Isimo sezulu sishintsha kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezempi

Ngo-Ria Verjauw, uMeyi 5, 2019

"Isizwe esiqhubeka ngonyaka odlule ukuchitha imali eningi ekuvikelweni kwezempi kunezinhlelo zokuphakanyiswa komphakathi kusondela ekufeni okungokomoya." -Martin Luther King

Isithombe: Umnyango we-US of Veterans Affairs

Konke kuxhumene: izingxabano ezihlomile - ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu - ukungcoliswa kwemvelo - ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu - ukungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo ..….

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokungcola kwemvelo kungenakuqhathaniswa nokulwa nokulwa kwempi yanamuhla. Indima yezempi ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu inkulu kakhulu. Amafutha ayadingeka empini. I-Militarism yinto enkulu kakhulu yamafutha emhlabeni. Noma yikuphi ukukhuluma kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu akubandakanyi amasosha akuyona into kodwa umoya oshisayo.

Nakuba iningi lethu linciphisa izinga lethu lokuphila ngokweqile, isibhamu sibhekene nokukhathazeka kwesimo sezulu. Isosha alisho ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukukhishwa kunoma yiliphi ibandla likazwelonke noma lamazwe omhlaba, ngenxa ye-US arm-ephikisayo ngesikhathi kuxoxisana nge-1997 yomhlaba wokuqala wokuqala wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezwe lokufudumala kwezulu, i-Kyoto Protocol mayelana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Okukhathaza ukubona ukuthi akukho lutho olushiwo ngomnikelo omkhulu ongcolile wezempi - noma phakathi kwezinkulumompikiswano eziningi zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemibhikisho, noma kwabezindaba. Ngesikhathi sezingqungquthela zemvelo kuyathuleka ngemiphumela yamasosha engcolisayo.

Kulesi sihloko sithinta kuphela umthelela wezenzo zezempi zase-US. Lokhu akusho ukuthi omunye izwe uthi futhi abakhiqizi bezikhali abanomthwalo omncane wokulimala okukhulu okwenziwe esimweni sethu sezulu kanye nemvelo. I-US ingomunye wabadlali abaningi ethonya lomhlaba ngezigameko zempi esimweni sethu sezulu nesimo sethu.

Ama-akhawunti ezempi ase-US ngamaphesenti angama-25 okusetshenzisiwe kukaphethiloli waseMelika, okungu-25% wawo wonke ukusetshenziswa komhlaba. I-US Sixth Fleet, ingenye yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu oLwandle iMediterranian. I-US Air Force (i-USAF) ingumthengi oyedwa omkhulu kunabo bonke be-jet fuel emhlabeni.

E-1945 isosha lase-US lakha isisekelo sezindiza eDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, ekuqaleni kokuthola ukutholakala kwamaMelika okuhlala njalo emafutheni aseMiddle East asanda kutholakala. UMengameli Roosevelt uxoxisane a quid pro quo kanye nomndeni waseSaudi: ukuvikelwa kwezempi ngokushintshanisa amafutha ashibhile ezimakethe zase-US nasezempi. U-Eisenhower unensazilo enkulu mayelana ne-post-Impi Yezwe II yokuphuma embonini ehlala empi eqhubekayo ebeka inqubomgomo kazwelonke kanye nesidingo sokuba isakhamuzi sokuqapha nokubandakanya ukuvimbela isakhiwo "sezempi-yezimboni". Noma kunjalo, wenza isinqumo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngenqubomgomo yamandla, eyabeka i-US nezwe enkampanini okumele siyithole endleleni yethu.

Ukwanda okusheshayo kokushisa kwegesi okushisa okwenza ukuthi isimo samanje sezulu senzeke ku-1950; esikhathini esilandelayo ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Lokhu akukona ukungahambi kahle. Amafutha ayebalulekile eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala, kodwa ukulawula ukufinyeleleka kokunikezwa kwamafutha kwakubalulekile okwesibini. I-Allies ayengeke iphumelele uma ingazange ikwazi ukunqamulela ukufinyelela kwe-German kumafutha nokuzigcina yona. Isifundo se-US ngokukhethekile emva kwempi ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokufinyelela nokunqotshwa kwamafutha omhlaba kwakubalulekile uma bekuzoba amandla amakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kwenza amafutha abe yimpumelelo enkulu empini, futhi waqinisa isikhundla esiphezulu se-petroleum / umkhakha wezimoto e-US. Lezi kwakuyimigomo yesistimu exhomeke ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokushisa igesi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo; umthombo weshintsho sezulu esibhekene nawo manje.

Ngasekupheleni kwe-1970s, ukuhlasela kweSoviet kwe-Afghanistan kanye ne-Iranian Revolution kusongela i-US ukuthola amafutha eMpumalanga Ephakathi, okuholela kuMengameli uCarter we-1980 State of the Union ukufudumala imfundiso. I-Carter Doctrine ibeka ukuthi noma yikuphi ukwesaba ukutholakala kwamafutha aseMelika eMpumalanga Ephakathi kungabhekwa "nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekayo, kuhlanganise nebutho lempi." UCarter wabeka amazinyo emfundisweni yakhe ngokudala i-Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, enenjongo yokulwa empini Indawo yasePersian Gulf uma kunesidingo. URonald Reagan wanciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwamafutha ngokubunjwa kwe-US Central Command (CENTCOM), obani reason d'etre kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamafutha, ukunciphisa ithonya lamaSoviet esifundeni nokulawula imibuso yezombangazwe esifundeni ukuze kutholakale izithakazelo zokuphepha kazwelonke. Ngokuthembela ekukhuleni kwamafutha avela e-Afrika nasesifundazweni saseCaspian Sea, i-US isuke ikhuphuke amandla ayo empi kulezo zifunda.

Uhlelo lwe-1992 Kyoto lubeka ngokucacile ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa okuvela emotweni kusukela ekuhlosweni kokukhishwa kwamanzi. I-US yafuna futhi yakhululwa ukukhishwa kwemikhawulo yamakhemikhali "bunker" (amazinyo, amafutha atshisayo kagesi emikhumbi yemikhumbi) kanye nawo wonke amandla okushisa kagesi avela emisebenzini yempi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nezimpi. UGeorge W. Bush wasusa i-US ngaphandle kwe-Kyoto Protocol njengenye yezenzo zokuqala zikaMengameli wakhe, ethi kuzosusa umnotho wase-United States ngokulawulwa kwamandla okushisa okushisa kakhulu. Ngokulandelayo, i-White House yaqala umkhankaso we-neo-Luddite ngokumelene nesayensi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ukukhishwa ngokuzenzekelayo kokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa okuvela ezenzweni zasempi kwasuswa kwisivumelwano se-2015 Paris ngesimo sezulu. I-Trumps yokuphatha yenqabe ukusayina isivumelwano futhi namanje akudingekile kumazwe asayinela ukulandelela nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhono layo lempi.

Lapho i-US Defense Science Board ibika ngo-2001 ukuthi amasosha ayodinga ukuthi ahlakulele izikhali eziningi ezisebenza ngamafutha noma izinhlelo zokusekela kangcono ukuze zikwazi ukugcina zihlinzekwa, "ojenenja kubonakala sengathi bakhethe ukhetho lwesithathu: ukufaka ukufinyelela kwamanye amafutha ". Lokhu kubonisa iqiniso eliyisisekelo mayelana nokuguquka kwezempi kanye nesimo sezulu: ukuthi indlela yanamuhla yempi yavela futhi ingenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa ngokujulile ukushisa kwamafutha.

Ukuvikeleka kwamafutha kuhlanganisa kokuvikelwa kwezempi kokulwa nokuhlaselwa kwamapayipi kanye namathangi kanye nempi ezindaweni ezicebile ngamafutha ukuqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka isikhathi eside. Cishe amasosha ase-US ase-1000 asetshenziswa i-arc evela e-Andes eya eNyakatho Afrika ngaphesheya kweMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuya e-Indonesia, ePhilippines naseNyakatho Korea, echitha yonke imithombo enkulu yamafutha - konke okuhlobene nalokho, okuyingxenye, ekusebenziseni amandla ngenxa yokuphepha kwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukukhuphuka okuphezulu" kwamagesi okushisa okuvela ekukhiqizeni imishini yezempi, ukuhlolwa, ingqalasizinda, izimoto kanye nezimbangi ezisetshenziselwa ukuvikelwa kwamafutha kanye nezimpi eziqhutshwa ngamafutha kufanele kuhlanganiswe nayo yonke impembelelo yemvelo yokusebenzisa uphethiloli.

Ekuqaleni kwempi yase-Iraq ngo-Mashi 2003, i-Army yayilinganiselwa ukuthi izodinga ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 zamapolori ngamasonto amathathu okulwa, okwedlulele inani eliphelele elisetshenziswe yizo zonke izinhlangano zama-Allied eminyakeni emine ye-World War 1. Phakathi kwesibhamu sam Army kwakukhona i-2000 eqoqa amathangi e-M-1 Abrams axoshwa empini futhi eshisa ama-250 amalitha kagesi ngehora. I-Iraq inezindawo zokugcina amafutha ezinkulu. Akungabazeki ukuthi impi yase-Iraq yayiyimpi phezu kwamafutha.

Impi yomoya eLibya inikeze i-US Africa Command (AFRICOM) entsha isandiso we-Carter Doctrine - okunye ukukhanya nomsila. Abahlaziyi abambalwa baphetha ngokuthi impi ye-NATO eLibiya ingenelelo elungile lokusiza abantu. Impi yomoya eLybia yaphula i-UN Security Council Resolution 1973, uMthethosisekelo wase-US kanye noMthetho Wezimpi Zempi; futhi ibeka isibonelo. Impi yomoya eLibya ingenye yokuphindaphinda kwezingxoxo ezingekho emthethweni; ihlukanisa i-African Union futhi ibeka inkambo yokungenelela kwezempi ngaphezulu e-Afrika lapho izithakazelo zase-US zisengozini.

Uma siqhathanisa izibalo:

1. Izindleko ezigcwele eziqanjwe impi yase-Iraq (okulinganiselwa ku-$ 3 trillion) zizomboza "zonke izimali zomhlaba wonke ekuvuseleleni amandla okuvuselela "okudingekayo phakathi kwamanje ne-2030 ukuguqula ukuthambekela kwemfudumalo yezwe.
2. Phakathi kwe-2003-2007, impi eyenza okungenani amathani amathani ayi-141 amathani we-carbon dioxide (CO2e), ngaphezulu konyaka wempi kune-139 yamazwe omhlaba akhululwa minyaka yonke. Ukuvuselela izikole zase-Iraq, imizi, amabhizinisi, amabhuloho, imigwaqo kanye nezibhedlela ezihlaselwe yimpi, izindonga ezintsha zokuvikeleka nezithiyo kuzodinga izigidi zamathani amakhemithi, enye yemithombo emikhulu yezimboni zokukhishwa kwegesi lokushisa.
3. Ku-2006, i-US yachitha okuningi empini e-Iraq kunayo wonke umhlaba owachitha ekutshaleni amandla okuvuselelwa amandla.
4. Ngokwe-2008, ukuphathwa kweBush kwaqedile izikhathi ezingu-97 empini kunokuba kuguquke kwesimo sezulu. Njengomongameli wezomongameli, uMengameli u-Obama wathembisa ukuchitha i-$ 150 billion eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi ku-green energy ubuchwepheshe kanye nengqalasizinda - ngaphansi kwe-United States eyayichitha ngonyaka owodwa wempi yase-Iraq

Impi ayiyona nje imfucuza yemithombo engasetshenziselwa ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa yona ngokwayo iyimbangela ebalulekile yokulimala kwemvelo. Amabutho ahlomile anezinyathelo ezinkulu zekhabhoni.

Isosha lase-US liyavuma ukuthi lifinyelele emiphongolweni ye-395,000 (i-1 US barrel = 158.97liter) yamafutha nsuku zonke. Lesi sibalo esinqabile okungenzeka ukuthi singathandeki kakhulu. Uma ngabe wonke amafutha asetshenziselwa izinkontileka zempi, ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kanye nazo zonke lezo zisekelo eziyimfihlo kanye nokusebenza okungavunyelwe ezibalweni ezisemthethweni kufakwe ngaphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwansuku zonke kungenzeka kusondelene imiphongolo yezigidi. Ukubeka izibalo zibe ngeso lengqondo, abasebenzi basezempi base-US ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo bakha cishe i-0.0002% yabantu bomhlaba, kodwa bayingxenye yesistimu yezempi edala cishe i-5% yokukhishwa kwegesi lokushisa kagesi emhlabeni.

Eziningi zalezi zithutha zivela kwingqalasizinda yezempi e-US egcina emhlabeni jikelele. Izindleko zemvelo yempi ngokwazo ziphakeme kakhulu.

Umonakalo ongokwemvelo obangelwa impi awunqunyelwe ekuguqulweni kwesimo sezulu. Imiphumela yokuqhuma kwamabhomu enyukliya kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-nyukliya, ukusebenzisa i-Agent Orange, i-uranium esebenzile kanye namanye amakhemikhali anobuthi, kanye nemigodi yasemhlabathini kanye nemithetho engabonakali ehlala ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo ngemva kokuba impi iqhubekele, zithole idumela elifanelekile "Ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kunazo zonke emvelweni." Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-20% yazo zonke izidakamizwa zemvelo emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yemisebenzi yempi kanye neminye ehlobene.

Ngokuhambisana nalezi zinkinga zemvelo ezithuthukiswa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, i-tradeoff eqhubekayo kwisabelomali sesifundazwe sase-US phakathi kwezempi ezivikelekile nokuvikeleka komuntu kanye nokuvikeleka kwemvelo. I-United States inegalelo elingaphezu kwama-30 amaphesenti wegesi lokufudumala emkhathini, okwenziwe ngamaphesenti amahlanu omhlaba wonke kanye nezempi zase-US. Izingcezu ze-US federal budget pie ezixhasa ngemfundo, amandla, imvelo, izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, izindlu kanye nokuqalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kuthathwe ndawonye, ​​zithola imali engaphansi kwesabelomali / isabelomali sokuvikela. Lowo owayengumNobhala wezeMisebenzi uRobert Reich uye wabiza isabelomali sempi uhlelo lwemisebenzi ekhokhelwa abakhokhi bentela futhi ukhuluma ngokuphindaphinda ukusetshenziswa kwemali emisebenzini yamandla agesi, imfundo kanye nengqalasizinda - ukuphepha kwangempela kuzwelonke.

Ake sijike igagasi. Ukunyakaza kokuthula: qala ukwenza ucwaningo ukubheka ukukhishwa kwamasosha e-CO2 nokufaka ubuthi emhlabeni wethu. Izishoshovu Zamalungelo Abantu: khuluma ngokucacile ngokumelene nempi nokubhujiswa. Ngakho-ke ngenza ucingo oluqinile kubo bonke Abalweli Besimo Sezulu beminyaka yonke:

'Vikela isimo sezulu ngokuba umbhikisho wokuthula nokulwa nempi'.

Ria Verjauw / ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Imithombo:

ufpj-peacetalk- Kungani ukuvimba izimpi kubalulekile ekunqandeni ushintsho sezulu | U-Elaine Graham-Leigh

U-Elaine Graham-Leigh, incwadi: 'Isidlo Sokuqeda Isigaba: Isigaba, Ukudla Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Ukubhekana Ne-Anthropocene Ukubuyekeza Ngokweqile Cindezela 2016), p.161