Ukumelana Nomphakathi Ekulweni Nezempi: Amazwibela Womzabalazo Ka-Okinawa Ongenabudlova, Onesibindi Noqinile Wenqubomgomo Yezokuphepha Zentando Yeningi

Ibhalwe nguBetty A. Reardon, Isikhungo Sezemfundo Yokuthula.

Ukumelana Okuqinile

Imvula yasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba yayizinzile, ihlatshwe yizimvula ezivuza kuseyili ekhoselisa izakhamuzi zase-Okinawa ezingaba ngu-100, ezihlezi ngokumelene nokwakhiwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza esinophephela emhlane e-Henoko. Abaningi babekhona esangweni beya ICamp Schwab (enye yezisekelo ezingama-33 zase-US esifundeni) amahora amaningi njengoba sisondela ekuseni kakhulu. Bengiphakathi kwethimba elincane le-Okinawa Women Act Against Military Violence (OWAAM), ebenginobumbano nalo kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaSuzuyo Takazato, umsunguli we-OWAAM futhi owayeyilungu loMkhandlu weDolobha laseNaha, inhloko-dolobha yesifunda, laba besifazane bebephakathi kwababambe iqhaza kakhulu ekulweni. Bahlala bajoyina izithunywa eziya e-US ukwazisa izakhamizi zaseMelika futhi banxuse amalungu eCongress, ama-ejensi kahulumeni nama-NGO ukuze bathole usizo lokuqeda impi e-Okinawa.

Ithimba lethu lijoyine umbuthano lilalela uchungechunge lwabaphikisi, abanye babo ababebambe iqhaza nsuku zonke kulo mbhikisho iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi yokuphikiswa komphakathi ekwandiseni impi yase-US yaseJapan, ubukhona obucindezela njalo iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa selokhu kwaba nempi echitha igazi. Okinawa eyaqeda iMpi Yezwe II. Ezingxoxweni ezimfishane ezinopopayi, ezinye zibhekiselwa ekumisweni isikhathi eside kwamasosha ase-US, uchungechunge lwezikhulumi lwabeka icala ngokumelene nokwakhiwa okuzokwandisa kakhulu imiphumela engemihle yezisekelo zamasosha ezihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-20 alesi siqhingi, isiqhingi esikhulu. woMbuso wangaphambili ozimele we-Ryukyus. Iziqhingi ezathathwa iJapane ngo-1879 manje seziyisifunda sikahulumeni waseJapane. Nakuba i-Okinawa inombusi okhethwe ngokuzimela, umhlangano wayo we-prefectural, futhi inommeleli oyedwa ku-National Diet, iyaqhubeka nokuphathwa njengekoloni.

Nakuba zonke izikhulumi zivumelana ngesidingo sokubuyisela ukulawulwa komhlaba owawusetshenziswa izisekelo zesifunda, zaletha imibono ehlukene futhi zazimelela izinhlobonhlobo zabantu ababebuthene ngaphansi kweseyili ababengabo bonke ubudala, imisebenzi kanye nezingxenye eziningi zesiqhingi. . Babengabambiqhaza ekuphikisaneni kwesikhathi eside kwezakhamuzi ezingenalo udlame embuthweni wamasosha owazibonakalisa okokuqala njengenhlangano enkulu ngo-1995 lapho amashumi ezinkulungwane ehlanganyela embuthanweni wezakhamuzi edolobheni laseGinowan. Lo mhlangano ubuwukugxeka ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwakamuva okwenziwe ngamasosha ase-US, ukudlwengulwa kwentombazane yesikole eneminyaka engu-12 ngamasosha amathathu. Iphinde yaletha ukunaka ezinhlobonhlobo zobugebengu kanye neminye imiphumela elimaza umphakathi kanye nemvelo yezisekelo, ilulaza ikhwalithi yempilo yazo futhi ibukela phansi ukuphepha kwabo kwabantu (ingxenye yokubala yeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokuqala yalabu bugebengu obuqhubekayo kuze kube manje ilandiwe. ku-“Uhlu Lwamacala Ayinhloko Enziwe kanye Nezehlakalo Eziphathelene Nezempi Yase-US e-Okinawa,” 1948-1995). U-Yoshitami Ohshiro, oyilungu lesikhathi eside le-City Assembly of Nago, lapho ephawula eminye imiphumela engemihle engaba umphumela wokuba khona komugqa wokulalisa wesitimela ozokwakhiwa maduze, ukhulume ngocwaningo oluzimele lomthelela ongaba khona kwezemvelo i-airbase ehleliwe eyenziwa usosayensi wezemvelo eNyuvesi yaseRyukyus, ucwaningo olungeke lusetshenziswe kuphela ekuphikisaneni kwabomdabu, kodwa nakulezo zishoshovu zokuthula zaseMelika nezamazwe ngamazwe nezemvelo ezeseka umzabalazo wazo.

UFumiko Shimabukuro oneminyaka engu-29 ubudala uzinikela ekumelaneni nephoyisa limkhipha ngenkani ngaphambi kwesango likaCamp Schwab ekuseni ngo-Okthoba XNUMX eHenoko, Edolobheni laseNago (Isithombe: Ryukyu Shimpo)

Njengesishoshovu esinjalo, ngamenywa ukuba ngikhulume neqembu, ngizwakalisa ngencazelo kaDkt. Kozue Akibayashi waseDoshisha Unversity eKyoto, indlela engangisincoma ngayo isibindi nokuqina kwabo. Ngempela, ezinye izinqamuleli ezazikhona zaziphakathi kwalabo ababeke babeka ukuphila kanye nezitho zabo engozini, ezihlengeni zenjoloba ezincane ezazigwedlelwe echwebeni ukuze kubuyiselwe emuva izigaba zokuqala zocwaningo lwamasu ukuze kutholakale izindawo ezithile zokwakhiwa olwandle. Isibindi sabo sasizophinde sivivinywe esikhathini esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili kusukela osukwini lwalokhu kuvakasha lapho amaphoyisa endawo namasosha aseJapane ebeka phansi izintambo zawo. Lolu chungechunge lwabantu beluzama ukuvimba imishini yokwakha kanye nabasebenzi uhulumeni wasezwenikazi ababebathumele ukuthi baqale ukwakha njengoba kubika iRykyu Shimpo.

Omunye walabo abacishe basuswa ezindaweni zabo kwakungu-octogenarian, uFumiko Shimabukuro, inkani, okhona nsuku zonke endaweni yombhikisho. Mina naye saxoxa ngosizo lukaDkt. Akibayashi. Wangitshela ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwakhe kulo mzabalazo wokuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwesizinda sezindiza, kanye nayo yonke iminyaka yokubhikishela ukuba khona kwezizinda zamasosha ase-US kususelwa ekuzibophezeleni okuyisisekelo embangela enkulu yokuqedwa kwempi. Ubuye walandisa ngezigameko ezesabekayo zeMpi yase-Okinawa eyabekezelelwa izakhamuzi kanye nesipiliyoni sakhe esidabukisayo esemusha, ebanjwe isiphithiphithi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kokuhlasela kwe-US, izinkumbulo zagcinwa ziphila ngokuqhubekayo. wezempi kulo lonke ikhaya lakhe elisesiqhingini. Umzabalazo wakhe uzophela kuphela ngokuhoxiswa kwezisekelo noma ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.

Ukuhlasela Kwezempi Emvelweni Yemvelo

Ukusuka lapho kuhlala khona esangweni le-Camp Schwab siye kwenye indawo yokumelana nogu lapho imizila yezindiza izodlulela e-Oura Bay. U-Hiroshi Ashitomi, Usihlalo Obambele Wengqungquthela Ephikisayo Ukwakhiwa Kwe-Heliport kanye nomholi ophethe ikamu eliphikisayo lendawo yokwakhiwa kwamanzi, usazise ngeminye yemiphumela eyaziwa kakade yezemvelo yalokhu kuhlasela kwezempi ogwini; phakathi kwazo izinsongo zezilwane zasendle zasemanzini ezibonakala ekhadini lakhe lebhizinisi elinomdwebo omncane wofudu lwasolwandle kanye ne-dugong (lesi silwane esincelisayo sifana kakhulu ne-manatee, ezalelwa eCaribbean naseTampa Bay). Omunye umphumela olindelekile ocekela phansi kakhulu wemvelo ukuwohloka kwezixhobo zamakhorali eziye zasebenza kusukela ekwakhiweni kwazo njengesithiyo, okunciphisa amandla eziphepho ezinkulu nama-tsunami.

UMnu. Ashitomi ubuye waletha imibiko yale miphumela kokunye kokuvakashela i-US Congress ngezikhathi ezithile yizithunywa zamalungu eqembu eliphikisayo elikholelwa ukuthi uma imiphumela yangempela yokuba khona kwezempi isikhathi eside yaziwa abantu baseMelika nakubameleli babo, isimo kungenzeka sishintshe. Yile nkolelo efanayo eyaphefumulela izithunywa zokuqala ezinjena ezazihlelwe yi-Okinawa Women Against Military Violence, ku-Peace Caravan eya emadolobheni ahlukahlukene aseMelika ngo-1996. USuzuyo Takazato nabanye balelo thimba bavakashela i-Teachers College Columbia University - lapho nganginikeza ukuthula. imfundo. Usichazele amaqiniso esimo sase-Okinawa mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane olwenziwa ngamasosha aseMelika kusukela ngesikhathi seMpi yase-Okinawa kuze kube manje (ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwalokhu kuhlaselwa ngokocansi kuyatholakala. ngesicelo). Lolu hlobo oluthile lwe udlame lwezempi olubhekiswe kwabesifazane ngokuvamile akunakwa ekukhulumeni ngezingxenye zempi nezingxabano ezibhebhezela ubugebengu bodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane (VAW). Isimo sase-Okinawa sidonsela ukunaka ekuhlobaneni kwe-VAW ezindaweni zesiteji zamasu nangaphansi kokukhona kwezempi kwesikhathi eside komunye wemigomo emithathu emikhulu I-UN Security Council Resolution 1325 mayelana Nokuthula Nokuvikeleka Kwabesifazane, ukuvikelwa kwabesifazane ekulweni nodlame olusekelwe ebulilini. Amaqiniso abhalwe ohlwini lwezikhathi lwe-OWAAM abonisa ukuthi lesi sivikelo siyadingeka ezindaweni zokulungiselela ukulwa kanye naphakathi kwezingxabano. Abantu besifazane babona ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kodlame olubhekiswe emvelweni kanye nodlame olusekelwe ebulilini olugqugquzela ubushoshovu be-OWAAM kanye nezinhlangano zokuthula zabesifazane kwenye indawo futhi ezilwela ukunciphisa nokuqeda izisekelo zamasosha ezifundeni zabo, ukuze banqobe lokhu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlupheka ezivamile. imiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele. 

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezempi Kwe-Okinawa Kungqubuzana Namanani Ase-American Democratic

Lo mbiko ubhalwe ngokusekela ukuncishiswa kwesisekelo nokuhoxiswa kanye nokubambisana nabantu abanesibindi base-Okinawa ekuphikiseni kwabo okungenabudlova ukulwa nempi okunciphisa ukuphepha kwabo futhi kuphazamisa izinga lokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ngempela, sonke siyathinteka ngokwezinga elithile inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezisekelo zase-US, futhi abaningi bazizwa bebizelwe ukumelana, bekhuthaza ukucatshangelwa komphakathi kwezinye izinhlelo zokuphepha ezinodlame oluncane. Kubantu baseMelika indlela ebalulekile yokumelana nezempi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zayo nakuzo zonke izindawo zakhona, kungenzeka ukuthi ime ukweseka izingcingo zokuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu base-Okinawan ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezithinta impilo yabo yansuku zonke kanye nempilo yabo yansuku zonke. ukusimama kwemvelo yemvelo yeziqhingi zabo. Singase futhi silwele ukukhululeka esimeni sobukoloni abajutshwe kuso ohulumeni baseJapan nase-United States. Ukuze abafundi abathambekele kangaka baziswe ngokugcwele ngalesi simo izikhombo ezimbalwa nezixhumanisi eziya emithonjeni yolwazi ezingatholakali kwabezindaba zethu ziyaphawulwa lapha.

Izimo ezikhona e-Okinawa njengomphumela wokuba khona kwezempi isikhathi eside kuyilapho ikakhulukazi kuleso siqhingi, azihlukile. Izimo ezifanayo zizotholakala cishe emiphakathini ye-1000 emhlabeni wonke ephethe inqwaba yezikhungo zamasosha ezigcinwe yi-United States (ulwazi ku-Wikipedia ayinembile ngokuphelele, kodwa iveza umbono omuhle wezinga nokuminyana kwezisekelo zamasosha ase-US emhlabeni wonke). Okushiwo yile nethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yokuba khona kwesikhathi eside kwamasosha aseMelika kubafundisi bokuthula nezishoshovu zokuthula nakho kuyinqwaba, kokubili jikelele futhi ikakhulukazi.

Imithelela Yezemfundo Yokuthula

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwase-Okinawa kunikeza ithuba elifundisayo lokufunda ezinye zezinto ezicacile zezenzo zomphakathi wasendaweni njengendawo lapho kufanele usebenzise khona ukuba isakhamuzi somhlaba wonke. Izenzo ezifanayo ziyenziwa kwezinye izindawo zokuba khona kwezempi yase-US isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo lwenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe emelene nesisekelo lungakhanyisa imiphumela elimazayo yesistimu yezokuphepha yomhlaba wonke yamanje yezempi enhlalakahleni yemiphakathi ephethe, kubukela phansi ukuphepha kwabantu kwemiphakathi yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ekufundiseni ukuthula, lezi zenzo zomphakathi ziyizibonelo ezicacile zokwenqaba kwemiphakathi ephansi ukwamukela ukungabi namandla okucatshangwa abenzi benqubomgomo yezokuphepha uma benza izinqumo ezinganaki intando nenhlalakahle yabantu. izakhamuzi ezithinteke kakhulu. Ukwazi ukubhekana ngesibindi nombuso wesizwe onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni kanye nezifunda ezihlangene nawo yizakhamuzi ezisebenzisa isibopho somphakathi wendawo, isithunzi somuntu wonke kanye namalungelo epolitiki yentando yeningi kunganikeza abafundi ulwazi lokuthi ukumelana nempi kungenzeka. Nakuba kungase kungazifezi ngokushesha izinjongo zakho, ukumelana okunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhamba kancane kangakanani, ukunciphisa izimo nezinqubo ezingezinhle, mhlawumbe kuvule indlela ebheke kwenye indawo yesistimu yokuphepha yezempi, ngokuqinisekile kunikeze izakhamuzi amandla ababambiqhaza. Njengasendabeni yokhetho lwakamuva lwe-prefectural e-Okinawa olunqabe ngokuzwakalayo izisekelo, lungaba nomphumela ozwakalayo uma ulinganiselwe, ngezinye izikhathi umphumela wesikhashana wepolitiki. Kubonise ukuthi abambalwa phakathi kwabavoti base-Okinawan abaqhubeka nokukholelwa ukuthi izinzuzo zezomnotho ezilinganiselwe zidlula ukonakala kwamanje nokunqwabelanayo kwabantu, kwezenhlalo nezemvelo kokusingatha izisekelo. Kanjalo futhi, kuveza izimangalo zezakhamizi zelungelo lazo lokubamba iqhaza enqubweni yokwenza inqubomgomo yezokuphepha ezithinta kakhulu. Lapho ukubonakaliswa okunjalo kuqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nakwezinye izindawo, ngisho nalapho kubhekene nokungalaleli kohulumeni, kuwubufakazi bokuqina okulele kukho ithemba lenguquko enhle ohlelweni lwamanje lwezokuphepha. Ukungalaleli okunjalo kwabonakala ekuphasiseni “Umthetho Omusha Wezokuphepha.” Lesi sinyathelo esibheke emgomweni kaNdunankulu u-Abe wokubuyisela izwe impi kabusha, ekugcineni sachitha iSigaba 9 somthethosisekelo waseJapan owalahla impi, saletha izinkulungwane emigwaqweni, ziphikisana nomthetho futhi sicela ukuba kulondolozwe iSigaba 9. Umzabalazo wokugcina ubuqotho Umthethosisekelo waseJapan uyaqhubeka nokubandakanya izakhamizi eziningi zaseJapan ezithanda ukuthula, iningi lazo elibamba iqhaza kulo I-Global Article 9 Umkhankaso Wokuqeda Impi.

Ukubheka lokho kuphikisa kanye nemiphumela yako kungase futhi kusebenze njengendlela eya ocwaningweni olubanzi futhi olujulile lweziphakamiso kanye namathuba kwezinye, izinhlelo zokuphepha ezingahlosiwe kanye nemizamo yezakhamizi yokukwazisa umphakathi kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo yezokuphepha. Ucwaningo lwesimo sase-Okinawa, kanye nezimo kweminye imiphakathi ebamba iqhaza ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa okubucayi kohlelo lwamanje lwezokuphepha lwezempi kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuhlola ezinye izindlela ezihlongozwayo. Uphenyo ngezimpikiswano nezenzo zenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe emelene nesisekelo kungase kunikeze isisekelo socwaningo lwezinyathelo ezakhayo zesakhamuzi, isenzo somphakathi sikazwelonke, sikazwelonke, samazwe ngamazwe kanye nesendawo esidlulela ngalé futhi siphelelisa ukumelana nomphakathi, lonke uhla lwamaqhinga angenabudlova. ukuze kuncishiswe impi kanye noguquko olukhulu ukusuka ekuvikelekeni kombuso okusekelwe ezingxabanweni ukuya ekuvikelekeni kwabantu okusekelwe ebulungiswa. Lawa masu, agxilile futhi agqugquzelwa imfundo efanele yokuthula, anamandla okuguqula imiqondo kanye nezindlela zokucabanga ngokuvikeleka kwezwe. Uma kubhekwa ezinye izinhlelo zokuphepha ezihlukile, ukusuka ekugxileni ekuvikelekeni kombuso kuye ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle yabantu besizwe, kugcizelela indlela ebanzi nephelele yokuphepha kuzokwenza imfundo yokuthula ilungiselele izakhamizi ukuthi zicabange. futhi senze umsebenzi wezepolitiki wokuphuca izikhali kanye nokucekela phansi uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuphenya kwezinye izinhlelo zokuphepha kuyithuluzi lokufunda eliphumelelayo lokwethula imibono ephelele kanye nezindlela ezibanzi zokuvikeleka njengalezo ezinikezwa umuntu kunombono ogxile kuhulumeni. Ukuhlangana kwemikhakha emithathu efanele yezemfundo: imfundo yezemvelo, amalungelo abantu kanye nokuthula - ukuxhumana okuyingxenye ende yokuhlaziywa kwabesifazane ngezinkinga zempi nodlame oluhlomile - kubalulekile kulezi zinsuku zokufuna ukuqonda izimbangela nezimpendulo ezinkingeni zesimo sezulu. , ukwanda kobuphekula, izinyathelo zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali nokuhoxiswa kwezempi, ukukhulula ukuphishekelwa kwamalungelo abantu eqophelweni lezifundazwe zokuphepha kwezwe, kanye nokuphuthuma kokulingana kobulili kubo bonke nanoma yiziphi izindaba zokuthula nokulondeka. Ngokuqinisekile, imiphumela yobulili yokuba khona kwezisekelo zempi yenza I-UN Security Council Resolution 1325 ingxenye eyisisekelo yemfundo yokuthula eqondiswe ngqo ekufundeni ukuze kuhlonyiswe izakhamizi ukuthi zenze ohulumeni bazo esinyathelweni esibucayi sokuhoxiswa kwezokuphepha.

I-GCPE ihlela ukushicilela izinqubo zokufundisa zokwenza lokho kufunda emakilasini asenyuvesi namabanga aphezulu. Iziphakamiso zamayunithi okufunda zokujwayela izimo zokufundisa zothisha ngamunye zizonikezwa. Abanye abafundisi bokuthula banethemba lokukhuthaza uphenyo olunjalo kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi lwemiphumela yezisekelo zase-US kanye nokuqwashisa ngokumelana okunesibindi, okuqinile nokugqugquzelayo kanye nezenzo zomphakathi zabantu base-Okinawa neminye imiphakathi ebamba iqhaza emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zindaba zibalulekile emfundweni yokuthula kuzo zonke izizwe, njengoba bonke behilelekile futhi/noma bathintwa ukulwa kwezempi emhlabeni wonke. Ikakhulukazi ziwulwazi olubalulekile kuzo zonke izakhamizi zase-US amagama azo inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezisekelo zamasosha aseMelika isungulwe futhi isaqhubeka nokunwetshwa njengoba kubikiwe kamuva nje. “…. i-Pentagon ihlongoze uhlelo olusha ku-White House lokwakha uchungechunge lwezisekelo zamasosha e-Afrika, eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ” (I-New York Times, Disemba 10 - I-Pentagon Ifuna Ukuhlanganisa Izisekelo Zangaphandle Kunethiwekhi Ye-ISIS-Foiling) njengesu lokulwa nokukhula kwabalandeli be-ISIS. Ingabe kungenzeka ukuthi umphakathi wokuthula uphakamise futhi ubize ukunakwa komphakathi ezinye izindlela zokwandisa impi yezempi njengendlela enkulu yokubamba kanye nokunqoba ukwanda okukhulu kwalokhu kanye nazo zonke izinsongo ekuvikelekeni kwezwe kanye nomhlaba wonke? Umbhali kanye nozakwabo kuMkhankaso Womhlaba Wonke Wezemfundo Yokuthula bahlose ukuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokuthola nokusebenzisa olunye ulwazi oluhlobene nesenzo somphakathi esinomthwalo wemfanelo ekuphenduleni le nselele.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nemithelela Yezisekelo Zezempi e-Okinawa bheka:

• Umbiko ovela e-Okinawa: Ubukhona Bezempi Besikhathi eside (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Abesifazane e-Okinawa - Ukuqhubeka Nomzabalazo Wokulwa Nodlame Lwamasosha AseMelika (Suzuyo Takazato)
• I-Okinawa: Imithelela yokuba khona Kwezempi Yase-US Yesikhathi Eside
• Abesifazane kanye Nebutho Lezempi lase-US eMpumalanga Asia (Khuthaza!)

Mayelana umbhali: UBetty A. Reardon ungumholi owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke emkhakheni wezemfundo yokuthula kanye namalungelo abantu; umsebenzi wakhe wokuphayona ubeke isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa okusha kokuqondisa izigwegwe kwemfundo yokuthula kanye namalungelo abantu bamazwe ngamazwe ngokubheka ubulili, umbono womhlaba wonke.