Esihlokweni sayo se-1929 Man of the Year, Isikhathi Umagazini uvume ukuthi abafundi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uNobhala Wombuso uFrank Kellogg ukhethe kahle, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi indaba ephezulu yezindaba ze-1928 yayisayinwe yizizwe ze-57 ze-Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact eParis, isivumelwano esenza yonke impi engekho emthethweni, isivumelwano esihlala ezincwadini namuhla.
Kodwa, kuphawulwe Isikhathi, “Abahlaziyi bangakhombisa ukuthi uMnu. Kellogg akaqalanga umqondo owenqabela impi; ukuthi umuntu ongaziwa ngokuqhathaniswa ogama lakhe linguSalmon Oliver Levinson, ummeli waseChicago, ”nguyena owayeshayela ngemuva.
Ngempela wayenjalo. U-SO Levinson wayengummeli owayekholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zazisingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu kangcono kunalokho okwakwenziwe ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa. Wayefuna ukuvimbela impi njengendlela yokusingatha izingxabano zomhlaba wonke. Kuze kube ngo-1928, ukuqala impi bekuhlale kusemthethweni ngokuphelele. U-Levinson wayefuna ukuvimbela yonke impi. Wabhala: “Ake sithi, ngaleso sikhathi kwakugqugquzelwa ukuthi kuphela 'ama-dueling anolaka' kuphela okufanele enqatshelwe nokuthi 'ukuzivikela' kuyavalwa.”
U-Levinson kanye nokunyakaza kwama-Outlawrists awaqoqa ngaye, kuhlanganise no-Chicagoan owaziwayo uJane Addams, bakholelwa ukuthi ukwenza impi ubugebengu bekuzoqala ukuyibeka phansi futhi kube lula ukuguqulwa komthetho. Baphishekela kanye nokudala imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlelo zokubambisana kanye nezinye izindlela zokusingatha izingxabano. Ukuqothula impi kwakuzoba yisinyathelo sokuqala esimisweni eside eside sokuphela kwalesi sikhungo esiyingqayizivele.
Inhlangano ye-Outlawry yethulwe ngendatshana kaLevinson eyiphakamisa ukuthi ingene The New Republic ngoMashi 7, 1918, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi ukufeza isivumelwano seKellogg-Briand Pact. Umsebenzi wokuqeda impi uyaqhubeka, futhi isivumelwano kuyithuluzi elingasasiza namanje. Lesi sivumelwano sibophezela amazwe ukuthi axazulule izingxabano zawo ngezindlela ezinokuthula kuphela. Iwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wombuso wase-US iyibhala njengamanje, njengoba kwenza noMnyango Wezokuvikela Wezempi owashicilelwa ngoJuni 2015.
U-Levinson nabalingani bakhe banxenxa amasenator nezikhulu ezisemqoka e-United States nase-Europe, kubandakanya uNobhala Wezangaphandle waseFrance u-Aristide Briand, USihlalo Wezobudlelwano Namazwe AseMelika eSenate uWilliam Borah, kanye noNobhala Wombuso uKellogg. Abaphula umthetho bahlanganisa inhlangano yokuthula yase-US ejwayelekile futhi eyamukelekayo kunanoma yini ebizwa ngalelo gama emashumini eminyaka kusukela. Kepha kwakuyinhlangano eyayihlukaniswe yiNhlangano Yezizwe.
Isiphithiphithi sokuhlela kanye nobushoshovu obudale isivumelwano sokuthula sasikhulu. Ngithole inhlangano ebilokhu ikhona kusukela ngawo-1920 futhi ngizokutholela inhlangano ekurekhodi esekela ukuqedwa kwempi. Lokho kufaka phakathi iAmerican Legion, iNational League of Women Voter, neNational Association of Parents and Teachers.
Nge-1928, isidingo sokuqeda impi sasingenakuvinjelwa, kanti uKellogg owayesanda kumhleka usulu futhi waqalekisa izishoshovu zokuthula, waqala ukulandela ukuhola kwabo futhi etshela umkakhe ukuthi angaba seNobel Peace Prize.
Ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, amafulegi aseJalimane naseSoviet Union asanda kundiza nabanye abaningi, njengoba kudlalwa indawo echazwe engomeni ethi “Last Night I had the Strangest Dream.” Amaphepha la madoda abewasayina empeleni asho ukuthi ngeke baphinde balwe. Abaphula umthetho banxenxa iSenate yase-US ukuthi iqinisekise lesi sivumelwano ngaphandle kokubekelwa okusemthethweni.
Akukho kulokhu okwakungekho ubuzenzisi. Amasosha ase-US ayelwa eNicaragua sonke isikhathi, futhi amazwe aseYurophu asayina egameni lamakholoni awo. I-Russia neChina bekufanele kukhulunywe ngazo ukuthi ziye empini zodwa njengoba noMongameli uCoolidge ebesayina isivumelwano. Kepha bakhulume ngakho. Futhi ukwephulwa kokuqala okukhulu kwesivumelwano, iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, kwalandelwa ukushushiswa kokuqala (yize kungakodwa) kwecala lempi - ukushushiswa obekugxile kakhulu esivumelwaneni. Izizwe ezicebile, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, azizange zilwe zodwa kusukela lapho, zilwa kuphela ezindaweni ezihluphekayo zomhlaba.
Umqulu weZizwe Ezihlangene, owalandela ngaphandle kokufaka esikhundleni seKellogg-Briand Pact, ufuna ukwenza kube semthethweni izimpi ezivikelayo noma ezigunyazwe yi-UN - izintuba ezihlukunyezwa kakhulu kunalezo ezazisetshenziswa eminyakeni edlule. Izifundo zenhlangano yama-Outlawry zisengaba nokuthile okufanele zikufundise bobabili abameli bempi ye-neocon kanye "Nomthwalo Wokuvikela" amaqhawe ezenhlalakahle. Kuyihlazo ukuthi izincwadi zabo zikhohliwe kakhulu.
E-St. Paul, Minn., Ukwazisa kuvuselela iqembu likaFrank Kellogg, owanikezwa uNobel, wangcwatshwa eNational Cathedral, futhi kuthiwa uKellogg Avenue.
Kodwa indoda eyayihola inhlangano eyayiqala ukugxeka impi njengento embi nokwenza impi ezwakala njengento yokuzikhethela kunokuba ingenakugwema yayivela eChicago, lapho kungekho khona isikhumbuzo futhi akukho nkumbulo ekhona.
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali we- "When the World Outlawed War." Uzobe ekhuluma eChicago ngoAgasti 27. Ngemininingwane, niyabo http://faithpeace.org.
Izimpendulo ze-13
Angikhumbuli ngake ngahlanganisa lo mnyakazo emfundweni yami yeGeneral Academics. Kubukeka sengathi izikole ziyashesha ukuhlangana phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili ekupheleni konyaka wesikole, zishiya umlando wesikhathi esifanele womgwaqo. Ngikhumbula ngenza umbiko ngeNhlangano Yezizwe. Ngithole ukuthi empeleni yakhiwa eSan Francisco, kwathi ngemuva kokufakwa esakhiweni sabacebile eNew York lapho abantu abanjengoBarney Baruk beza namagama amasha afana nokuthi 'Cold War'.
Akekho ofundisa lokhu. Le ncwadi ilapha:
http://davidswanson.org/outlawry
Lesi siqephu asikhulumi ngeNhlangano Yezizwe, umanduleli we-UN futhi owahlukumezeka ngawo-1930 lapho impi, impi yezwe, yayinolaka lonke. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/League_of_Nations.aspx
Ngakho lokhu kusho ukuthi uGW Bush uyisigebengu sempi. Waqhubeka impi ehlasele nalesi sivumelwano ezincwadini.
UGeorge Bush the Lesser uyisigebengu sezempi esingenawo noma ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi.
URobert,
Umlando omningi awufundiswa ezikoleni. Kufanele wenze ucwaningo lwakho usebenzisa imithombo enhle oyithola ngokwakho ukuqonda ukunyakaza okukhulu nokuthuthuka okufake abantu esikhathini esedlule, ukuthuthuka okuyisizinda esiphila kuso namuhla.
Umlando, umlando wangempela, usongela izintshisekelo ezithile ezinamandla zesikhungo. Umlando kwezemfundo ejwayelekile ubekelwe phansi ukuphindaphindwa okungenamqondo kwemicimbi, izinsuku kanye nezibalo konke ngaphandle komongo ukuqonda ukuthi kwakusho ukuthini ukulwa kwabo ezikhathini zabo. Ukuqonda lowo mongo, nokho, yilokho okuvula umlando njengethuluzi elizwakalayo esinalo lokuthola umbono ngezinkinga zethu zamanje, siqaphela ukuthi esikwenzayo namuhla kuzoba ngumlando esiwushiya ngemuva ukuze abanye bawuthathe lapho sigcine khona. Siyingxenye yokuqhubeka okusebenza ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu nangemva kwesikhathi sethu. Kungakho ukuqonda okujule komlando kusongela kangaka nokuthi kungani ukuqumba phansi komphakathi kubaluleke kangaka ukusigcina sivumelana, sigxile kokungenangqondo futhi okungasho lutho futhi singakwazi ukuzicabangela inhloso ephakeme ngathi.
Umsebenzi omuhle ekufundeni mayelana nokusekwa kwe-UN. Wena ungomunye wemikhawulo ebusweni, owathola esikoleni futhi uthole imfundo.
“Babusisiwe abenzi bokuthula, ngokuba bayakuthiwa abantwana bakaNkulunkulu.” Ngakho-ke kungani uba ngumenzi wokuthula uma usuvele ungumntwana kaNkulunkulu? Dumisa iNkosi udlulise izinhlamvu!
Ukuhlukumeza ngamazwi kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka. UJesu Kristu, yena kanye engamcaphuna, wayengenayo inkinga yokubiza izitha zakhe ezinodlame nezikhohlisayo ngokuthi 'zingabantwana bakaSathane.' NjengoKristu, sidinga ukuphoxa labo abahleka usulu ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ezingezona ezobudlova futhi balele izindlela zabo ezimpini.
Isinyathelo sokuqala-Ubukhulu be-Capitalism kufanele buchithwe.
Siyabonga ngale ndatshana ebaluleke kakhulu, uDavid & RootsAction. Ngizoqiniseka ukuthi ngizokwazisa lokhu emphakathini wangakithi kufika maphakathi no-Sep, ikakhulukazi njengoba umtapo wolwazi wami ubonile kufanelekile ukusabalalisa ezempi ngokubandakanya abaphathi bezingane nentsha ohlelweni olubizwa nge-A Million Thanks, lapho kubhalelwa khona amalungu ezempi ewabonga "kwenkonzo" yabo. Bengilokhu nginikeza impendulo kulabhulali yami mayelana nalesosinqumo esingesihle neze, ungaqiniseka!
Impi iyi-mass mass murder, ngakho-ke ubugebengu obubhekiswe kubantu. Kumele kuthathwe indawo yeNkantolo Yezwe engakhethi. Sidinga ibhodi yonke ukuze sibone ngale ndaba. Hlola Ukuthula Kwezwe ku-website yami parisApress.com
Isidingo sokuqamba amanga ngokuphathelene nokuthula nokudibanisa kwakuyisimiso esiphathelene nomlando we-usa. Umlando wokuthula, ngokuqinisekile waqala ngaphambi kokushicilelwa komuntu oyedwa ku-1880-81, futhi ukufakwa kwakho kwendoda kwaxoshwa ngaphandle kokungalahlwa, kwaqhubeka nanamuhla okusho ukuthi yi-Oligarchs ye-plutocracy!
Yini enye i-Rome entsha enhle, uma kungenjalo nge-mliitary-Hegemony kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisemthethweni kwe-NSDU-238 i-nuclear-Weapon yokuqala.
I-New Rome ayisoze yakhipha i- "peaceAwards" njengamaNobels, kepha ayisekude kakhulu nezimpi ezilwa nemishado ye-drone / War-Laureate ... ngiyabonga David, siyasidinga iqiniso-Izimemezelo…
Ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi, ukukhala okukhulu uTerry Pratchett waphatha lo mqondo ngekhono elihle kwelinye lamanoveli akhe amahle kakhulu e-Discworld, uJingo, indaba ehle kakhulu yokulwa nebutho.
Nasi isicaphuni, bese uyafunda yonke inoveli:
[Vimes kuya Prince Cadram] "Uboshiwe," esho.
INkosana yenza umsindo omncane phakathi kokukhwehlela nokuhleka. “Ngiyini?”
"Ngikubopha ngenxa yokwenza ugobe umbulali wakho. Futhi kungenzeka kube nezinye izinkokhelo. ". . .
"Vimes, usuke wahamba," kusho uRust. "Awunakubopha umphathi wamabutho!"
"Empeleni, Mnu. Vimes, ngicabanga ukuthi singakwazi," kusho uCarrot. "Futhi ibutho, futhi. Ngisho, angiboni ukuthi kungani singakwazi. Singabakhokhisa ngokuziphatha okungase kubangele ukuphulwa kokuthula, mnumzane. Ngisho, yilokho impi. "
Umbono ohloniphekile, kodwa owodwa i-USA kanye ne-USSR yangaphambili abanandaba kakhulu nobukhosi bezinye izizwe. Konke mayelana nezithakazelo zikazwelonke eziyizikhombo zebhizinisi ezimalini zangaphandle abazothola nganoma iyiphi intengo.