ingekho into enjengokuthi “okuhle” noma ubugqila obudingekayo, ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi “impi enhle” noma edingekayo. Zombili izikhungo ziyenyanyeka futhi azamukeleki neze, noma ngabe zinjani izimo. Ngakho-ke, uma singakwazi ukusebenzisa impi ukuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba, yini esingayenza? Ukuthola indlela yokushintshela ohlelweni lokuphepha lomhlaba wonke olusekelwa ngumthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ubumbano, ukubambisana, kanye namalungelo abantu, nokuvikela lezo zinto ngezenzo ezingenabudlova kunokuba kube usongo lodlame, yinhliziyo ye-WBW. Umsebenzi wethu uhlanganisa nemfundo esusa izinganekwane, ezinjengokuthi “Impi ingeyendalo” noma “Besilokhu sinempi,” futhi ikhombisa abantu hhayi ukuthi le mpi kufanele iqedwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuthi ingabakhona. Umsebenzi wethu uhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zobushoshovu obungenabudlova obuhambisa umhlaba oqonde ekuqedeni yonke impi.
Imibhalo yaphansi:
1 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. "Umbiko Wokwakhiwa Kwesisekelo — Unyaka Wezezimali 2018 Isisekelo: Isifinyezo Semininingwane Yempahla Yempahla." Ihhovisi likaNobhala Ongumsizi Wezokuvikela we-Sustainment, i-2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 UBurns, uRobert. "UMilley Unxusa 'Ukulayisha kabusha' e-Permanent Overseas Basing of Troops." I-Associated Press, Disemba 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 “Ukulungisiswa Kwebhajethi yeCongressional — UMnyango Wezwe, Ukusebenza Kwamanye Amazwe, Nezinhlelo Ezihlobene Nazo, Unyaka Wezimali 2022.” UMnyango Wezezwe wase-United States. 2021. ii.
4 Imfihlo nokubonakala okulinganiselwe okuzungeze izisekelo zase-US kukhonjiswa ngezinye izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe. Izilinganiso zangaphambilini zaphakamisa ukuthi amanye amasosha omhlaba ayenezisekelo ezingaphandle ezingama-60-100. Ukubika okusha kusikisela ukuthi i-United Kingdom inama-145. Bheka uMiller, uPhil. "KUVEZWE: Inethiwekhi yamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle yase-UK ibandakanya izindawo eziyi-145 emazweni angama-42." I-Declassified UK, Novemba 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Bheka, isib. Jacobs, Frank. “Imibuso Yezwe Emihlanu Yezempi.” IBigThink.com, ngoJulayi 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 UMnyango Wezokuvikela “Umbiko Wezindleko Zaphesheya” (isib. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US. “Imisebenzi kanye
Sibutsetelo Sesondlo, Izilinganiso Zesabelomali Zonyaka Ka-2021. ” Ngaphansi kukaNobhala Wezokuvikela (uComptroller), ngoFebhuwari 2020. 186-189), efakwe embhalweni wayo wesabelomali waminyaka yonke, unikeza imininingwane yezindleko ezinqunyelwe mayelana nokufakwa kwamanye kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke amazwe lapho amasosha egcina khona izisekelo. Imininingwane yombiko ivame ukungaphelele futhi imvamisa ayikho emazweni amaningi. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, i-DoD ibike inani lonyaka lezindleko ekufakweni kwezilwandle okungaba ngu- $ 20 billion. UDavid Vine unikeza isilinganiso esiningiliziwe ku-Base Nation: Ukuthi Izisekelo Zezempi Zase-US Kwelinye Izwe Zilimaza Kanjani iMelika kanye Nomhlaba. I-New York. Izincwadi zeMetropolitan, 2015. 195-214. IVine isebenzise indlela efanayo ukuvuselela lesi silinganiso sonyaka wezimali ka-2019, ngaphandle kwezindleko ezithile ezonga kakhulu ubungozi bezindleko zokubala eziphindwe kabili. Sibuyekeze lokho kulinganiselwa kwamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-51.5 kuze kube manje sisebenzisa i-Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Isisekelo Sezilwandle Sezimboni ZaseMelika: Ukuhlolwa Kwezindleko Ezihlobene Nezinzuzo Zamasu. USanta Monica. I-RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Silinganisela izindleko zabasebenzi ngokucabanga, futhi ngokulondolozayo, izindleko zomuntu ngamunye ezingama- $ 115,000 (abanye basebenzisa ama- $ 125,000) kanye namabutho abalelwa ku-230,000 kanye nabasebenzi abangaphesheya kwezilwandle njengamanje. Sithola imali elinganiselwa ku- $ 115,000 umuntu ngamunye ngokulungisa isilinganiso esingu- $ 107,106 sabasebenzi abasebenza phesheya kwezilwandle kanye nasekhaya (uBlakeley, Katherine. "Abasebenzi Bezempi." Isikhungo Sokuhlaziywa Kwamasu Nobhajethi, Agasti 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ imibiko / abezempi), banikezwe ama- $ 10,000- $ 40,000 umuntu ngamunye ezindlekweni ezingeziwe zabasebenzi baphesheya kwezilwandle (bheka iLostumbo.Oasseas Basingof US Military Forces).
Izibalo zokwakhiwa kwamasosha kulo mbiko zalungiswa nguJordani Cheney, e-American University, besebenzisa amadokhumende wesabelomali ePentagon asethulwa kwiCongress yokwakhiwa kwezempi (izinhlelo ze-C-9). Isamba semali esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamasosha phesheya siphezulu namanje ngenxa yezimali ezengeziwe ezisetshenzisiwe ezabelomali zempi ("imisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo zaphesheya"). Phakathi konyaka wezimali u-1 no-2004, kukodwa, ukwakhiwa kwamasosha e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq nakwezinye izingxenye zempi kufinyelele ku- $ 2011 billion (iBelasco, Amy. “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other World War on Terror Operations Since 9.4/9.” Umsebenzi Wokucwaninga, Mashi 11, 29. 2011). Kusetshenziswa leli zinga lokusetshenziswa kwemali njengomhlahlandlela (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-33 ekusetshenzisweni kokwakhiwa kwamasosha ngeminyaka yezimali ka-9.4-2004 amelwe .2011% wemali ebekelwe isabelomali sempi ngesikhathi esifanayo), silinganisela isabelomali sempi esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamasosha ngeminyaka yezimali 85-- I-2001 ifinyelela cishe ku- $ 2019 billion kuma-Pentagon's $ 16 trillion asetshenziswa empini (McGarry, Brendan W. no-Emily M. Morgenstern. Amanani ethu awafaki imali eyengeziwe ezabelweni ezihlukanisiwe kanye neminye imithombo yesabelomali, kwesinye isikhathi, engadalulwa kuCongress (isb., Lapho amasosha esebenzisa imali eyabelwe izinhloso zokwakha okungezona ezempi ukwakhiwa kwezempi). Bheka uMvini. Isizwe Esisisekelo. Isahluko 1.835, sokuxoxwa ngemali yezempi yokwakha.
10 Vine, David.I-United States of War: Izingxabano Ezingapheli Zomhlaba ZaseMelika, kusukela eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State. I-University of California Press, 2020.248; UGlain, uStephen. "Yini Eyashukumisa U-Osama bin Laden." I-US News ne-World Report, ngoMeyi 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
UBowman, uBradley L. “Ngemuva kwe-Iraq.” Washington Quarterly, vol. 31, cha. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South. ISudan, iSyria, iTunisia, i-Uganda, iYemen. Bona uSavell, uStephanie, no-5W Infographics. "Le Mephu Ikhombisa Lapho Emhlabeni Amasosha aseMelika Elwa Nobuphekula." I-Smithsonian Magazine, ngoJanuwari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; UTurse, uNick, noSean D. Naylor. "Kwembuliwe: Ukusebenza Kwamabutho AseMelika angama-36 e-Afrika." Izindaba ze-Yahoo, Ephreli 17, 2019.
12 Bona, isib., Umvini.Isisekelo Sesizwe. Isahluko 4. Abantu baseAmerican Samoa banesigaba esiphansi kakhulu sokuba yisakhamuzi njengoba bengezona izakhamizi zase-US ngokuzalwa.
13 Umvini.Isizwe Esisisekelo.138–139.
14 IVolcovici, uValerie. "AmaSenator aseMelika Afuna Izimpendulo Ngobukhona BaseMelika eNiger ngemuva kuka-Ambush." Reuters, Okthoba 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Esinye sezifundo zeCongressal ezingavamile zezisekelo zase-US kanye nokuba khona kwakhe phesheya kwezilwandle kukhombisile ukuthi “uma isikhungo saseMelika sezilwandle sisunguliwe, sithatha impilo yaso…. Imishini yoqobo ingaphelelwa yisikhathi, kepha imisebenzi emisha iyakhiwa, hhayi nje ngenhloso yokugcina isikhungo siqhubeka, kepha kaningi ukusikhulisa. ” I-Senate yase-United States. "Izivumelwano Zokuphepha E-United States Nokuzibophezela Kwelinye Izwe." Ukulalelwa phambi kweKomidi Elincane Lezigele mayelana Nezivumelwano Zokuphepha E-United States Nokuzibophezela Kwelinye Izwe leKomidi Lezobudlelwano Namazwe Angaphandle. ICongress yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanye, Umq. 2, 2017. Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwaqinisekisa lokhu okutholakele. Isib, uGlaser, uJohn. "Ukuhoxa Ezisekelweni Zaphesheya: Kungani Ukuma Kwezempi Okuphambili Kungadingekile, Kuphelelwe Isikhathi Futhi Kuyingozi." Ukuhlaziywa Kwenqubomgomo 816, CATO Institute, Julayi 18, 2017; UJohnson, uChalmers. Usizi Lombuso: Impi Yezempi, Imfihlo Nokuphela KweRiphabhulikhi. I-New York. IMetropolitan, 2004; Umvini. Isizwe Esisisekelo.
16 Umthetho Womphakathi 94-361, isekh. 302.
17 Ikhodi yase-US 10, isekhondi 2721, “Amarekhodi Ezakhiwo Zangempela.” Phambilini, bheka i-US Code 10, sec. I-115 ne-US Code 10, isekhondi 138 (c). Akucaci ukuthi ngabe iPentagon iwushicilele lo mbiko minyaka yonke phakathi kuka-1976 no-2018, kepha imibiko ingatholakala ku-inthanethi kusukela ngo-1999 futhi kubonakale sengathi yanikezwa iCongress isikhathi esiningi uma kungenjalo sonke lesi sikhathi.
I-18 Turse, uNick. "Amabhesi, izisekelo, yonke indawo… Ngaphandle kombiko wePentagon." TomDispatch.com, Januwari 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Umvini.Isisekelo Sezwe.3-5; UDavid Vine. "Listsof US Military Bases Abroad, 1776-2021."
I-19 Turse, uNick. “Umbutho Wezempi wase-US Uthi Une-'Free Footprint 'e-Afrika. Le Mibhalo Ikhombisa Inethiwekhi Enkulu Yezisekelo. ” I-Intercept, Disemba 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- inethiwekhi enkulu yezisekelo /; USavell, uStephanie, kanye ne-5W Infographics. "Le Mephu Ikhombisa Lapho Emhlabeni Amasosha aseMelika Elwa Nobuphekula." I-Smithsonian Magazine, ngoJanuwari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Ukuguquka, uNick. "Izinyathelo ZaseMelika Zokulwa Nempi e-Afrika Imfihlo Yezempi Yase-United States Zembula Isixuku Sezisekelo Zezempi ZaseMelika Kulelo Lonke Izwekazi." TomDispatch.com, Ephreli 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, noMathewu Povlock. "Ukuba Khona Kwe-US Nezehlakalo Zengxabano." I-RAND Corporation. USanta Monica, 2018.
21 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. "Umbiko Wokwakhiwa Kwesisekelo — Unyaka Wezezimali wezi-2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. "Amazwi kaMongameli Biden ngendawo yeMelika Emhlabeni." Februwari 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Amandla Omnyango Wezengqalasizinda Yezokuvikela." UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. Okthoba 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Imali yokwakhiwa e-Aruba naseCuraçao ihlanganiswe kwizimali zePentagon. Sahlukanisa inani futhi
kwabelwe uhhafu endaweni ngayinye.
25 Sisebenzisa isigaba se-Economist Intelligence Unit seCuba njengegunya, yize isizinda esiseGuantánamo Bay, eCuba, singahlukaniswa njengekoloni laseMelika ngokunikezwa kukahulumeni waseCuba ukwehluleka ukuxosha amasosha aseMelika ngaphansi kwesivumelwano Izikhulu zase-US eyabekwa eCuba ngawo-1930. Bheka Umvini.I-United States of War. 23-24.
26 Imali yokwakhiwa e-Aruba naseCuraçao ihlanganiswe kwizimali zePentagon. Sahlukanisa inani futhi
kwabelwe uhhafu endaweni ngayinye.
27 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States.Umbiko Wokwakhiwa Kwesisekelo —Unyaka Wezezimali 2018. 4.
28 Bheka Umvini. Isizwe Esisisekelo. Isahluko 13.
29 Ukubuka konke, bheka iVine. Isizwe Esisisekelo. Isahluko 7.
