I-China Lobby Pre-WWII, Israel Lobby Pre-WWIII

NguDavid Swanson

Umlando wezimpi ezibulalayo neziwubuwula i-United States engazikhumbula ngoSuku lweSikhumbuzo kusukela osukwini 1 nangaphambilini, uqala ngokubulawa kwabantu bomdabu ezweni, ukuhlasela kweCanada, njll., futhi kusukela ngalolo suku kuze kube manje. lokhu kuphunyuka okuningi okubulalayo ukuba singakubala.

Kodwa enye indlela uhulumeni wase-US azifaka ngayo ezimpini ezinkulu zokubulawa kwabantu abaningi iwukuzwa lokho afuna ukukuzwa. Kuze kufike ezingeni lokuvumela izikhulu eziphezulu zikahulumeni wase-US, kwesinye isikhathi kafushane ngaphandle komnyango ojikelezayo “wenkonzo” yomphakathi, ukuthi zisebenze ekuholeni nasekusebenzeleni amazwe angaphandle aphusha inkulumo-ze yempi emphakathini wase-US.

Incwadi entsha kaJames Bradley ibizwa I-China Mirage: Umlando Ofihliwe Wenhlekelele YaseMelika eChina. Kuhle ukufundwa. Iminyaka eyandulela iMpi Yezwe II, i-China Lobby e-United States yancenga umphakathi wase-US, kanye nezikhulu eziningi eziphezulu zase-US, ukuthi abantu baseShayina bonke bafuna ukuba ngamaKristu, ukuthi u-Chaing Kai-shek wayengumholi wabo othandekayo wentando yeningi kunokuba wayengumshisekeli obuthakathaka, ukuthi uMao Zedong wayengelutho akekho owaya ndawo, ukuthi i-United States yayingakwazi ukuxhasa u-Chaing Kai-shek futhi wayezosebenzisa uxhaso ukulwa namaJapane, ngokumelene nokulusebenzisa ukulwa noMao, nokuthi i-United States. kungabeka i-virgo ekhubazekile eJapane ngaphandle kokusabela kwamasosha aseJapane.

Iminyaka eminingi eholela okungenani onqenqemeni lweMpi Yezwe Yesithathu, i-Israel Lobby yase-United States igqugquzele i-United States ukuthi i-Israel iyintando yeningi kunokuba izwe lobandlululo elinamalungelo asekelwe enkolweni. Izwe laseMelika elisanda kubhidliza izinhlelo zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene zokuthi kungabi bikho izikhali ezicekela phansi eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi likwenze lokhu ngokuyalelwa yi-nuclear Israel, belilokhu lilandela i-Israel eyaba yinhlekelele e-Iraq, Syria, Iran. kanye nesifunda sonke, sijaha isiphithiphithi sika-Israyeli othobela umthetho wentando yeningi ongelona iqiniso njengalelo leShayina engumKristu waseMelika eyagcina yenza ukuthi i-US ihlonze isiqhingi esincane saseTaiwan “njengeShayina langempela.”

Udaka olwaba nengxenye “ePearl Harbor” entsha ka-911, ngamanye amazwi, alufani nhlobo nodaka olwaba nengxenye ePearl Harbor ngokwayo. Ukucabanga kwe-US ngeChina njengesandiso se-United States, kuyilapho ingazi lutho ngeChina futhi empeleni yenqabela noma ngubani amaShayina ukuthi angene kuleliya lizwe, yenze umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni kunokucabanga u-Israyeli njengoba izwe lama-51 selifezile. Zinike isikhathi.

Incwadi entsha ka-Bradley, ezigabeni zokuqala, ihlanganisa ngokushesha ezinye zezindawo ezifanayo nezakhe eziphawulekayo I-Imperial Cruise, kusafaneleka kakhulu ukufunda - okuhlanganisa impi yase-US yaseJapane kanye nokukhuthaza kuka-Theodore Roosevelt kwe-imperialism yaseJapane. Incwadi entsha ihlanganisa, kangcono kunalokho engike ngakubona kwenye indawo, umlando wokuthi bangaki abantu nezikhungo ezicebe kakhulu zase-East Coast United States ekhulwini le-19 ezathola imali - okuhlanganisa nemali kamkhulu kaFranklin Delano Roosevelt - ngokuthengisa i-opium ngokungemthetho. eChina. Ukuhweba nge-opium kwaholela ezimpini ze-opium nasekuhlaselweni kweBrithani ne-US kanye nokuhlala kwezingcezu zaseChina, kusetshenziswa izinguqulo zakuqala zalokho i-US manje ekubiza ngokuthi "Izivumelwano Zesimo Sezempi."

I-US yagcwala iShayina ngabadayisi bezidakamizwa, abahwebi bezinye izinto, kanye nezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu, laba bakamuva abaphumelele kakhulu kunabanye, baguqula abantu abambalwa kakhulu. Isithunywa sevangeli esiphambili savuma ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-10 wayeseguqule abantu baseShayina abayishumi baba amaKristu. Ngokubheka ukuhwebelana kwamaShayina naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-United States yakha iPanama Canal futhi yathatha iPhilippines, iGuam, iHawaii, iCuba, nePuerto Rico. Ngeso lokuvikela iRussia kude nohwebo olunenzuzo lwasePacific, uMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt wasekela ukwanda kweJapane eKorea naseChina, futhi waxoxisana “ngokuthula” phakathi kweJapane neRussia ngenkathi ebonisana ngasese neJapane zonke izinyathelo zendlela. (Enye inanela “yenqubo yokuthula” yasePalestine lapho i-US isohlangothini luka-Israyeli futhi “ingathathi hlangothi.”) I-TR yanikezwa uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel ngesenzo, okungenzeka ukuthi akukho noyedwa umuntu waseKorea noma waseShayina okwathintwa ngawo. Lapho uWoodrow Wilson enqaba ukuhlangana noHoh Chi Minh ongeyena mhlophe eParis, waphinde waba nengxenye ekunikezeni iJapane amakoloni ayekade efunwa yiJalimane eChina, ecasula amaShayina, kuhlanganise noMao. Imbewu yezimpi ezizayo incane kodwa ibonakala ngokuphelele.

Isimo sikahulumeni wase-US maduze sizosuka eJapan siye eChina. Isithombe somlimi waseShayina ohloniphekile nongumKristu sasiqhutshwa abantu abafana noZiqu-zintathu (kamuva owaba nguDuke) futhi uVanderbilt wafundisa uCharlie Soong, amadodakazi akhe u-Ailing, uChingling, noMayling, nendodana uTse-ven (TV), kanye nomyeni kaMayling uChaing. Kai-shek, Henry Luce owaqala Isikhathi ngemva kokuzalwa ekoloni lezithunywa zevangeli eChina, noPearl Buck owabhala Umhlaba Omuhle ngemva kohlobo olufanayo lobuntwana. U-TV Soong waqasha uColonel John Jouett owayesethathe umhlalaphansi we-US Army Air Corps futhi ngo-1932 wayesekwazi ukufinyelela bonke ubuchwepheshe be-US Army Air Corps futhi wayenabafundisi abayisishiyagalolunye, udokotela ohlinza indiza, omakhenikha abane, nonobhala, bonke abase-US Air Corps baqeqeshiwe kodwa manje bayasebenza. ngo-Soong e-China. Bekuyisiqalo nje sosizo lwezempi lwase-US oluya e-China okwenza izindaba zaba zincane e-United States kunaseJapan.

Ngo-1938, lapho iJapane ihlasela amadolobha aseShayina, futhi u-Chaing engazange alwe kanzima, u-Chaing wayala umshicileli wakhe omkhulu we-propagandist u-Hollington Tong, owayengumfundi wezobuntatheli e-Columbia University, ukuba athumele ama-agent e-United States ukuze abuthe izithunywa zevangeli zase-US futhi azinikeze ubufakazi bezenzo zonya zaseJapane. ukuqasha uFrank Price (isithunywa sevangeli esiyintandokazi kaMayling), kanye nokuqasha izintatheli zaseMelika nababhali ukuthi babhale izindatshana nezincwadi ezivumayo. UFrank Price nomfowabo uHarry Price babezalelwe eShayina, bengakaze bahlangane neChina lamaShayina. Abazalwane bakwaPrice bavula isitolo eNew York City, lapho abambalwa ababenombono wokuthi basebenzela iqembu lezigelekeqe i-Soong-Chaing. UMayling noTong bababela ukuba bakhonge abantu baseMelika ukuthi isihluthulelo sokuthula eChina sasiwukuvinjelwa kweJapane. Bakha iKomidi laseMelika lokungahlanganyeli ku-Aggression of Japanese. “Umphakathi awuzange wazi,” kubhala uBradley, “ukuthi izithunywa zevangeli zaseManhattan ezisebenza ngenkuthalo ku-East Fortieth Street ukuze zisindise abalimi baseNoble Peasants zazikhokhelwa amanxusa e-China Lobby abenza izenzo okungenzeka zazingekho emthethweni neziwukuvukela umbuso.”

Ngithatha iphuzu likaBradley njengelingelona elokuthi abalimi baseShayina abahlonipheki ngempela, futhi hhayi ukuthi iJapane yayingenalo icala lobudlova, kodwa ukuthi umkhankaso wenkulumo-ze waqinisekisa abantu baseMelika abaningi ukuthi iJapane ngeke ihlasele i-United States uma i-United States inqamula uwoyela futhi. insimbi eya eJapane - okwakungamanga kubabukeli abanolwazi futhi kwakuzobonakala kungamanga phakathi nezenzakalo.

OwayenguNobhala Wezwe kanye noNobhala Wezempi wesikhathi esizayo uHenry Stimson waba usihlalo wekomiti, elafaka ngokushesha izinhloko zangaphambili zeHarvard, i-Union Theological Seminary, iChurch Peace Union, iWorld Alliance for International Friendship, iFederal Council of Churches of Christ in America. , I-Associate Boards of Christian Colleges e-China, njll. I-Stimson kanye neqembu lezigelekeqe bakhokhelwa i-China ukuze bathi i-Japan ngeke ize ihlasele i-United States uma ivinjelwa - isimangalo esichithwe yilabo abazi ku-State Department kanye ne-White House, kodwa isimangalo kwenziwa ngesikhathi lapho i-United States ingenakho nhlobo ukuxhumana kwangempela neJapane.

Isifiso somphakathi sokuyeka ukuhlomisa ukuhlasela kwe-Japan e-China sibonakala sithandeka kimi futhi sihambisana nesifiso sami sokuthi i-US iyeke ukuhlomisa ukuhlasela kwe-Saudi Arabia e-Yemen, ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa kweziningi. Kodwa ukukhuluma kwakungandulela ukuvinjelwa. Ukubekela eceleni izihlungi zokucwasa ngokwebala nezenkolo ukuze kubonwe iqiniso eliseShayina bekungasiza. Ukugwema ukunyakaza okusongelayo kweButho Lasolwandle Lase-US, ukuhambisa imikhumbi eHawaii nokwakha izikhumulo zezindiza eziQhingini zasePacific bekungasiza. Izinqumo ezimelene nempi bezibanzi kakhulu kunokuphikisana kwezomnotho kwaseJapan kanye nokuhlambalaza okungekona okuxhumana ekuhlonipheni amaJapan.

Kodwa ngoFebhuwari 1940, uBradley uyabhala, ama-75% amaMelika asekela ukuvinjelwa kweJapane. Futhi iningi labantu baseMelika, vele, lalingafuni impi. Babethenge inkulumo-ze ye-China Lobby.

I-FDR kanye noNobhala wakhe woMgcinimafa u-Henry Morgenthau basungula izinkampani ezingaphambili kanye nemali mboleko ku-Chaing, belandela ngemuva kukaNobhala Wezwe u-Cordell Hull. I-FDR, kubonakala sengathi, ibingagcini nje ngokunakekela i-China Lobby kodwa yayikholelwa ngempela indaba yayo - okungenani kuze kufike ephuzwini. Umama wakhe, owayehlala e-US kancane eShayina esemncane noyise ophusha i-opium, wayengusihlalo ohloniphekile woMkhandlu Wosizo WaseChina kanye neKomidi LaseMelika Lezintandane Zezempi YaseShayina. Unkosikazi ka-FDR wayengusihlalo ohloniphekile weKomidi Losizo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo likaPearl Buck. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zase-US zasekela ukuvinjelwa kweJapan. Umeluleki wokuqala wezomnotho kumongameli wase-US, u-Lauchlin Currie, wasebenzela i-FDR kanye neBhange LaseShayina kanye kanye. Umbhali wephephandaba ohlanganisiwe nesihlobo sikaRoosevelt uJoe Alsop ukhiphe amasheke ku-TV Soong “njengomeluleki” ngisho noma enza umsebenzi wakhe “njengentatheli enenhloso.” UBradley uyabhala: “Akekho usozakuzaku waseBrithani, waseRussia, waseFrance, noma waseJapane owayengakholelwa ukuthi i-Chaing ingaba iSivumelwano Esisha senkululeko.” Kodwa i-FDR ibonakala ikukholiwe. Waxhumana noChaing kanye noMayling ngasese, ehamba noMnyango wakhe Wezwe.

Nokho i-FDR yayikholelwa ukuthi uma ivinjelwa, iJapane izohlasela i-Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) ngomphumela ongase ube nempi yezwe ebanzi. U-Morgenthau, ekutsheleni kukaBradley, wazama kaningi ukweqa isivimbelo esiphelele ku-petroleum waya e-Japan, kuyilapho i-FDR yanqaba. I-FDR yawususa umkhumbi waya e-Pearl Harbor, yabeka imingcele ethile kumafutha endiza kanye nezilahlwa, kanye nemali yokubolekwa kwa-Chaing. I-Soong-Chaing syndicate iphinde yasebenza ne-FDR White House ukwakha umbutho wezempi oxhaswe yi-US, oqeqeshwe yi-US, kanye nabasebenzi base-US ukuze i-China ilisebenzise ekuhlaseleni amadolobha ase-Japan. Ngenkathi i-FDR icela umeluleki wayo u-Tommy Corcoran ukuthi ahlole umholi waleli butho lezindiza elisha, owayengukaputeni we-US Air Corps uClaire Chennault, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengazi ukuthi ucela othile ohola i-TV Soong ukuba ameluleke komunye umuntu khokha i-TV Soong.

UBradley uthi i-FDR yagcina uhlelo lwayo lwempi yomoya yase-Asia luyimfihlo emphakathini wase-US. Nokho, ngo-May 24, 1941, i- New York Times yabika ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-US kwebutho lasemoyeni laseShayina, kanye nokuhlinzekwa “kwezindiza eziningi zokulwa nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu” eChina yi-United States. “Kulindeleke Ukuqhunyiswa Kwamabhomu Emadolobheni AseJapane,” safunda isihlokwana. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi "kuyimfihlo" ngomqondo wokuthi uhlu luka-Obama lokubulala luyimfihlo naphezu kokuvela ku- New York Times. Akuxoxwa ngokungapheli ngoba akungeni kahle ezindabeni ezincane ezijabulisayo. "Uhlaka lokuqala lomlando" luhlala lufakwa ngokukhetha kakhulu ezincwadini zomlando ezisekhona emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Kodwa uBradley uqinisile ukuthi lokhu bekungeyona imfihlo evela eJapane. Futhi uhlanganisa into engingakhumbuli ngikwazi ngaphambili, okungukuthi uChennault wavuma ukuthi lapho umkhumbi owawuthwele abashayeli bakhe usuka eSan Francisco uya e-Asia ngo-July 1941, amadoda akhe ezwa umsakazi waseJapane eqhosha ngokuthi, “Lowo mkhumbi awusoze wafinyelela eShayina. Lizocwiliswa.” Futhi ngoJulayi, i-FDR yagunyaza uhlelo lwe-Lend-Lease yase-China: ezinye izilwi ezingama-269 namabhomu angama-66, kanye nempahla yaseJapan efriziwe. Konke lokhu kwakuyingxenye yezitayela ezinde futhi ezibanzi uBradley ayengase azithuthukise ngokugcwele. Kepha unikeza imininingwane ethokozisayo kanye nokuchazwa kwayo okunelukuluku, ephetha ngokuthi uMsizi kaNobhala Wezwe uDean Acheson wafaka i-United States eMpini Yezwe II ngokuzama ukuphika noma yimuphi uwoyela wase-US oya eJapan inyanga yonke, kusukela ngenkathi i-FDR iphuma uzungu noWinston. Churchill esikebheni futhi edala lokho okuzobizwa ngokuthi i-Atlantic Charter.

Ku-akhawunti kaBradley u-Hull uthola nge-virgo, inyanga, ngo-September 4, 1941, futhi wazisa i-FDR ngalolo suku. Kodwa bakhethe ukukushiya kungashintshile njengoba ngandlela thize ukukuhlehlisa kuzobonakala ngandlela thize njengokuvumela iJapan ukuthi ithole uwoyela “ongaphezulu” kunangaphambili. Ukuvinjelwa kuleli phuzu kwase kuyizindaba zomphakathi eJapane inyanga yonke. I-FDR yakwazi ukuthola imibiko ngezindaba zaseJapan, kanye nezokuxhumana eziyimfihlo zikahulumeni waseJapan, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi wahlangana nenxusa laseJapan ngaleso sikhathi. Ingabe ukuxhumana kwakungathuthuki ngempela ngo-1941 ngaphezu kwalokho okwakuyikho lapho iTexas ithatha isikhathi eside ukuthola ukuthi ubugqila buphelile?

Kunoma ikuphi, lapho iJapan ibona ukuvinjelwa kuhlala isikhathi eside, ayizange idlulele entandweni yeningi emaphakathi njengoba iChina Lobby yayihlale ithi kuzokwenzeka. Kunalokho yaba umbuso wobushiqela wezempi. Okwamanje Isikhathi wawunethemba esidlangalaleni ukuthi impi yase-US neBrithani ngasohlangothini lweShayina yayizonxenxa amaShayina ukuba aguqukele ebuKristwini. Okufanayo e-Israel Lobby abalandeli benkolo yobuKrestu abakholelwa ukuthi u-Israyeli uhola indlela ebheke enhlekeleleni efiselekayo ebikezelwe ngomlingo.

Inkulumo kaMayling Soong kuKhongolose yase-US ngoFebhuwari 1943 yaqhudelana neka-Bibi Netanyahu ka-2015 ngokukhothamela abantu abaningi, ukukhohlisa, kanye nokuzinikela kumbuso wangaphandle onenkohliso. Ukuduka kwakuzoqhubeka izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. I-Catholic Vietnam Lobby yayizongena emdlalweni. I-US ibingeke ibone iChina kaMao kuze kube yilapho incishisiwe yenza uRichard Nixon njengomongameli wayo. Nge-akhawunti egcwele, ngincoma incwadi ka-Bradley.

Nokho ngicabanga ukuthi le ncwadi inezikhala ezithile. Ayifuni ukuthinta isifiso se-FDR sempi eJalimane, noma ukubaluleka kuye kanye nokuphatha kwakhe ukuhlasela kwamaJapane njengesihluthulelo sokungena kokubili izimpi zase-Atlantic nasePacific. Okulandelayo ngike ngabhala ngakho ngaphambilini.

Wawuyini Umdlalo we-FDR?

NgoDisemba 7, 1941, i-FDR yenza isimemezelo sempi eJapane naseJalimane, kodwa yanquma ukuthi ngeke isebenze futhi yahamba neJapane yodwa. IJalimane, njengoba bekulindelekile, yasheshe yamemezela impi e-United States.

U-FDR uzame ukuqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nemikhumbi yase-US kuhlanganise ne- Greer futhi Kerny, okwakusiza izindiza zaseBrithani zilandele izikebhe zasemfuleni zaseJalimane, kodwa yikuphi uRovelvelt ayezenza sengathi wahlaselwa ngokungenacala.

U-Roosevelt naye waqamba amanga ukuthi ubephethe imephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi yokunqoba iNingizimu Melika, kanye nenhlelo eyimfihlo yeNazi yokufaka zonke izinkolo ngeNazi.

Kusukela ngoDisemba 6, i-1941, amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye emphakathini wase-US aphikisana nokufaka impi. Kodwa u-Roosevelt usevele usemise lo mbhalo, wenza i-National Guard, wenza i-Navy enkulu emanzini amabili, abadayisi abadala baseNgilandi baqashisa ngokuqashisa izisekelo zawo eCaribbean naseBermuda, futhi bamemezela ngasese ukuthi kwakhiwe uhlu lwazo zonke Umuntu waseJapan noJapane-waseMelika e-United States.

Ngo-Ephreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala incwadi eyimfihlo eya kwikhabhinethi yakhe yempi: “Kungathathwa njengokuqinisekile ukuthi ukungena kweJapane empini kuzolandelwa ukungena ngokushesha kwe-United States ngasohlangothini lwethu.”

Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wahlangana nekhabhinethi yakhe e-10 Downing Street. Umhlangano waba nokufana okufanayo noJulayi 23, 2002, umhlangano ekhelini elifanayo, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Downing Street Minutes. Bobabili imihlangano yembula izimfihlo ze-US zokuya empini. Emhlanganweni we-1941, u-Churchill utshele iKhabhinethi yakhe, ngokusho kwemizuzu: "UMongameli utshele ukuthi uzoyilwa kodwa ngeke akhulume." Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Konke kwakuzokwenziwa ukuphoqa isenzakalo."

Kusukela maphakathi no-1930s izishoshovu zokuthula zase-US - labo bantu ababecasula impela ngezimpi zaseMelika zakamuva - babemasha beyokulwa nokuphikisana kweMelika neJapan kanye nezinhlelo zamasosha aseMelika zokulwa neJapan - inguMashi 8, 1939, inguqulo yayo eyayichaza “impi ehlaselayo isikhathi eside ”lokho kungabhubhisa amasosha futhi kuphazamise impilo yezomnotho yaseJapan.

NgoJanuwari 1941, the I-Japan Umkhangisi uzwakalise intukuthelo yakhe ngePearl Harbor esihlokweni sokuhlela, futhi inxusa laseMelika eJapan wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke: “Kunezinkulumo eziningi ezizungeze idolobha ukuthi amaJapan, uma kwenzeka ehlaba ikhefu ne-United States, ahlela baphume bonke ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu abaningi ePearl Harbor. Impela ngazise uhulumeni wami. ”

NgoFebhuwari 5, 1941, Admiral owedlule uRichmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMpi uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa okumangalisayo ePearl Harbour.

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, kusukela ngo-1932 i-United States yayikade ikhuluma neChina ngokunikeza izindiza, abashayeli bezindiza, nokuqeqeshwa kwempi yayo neJapane. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt waboleka iChina amaRandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu ukuze alwe neJapane, futhi ngemva kokubonisana nabaseBrithani, uNobhala Wezezimali wase-US uHenry Morgenthau wenza izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuze bawasebenzise ekuqhumeni amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane.

NgoDisemba 21, 1940, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali waseChina u-TV Soong kanye noColonel Claire Chennault, indiza yezempi yase-US eyayisebenzela amaShayina futhi yayibanxusa ukuthi basebenzise abashayeli bezindiza baseMelika ukuqhumisa amabhomu eTokyo kusukela okungenani ngo-1937, bahlangana endaweni yokudlela kaHenry Morgenthau. igumbi lokuhlela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eJapan. UMorgenthau uthe angakwazi ukukhipha amadoda emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina engabakhokhela u-$1,000 ngenyanga. Wavuma uSong.

NgoJulayi, iJoint Army-Navy Board yayisemukele uhlelo olubizwa ngeJB 355 lokuqhumisa ibhomu eJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili ibizothenga izindiza zaseMelika ezizohanjiswa amavolontiya aseMelika aqeqeshwe yiChennault futhi akhokhelwe elinye iqembu langaphambili. URoosevelt uvumile, nochwepheshe wakhe waseChina uLauchlin Currie, ngokusho kukaNicholson Baker, "wafaka ucingo uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyayinxenxa ukuthi izinhloli zaseJapan zinqandwe." Noma ngabe bekuyiphuzu eliphelele lelo noma cha, le bekuyincwadi ebhalwe ukuthi: “Ngijabule kakhulu ukukwazi ukubika namuhla uMongameli uyalele ukuthi amabhomu angamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha atholakale eChina kulo nyaka kuthi angamashumi amabili nane ahanjiswe ngokushesha. Ubuye wavuma nohlelo lokuqeqeshwa kwezindiza lwaseChina lapha. Imininingwane ngeziteshi ezijwayelekile. Ozithobayo."

I-1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-Chinese Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers (i-logo kamuva eyaklanywa u-Walt Disney, njengoba aphawula u-Bradley), yaqhubekela phambili ngokuqasha nokuqeqeshwa ngokushesha futhi yanikezwa e-China ngaphambi kwe-Pearl Harbor.

Ngo-May 31, 1941, e-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikeza isixwayiso esibuhlungu: “Ukuduba ngokuphelele kwezomnotho eJapane, ukumiswa kokuthunyelwa kukawoyela ngokwesibonelo, kwakuzosunduza iJapane ezandleni ze-Axis. Impi yezomnotho ingaba yisandulela sempi yasolwandle neyempi. ”

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt waphawula, “Ukube sinqamula uwoyela , [amaJapane] cishe ngabe ehlele eDutch East Indies ngonyaka odlule, futhi ngabe nibe nempi. Bekubaluleke kakhulu ngokombono wethu wobugovu wezokuvikela ukuvimbela impi ukuthi iqale eNingizimu Pacific. Ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukuvimba impi ukuthi ingaqubuki lapho. ” Izintatheli ziqaphele ukuthi uRoosevelt uthe "ukhona" kunokuthi "ukhona." Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoosevelt wakhipha i-oda eliphezulu lokumisa impahla yaseJapan. I-United States neBrithani banqamula uwoyela nezinsimbi ezilahliwe baya eJapane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-Acheson empeleni weqile uRoosevelt odlule noma cha. URadhabinod Pal, isazi sezomthetho saseNdiya esasiyilungu lenkantolo yamacala obugebengu ezimpini ngemva kwempi, wabiza lezi zixwayiso ngokuthi “usongo olucacile nolunamandla ekuphileni kweJapane,” futhi waphetha ngokuthi i-United States yayicasule iJapane.

Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, the I-Japan Times Umkhangisi wabhala: “Okokuqala kwaba nokudalwa kwe-superbase eSingapore, kuqiniswa kakhulu ngamasosha waseBrithani nawaseMbusweni. Ukusuka kule ndawo kwakhiwa isondo elikhulu futhi laxhunyaniswa nezisekelo zaseMelika ukwakha indandatho enhle egcwele endaweni enkulu eningizimu nasentshonalanga ukusuka ePhilippines kudlula eMalaya naseBurma, ngesixhumanisi esiphihliwe kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseThailand. Manje sekuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe izingcingo ezivalekile, ezifika eRangoon. "

Ngo-September umshini waseJapane wacasulwa ukuthi i-United States isiqalile ukuhambisa amafutha okwedlule eJapane ukuze ifike eRussia. IJapane, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa kancane "empini yezomnotho."

Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower owayesebenza uColonel William Donovan owahlola uRoosevelt. Ugwayi ukhulume nomuntu waseManila ogama lakhe lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishani yaseMaritime, esho ukuthi ulindele ukuthi "IJaps izoyithatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ngiphume." Lapho uMowerower eveza ukumangala, uJohnson waphendula wathi: "Awaziwa yini uJap izimoto ziye zathuthela empumalanga, kungenzeka ukuba zihlasele izimoto zethu ePearl Harbor? "

NgoNovemba 3, 1941, inxusa lase-United States lathumela ucingo olude eMnyangweni Wezwe lixwayisa ngokuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho lungase luphoqe iJapane ukuba lenze i- “har-kiri kazwelonke.” Wabhala: “Impi ehlomile ne-United States ingafika ngokuzuma okukhulu okuyingozi.”

NgoNovemba 15th, uMphathi Wezabasebenzi wase-US uGeorge Marshall wazisa abezindaba ngento esingayikhumbuli ngokuthi "uhlelo lukaMarshall." Empeleni asikukhumbuli nakancane. "Silungiselela impi ezohlasela iJapan," kusho uMarshall, ecela izintatheli ukuthi zikugcine kuyimfihlo, lokhu engikwaziyo ukuthi bakwenze ngendlela efanele.

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva uNobhala Wezempi uStimson wabhala kudayari yakhe ukuthi wayehlangane eHhovisi le-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, kanye noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. URoosevelt ubatshele ukuthi amaJapan kungenzeka ahlasele kungekudala, mhlawumbe ngoMsombuluko olandelayo.

Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi i-United States yephule amakhodi amaJapan nokuthi uRoosevelt ubekwazi ukufinyelela kuwo. Kwakungenxa yokuthola umyalezo obizwa ngokuthi yi-Purple code lapho uRoosevelt athola khona izinhlelo zaseJalimane zokuhlasela iRussia. KwakunguHull owaputshuzela amaJapane abezindaba, okwaholela esihlokweni esithi Novemba 30, 1941, isihloko esithi “May May Strike Over Weekend.”

Lowo Msombuluko olandelayo ubuzoba ngoDisemba 1, ezinsukwini eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa empeleni. "Umbuzo," kubhala uStimson, "ukuthi kufanele sibashukumisele kanjani ukuba babe sethubeni lokudubula kuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kakhulu kithi. Bekuyisiphakamiso esinzima. ”

Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, iCongress yavotela impi. I-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Wema yedwa ekuvoteni u-no. Ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuvota, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, uRankin wabeka amazwi kwiCongress Record echaza ukuphikisa kwakhe. Ubalule umsebenzi womsakazi wenkulumo-ze waseBrithani owayephikise ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuletha iMelika empini. Ubalule ireferensi kaHenry Luce ku Ukuphila Iphephabhuku elalingoJulayi 20, 1942, “eChina amaSulumane ayethulele kuwo i-Pearl Harbor.” Wethule ubufakazi bokuthi engqungqutheleni ye-Atlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wayeqinisekisile Churchill ukuthi i-United States izoletha ingcindezi yezomnotho ukuthi ibekezelele eJapan. "Ngishilo," kusho u-Rankin ngemuva kwalokho wabhala, "kusho uMnyango Wezindaba ZikaZibandlela kaDisemba 20, i-1941, oveze ukuthi ngoSepthemba 3 ukuxhumana kwakuthunyelwe eJapan befuna ukuthi yamukele umgomo wokunganaki kwesimo esikhona ePacific, "obekungaba yisiqinisekiso sokufunwa kobumbuso bemibuso emhlophe eMpumalanga."

I-Rankin ithole ukuthi iBhodi YezokuVikela yezezeMnotho isithole izigwegwe zezomnotho ngaphansi kwesonto ngemuva kweNgqungquthela yase-Atlantic. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, the New York Times empeleni bekubikwe ukuthi iJapan "inqanyulwe cishe ngamaphesenti we-75 wokuhweba kwakhe okujwayelekile yi-Allies blockade." UCartin uphinde waveza isitatimende sikaLieutenant uClarence E. Dickinson, e-USN, esitatimendeni. NgoMgqibelo Evening Post ka-Okthoba 10, 1942, ukuthi ngoNovemba 28, 1941, ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, iPhini lika-Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Jr., (ngesiqubulo esithi "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") simnikeze imiyalo abanye “ukudubula noma yini esiyibone esibhakabhakeni nokuqhumisa noma yini esiyibonayo olwandle.”

UGenerali George Marshall wamukele kakhulu kwiCongress ku-1945: ukuthi amakhodi aphukile, ukuthi i-United States iqalile izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-American zokusebenzisana ngokumelene neJapane futhi zaziqalisa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor, nokuthi i-United States ukuhlinzeka ngezikhulu zempi yakhe eChina ngenhloso yokulwa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.

Imemorandamu ka-Okthoba 1940 kaLieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum yathathwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kanye nezikhulu zakhe ezingaphansi. Ibize izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili uMcCollum abikezela ukuthi zizoholela eJapan ukuba zihlasele, kufaka phakathi ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zaseBrithani eSingapore kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zaseDutch kulokho manje okuyi-Indonesia, okusiza uhulumeni waseChina, ukuthumela ukwahlukaniswa kwebanga elide abahamba ngezinyawo abasindayo ePhilippines noma eSingapore, bethumela izingxenye ezimbili zemikhumbi-ngwenya “eMpumalanga,” begcina amandla amakhulu emikhumbi eHawaii, begcizelela ukuthi amaDashi aphike uwoyela waseJapane, futhi avimbele konke ukuhweba neJapan ngokubambisana noMbuso WaseBrithani .

Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kwesimemo sikaMcCollum, uMnyango Wezwe watshela abaseMelika ukuthi basuse izizwe ezisempumalanga ekude, kanti uRoosevelt wayala ukuthi le mikhumbi igcinwe eHawaii ngenxa yesiphikiso esinzima sika-Admiral James O. Richardson ocaphune uMongameli ethi "Ngokushesha amaJapane azokwenza isivumelwano isenzo esenziwa ngokusobala ngokumelene ne-United States futhi isizwe sizovuma ukungena empini. ”

Umlayezo owathunyelwa ngu-Admiral Harold Stark ku-Admiral Husband Kimmel ngoNovemba 28, 1941, wawufundeka kanje, “UMA IZINDAWO ZOKUPHILA ZINGAPHINDE NGEKE ZIVIKELWE I-UNITED STATES IFISA UKUTHI IJAPANE LENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA WOKUQALA.”

UJoseph Rochefort, ongumsunguli woPhiko lwezobuNhloli kwezokuxhumana, owaba nesandla ekwehlulekeni ukuxhumana nePearl Harbor ngalokho okwakuzokwenzeka, kamuva wayezophawula: “Kwakuyimali eshibhile impela ukukhokha ukuhlanganisa izwe.”

Ngobusuku obulandela ukuhlaselwa, uMongameli Roosevelt wacela u-Edward R. Murrow we-CBS News kanye noMxhumanisi Wezokwazisa kaRoosevelt ukuthi badle isidlo e-White House, futhi konke uMongameli ayefuna ukwazi ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika sebezoyamukela yini impi. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bazoyamukela impi manje. Kamuva uDonovan watshela umsizi wakhe ukuthi ukumangala kukaRoosevelt kwakungekhona okwabanye ababemzungezile, nokuthi yena, uRoosevelt, wakwamukela ukuhlaselwa. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngalobo busuku futhi wahlushwa impilo yakhe yonke yilokho akubiza ngokuthi "yindaba enkulu kakhulu yempilo yami" angakaze ayisho.