Ubanjwe Phakathi Kwedwala Nendawo Enzima

 Kubafundi bami e-Okinawa, ngenhlonipho enkulu.
沖 縄 の 読 者 皆 皆 さ ん 、 敬意 表 し て

Umlando wakamuva wokungcola

Ngo-2020 iFutenma Marine Corps Command yaphoqeleka ukuba ikhansele iFutenma Flightline Fair eyayidume minyaka yonke eyayenzelwe uMgqibelo, Mashi 14 neSonto, Mashi 15. Lezi kwakuyizinsuku zokuqala zesifo soCovid futhi wonke umuntu wayebheke phambili iFlightline Fair futhi ukukhonjiswa kwama-F / A-18's, F-35B's kanye neMV-22's, ngama-flyovers, umbukiso wemoto, kanye ne-barbecue emangalisayo.

UMorale wahlupheka, ngakho-ke umyalo wavuma ukuba kubanjwe izoso ngo-Ephreli 10th eduze ne-hangar enkulu ye-esprit de Corps of the Marines. Ukushisa okuvela kwimishini yokosa kubangele uhlelo lokucisha umlilo lwe-hangar, kudedela inani elikhulu lefoyana lokulwa nomlilo eliqukethe iPerfluoro octane sulfonic acid, (PFOS). Konakalise izoso. I-Futenma Flightline Fair - I-Koji Kakazu Photography

Amakhulu amaphutha anjengalawa abhalwe phansi ezisekelweni zamasosha ase-US emhlabeni wonke kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 lapho ama-carcinogens eqala ukusetshenziswa emafutheni okulwa nomlilo. Kwesinye isikhathi amasistimu wokucindezela amagwebu angaphezulu aqalwa ngengozi ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Kwesinye isikhathi, zisebenza ngentuthu noma ukushisa. Kuyinto ejwayelekile.

Lapho amasistimu okucindezela evula amagwebu abo, amasosha angathumela igwebu ezindle zamanzi ezithutha isiphepho, amapayipi okukhuculula indle, noma amathangi okugcina angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuthumela ama-carcinogens emanzini endle esiphepho kubangela ukuthi izinto zigijimele ngqo emifuleni. Ukufaka amagwebu ohlelweni lokukhucululwa kwendle kusho ukuthi ubuthi buthunyelwa ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile lapho ekugcineni zikhishwa khona, zingalashwa, zingene emifuleni. Amagwebu atholwe emathangini okugcina angaphansi komhlaba angathunyelwa kunoma yiziphi izinhlelo zamapayipi endle noma asuswe esizeni azolahlwa kwenye indawo noma ashiswe. Ngoba amakhemikhali awashisi futhi awaphuki, ayikho indlela yokuwalahla ngokufanele futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bathole izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwabantu. Abase-Okinawa bacasukile ngalesi sizathu.

 I-ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, eGuam - Igwebu elivela ohlelweni lokucindezela umlilo lifafaza lisuka ezindongeni nasophahleni ngaphakathi kwe hangar yokulungisa izindiza esanda kwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa ngonyaka ka-2015. (Isithombe se-US Air Force)

Ngesikhathi sesigameko sokudliwa kwezinyosi ngo-Ephreli 10, kukhululwe amalitha angama-2020 amagwebu, lapho ngaphezulu kwamalitha ayi-227,100 aputshukile esisekelweni futhi, mhlawumbe, amalitha angama-143,800 athunyelwa emathangini okugcina angaphansi komhlaba.

Ugwebu lumboze umfula wasendaweni nokwakheka kogwebu okufana namafu kuntanta ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ngaphezu komhlaba, kuhlala ezinkundleni zokudlalela nakomakhelwane. UDavid Steele, umphathi weFutenma Air Base, uphinde wahlukanisa nomphakathi wase-Okinawan lapho ethi, "Uma lina, lizodamba." Ngokusobala, wayebhekisa kumagwebu anamagwebu, hhayi ukuthambekela kwamagwebu okugulisa abantu. Ingozi efanayo yenzeke esisekelweni esifanayo ngoDisemba ka-2019 lapho uhlelo lokucindezela umlilo ludedele ngengozi igwebu lomzimba.

Ephreli 17, 2020 - US Marine Corps Col. David Steele, umphathi we-Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, uhlangana no-Okinawa Vice-Gov. Kiichiro Jahana lapho kuthunjwe khona igwebu lokucisha umlilo ethangini lokugcina ngaphansi komhlaba. (Isithombe se-US Marine Corps)

Ngo-Ephreli, 2020, amanzi anamagwebu aphuma emapayipini amanzi esiphepho (abomvu x) avela eManzini Isikhungo Somoya Sezindiza Futenma. I-runway ikhonjiswa ngakwesokudla. Umfula i-Uchidomari (ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uthwala ubuthi ubuse eMakiminato oLwandle lwase-East China.

Umkhuzi wamabutho aseMelika eJapan, uLt General Kevin Schneider, ukhiphe isitatimende esilandelayo, ngo-Ephreli 24, 2020, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kwenzeke lesi sigameko, “Siyazisola ngalokhu kuchitheka futhi sisebenza kanzima thola ukuthi kungani kwenzeke ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umcimbi onje awuphindeki. Kodwa-ke ngijabule kakhulu ngezinga lokubambisana esesilibonile emazingeni endawo nawezwe njengoba sihlanza lokhu futhi sisebenzela ukubhekana nenselelo yomhlaba eyethulwe yilezi zinto, ”kusho uSchneider.

Le yimpendulo ye-boilerplate esetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke ukubeka abantu bendawo, noma ngabe baseMaryland, eJalimane, noma eJapane. Amasosha azi ngokushesha ukuthi kungani kwenzeke lokhu. Bayakuqonda ukukhishwa ngengozi kuzoqhubeka ukwenzeka futhi kubeke engcupheni impilo yabantu.

AbaseMelika bathembele kohulumeni ababamba ngaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko we-Okinawa Defense Bureau, igatsha lendawo loMnyango Wezokuvikela waseJapan, wathi ukukhishwa kwegwebu eFutenma “akubanga namphumela kubantu.” Kodwa-ke, iphephandaba iRyuko Shimpo lafaka isampula emanzini omfula eduze kwaseFutenma base lathola izingxenye ezingama-247.2 ngethriliyoni (ppt) yePFOS / PFOA emfuleni i-Uchidomari. Amanzi olwandle asethekwini lokudoba iMakiminato aqukethe i-41.0 ng / l yobuthi. Lo mfula wawunezinhlobo eziyi-13 zePFAS eziqukethwe kugwebu olunamandla olwakha ifilimu (AFFF) lamasosha. Ukubeka lezi zinombolo embonweni, uMnyango Wezinsiza Zemvelo waseWisconsin uthi amazinga amanzi angaphezulu athi yeqa i-2 ppt zibeka engcupheni impilo yabantu. I-PFOS kumagwebu ihlanganisa ngokusobala impilo yasemanzini. Indlela eyinhloko abantu abadla ngayo la makhemikhali ngokudla izinhlanzi.

Izinhlanzi e-Okinawa zifakwe ubuthi nge-PFAS. Izinhlobo ezine ezibalwe lapha (ezihamba ngokulandelana kusuka phezulu kuye phansi) yi-swordtail, pearl danio, guppy, ne-tilapia.

I-111 ng / g (kuPearl Danio) x 227 g (ukukhonza okujwayelekile kwama-ounces ayi-8) = ama-nanograms angama-26,557 (ng). I-European Food Safety Authority ithi KULUNGILE ngomuntu onesisindo esingama-70 kilos (154 amakhilogremu) ukuthi adle ama-300 ng ngeviki. (4.4 ng ngekg yesisindo) Ukuphakelwa okukodwa kwenhlanzi yase-Okinawan kuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-88 kunomkhawulo wamasonto onke waseYurophu.

UMbusi wase-Okinawan uDenny Tamaki wathukuthela wagana unwabu. Uthe, "Anginawo amazwi ngempela," lapho ezwa ukuthi ukosa inyama yikhona okwenze wakhululwa. Ekuqaleni kuka-2021, uhulumeni wase-Okinawan umemezele ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asendaweni ezungeze i-Marine Corps base aqukethe i-2,000 ppt ye-PFAS.

E-Okinawa, umphakathi nabezindaba bacasulwa ngokwedlulele ngamasosha ase-US. Leli gama lidluliswa nxazonke lokuthi amasosha aseMelika afaka ushevu ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni jikelele futhi ahlose ukuqhubeka nokwenza njalo. Bangaphezu kuka-50,000 abantu e-US, abasebenza emapulazini angaphansi kwemayela ukufakwa kwamasosha, kulindeleke ukuthi bathole isaziso esivela ePentagon ukuthi amanzi abo angaphansi komhlaba kungenzeka angcoliswe yi-PFAS. Amapulazi angaphansi komhlaba angaba yingozi avela ezindaweni zokuqeqesha umlilo esisekelweni empeleni angahamba amamayela angama-20.

Lokhu kukhishwa okunobuthi kanye nobuthi obuphelele bezigidi zabantu baseMelika kuzothuthukisa ubudlelwano bomphakathi bePentagon eMy Lai, e-Abu Ghraib, nasekubulaweni kwabantu abayishumi base-Afghanistan esisanda kubona. Mayelana 56 amaphesenti AbaseMelika okukhulunywe ngabo ekuqaleni konyaka bathi "banokuzethemba okukhulu" kwezempi, kwehle kusuka kumaphesenti angama-70 ngo-2018. Sizobona lo mkhuba ushesha ngenkathi abezindaba bephoqeleka ukumboza ubuthi bezempi baseMelika naseMelika umhlaba. Kukhona indida ejulile kukho konke lokhu. Inhlangano elwa impi kanye namaqembu ezemvelo ajwayelekile e-United States ngokuvamile ayephuza ukwamukela lolu daba. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuhlubuka kuzovela kubalimi baseMelika emaphakathi.

August 26, 2021

Isahluko esisha sokuzikhukhumeza kombuso waseMelika e-Okinawa senzeka ngo-Agasti 26, 2021. I-US noma amaJapane awazange athuthukise amazinga maqondana namazinga ePFAS angahle akhishwe ezinhlelweni zokukhucululwa kwendle. Kubukeka sengathi zombili lezi zizwe zigxile emanzini okuphuza ngenkathi isayensi icacile futhi ingenakuphikiswa ukuthi iningi lePFAS elidliwe ngabantu kungukudla esikudlayo, ikakhulukazi ukudla kwasolwandle okuvela emanzini angcolile.

Umyalo wamasosha eFutenma wahlangana nohulumeni omkhulu waseJapan kanye nezikhulu zase-Okinawan ngoJulayi 19, 2021 ukuqoqa amasampula wamanzi ahlanziwe esisekelweni ukwenza izivivinyo ezihlukile. Umhlangano olandelayo wawubekelwe umhlaka-26 Agasti wokudingida ngamasu wokukhipha imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo ezintathu.

Esikhundleni salokho, ekuseni ngo-Agasti 26th, amaMarines ahlanganyele ngokungemthetho futhi ngonya alahla amalitha ayi-64,000 wamanzi anobuthi ohlelweni lokuhambisa indle lukamasipala. Amanzi la aqhamuka emathangini angaphansi komhlaba ayenegwebu elichithe umlilo. AmaMarines asenamalitha angaba ngu-360,000 wamanzi angcolile asele phansi, ngokusho kwe Asahi Shimbun yaseTokyo iphephandaba.

Iziphathimandla zase-Okinawan zithi zithole i-imeyili ngo-9: 05 ekuseni ngo-Agasti 26 zivela eMarines zithi amanzi aqukethe ubuthi azokhishwa ngo-9: 30 ekuseni Amasosha aseMelika athi amanzi akhishwe aqukethe u-2.7 ppt we-PFOS ngelitha ngalinye lamanzi. Umbutho wezempi wase-US ubuzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi amathangi okugcina angachichima ngenxa yemvula enamandla elethwa yiziphepho, kanti uMnyango Wezokuvikela waseJapan uthe ukudluliswa kwala manzi “kuyisimo sesikhashana esiphuthumayo ngenxa yenkinga yesiphepho.”

Izikhulu zedolobha laseGinowan zisabele ngokushesha. Ngemuva nje kwamahora amabili kuqalile ukukhishwa, iGinowan Sewage Facility Division yathatha amasampula wamanzi angcolile emgodini osendaweni yase-Isa, lapho amanzi angcolile e-MCAS Futenma ahlangana nohlelo lomphakathi.

Isampula likhombise ukugxila okulandelayo:

I-PFOS 630 ppt
I-PFOA 40 ppt
I-PFHxS 69 ppt

Ingqikithi ye-739 ppt  

I-US Marines ibike ukuthi ithole i-2.7 ppt ye-PFAS emanzini okuhambisa indle. Abase-Okinawa bathi bathole i-739 ppt. Yize ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwe-PFAS kwimidiya eyahlukahlukene kungathola ama-analytics angama-36, kuphela amathathu angenhla abikiwe ngabase-Okinawans. AbaseMarines bamane babika “i-2.7 ppt ye-PFOS.” Kungenzeka ukuthi inani eliphelele lazo zonke izingqinamba ze-PFAS beliba kabili i-739 ppt ukube ezinye izinhlobo zePFAS bezivivinyiwe.

Ohulumeni bakamasipala wase-Okinawa kanye nohulumeni waseGinowan bafaka imibhikisho masosha aseMelika. "Ngizizwa ngithukuthele kakhulu ukuthi amasosha aseMelika alahle amanzi ngandlela-thile lawa manzi yize bebazi ukuthi izingxoxo beziqhubeka phakathi kweJapan ne-United States mayelana nendlela yokubhekana namanzi angcolile," kusho uMbusi wase-Okinawa uDenny Tamaki kamuva ngalolo suku. .

Kuyafundisa ukuqhathanisa izimpendulo zoMkhandlu Wedolobha laseGinowan, isifunda sase-Okinawan, ukufakwa kweMarine Corps Pacific, Okinawa, kanye nohulumeni waseJapan.

NgoSepthemba 8, uMkhandlu Wedolobha laseGinowan wamukela isinqumo wathi kwakuyiso ”Uthukuthele” namasosha aseMelika ngokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile. Ngaphambilini leli dolobha lacela abaseMarines ukuthi bangalahli ubuthi ohlelweni lokukhucululwa kwendle. Lesi sinqumo sicele amasosha ase-US ukuthi ashintshele kumagwebu okucisha umlilo angenayo iPFAS futhi afuna ukuthi amasosha ase-US ashise izinto zokwakha. Isinqumo sedolobha sithe ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali “kukhombisa ukungabanaki ngokuphelele abantu bakuleli dolobha.” IMeya yaseGinowan uMasanori Matsugawa uthe, "Kuyadabukisa kakhulu ngoba ukukhishwa kwamanzi bekunganaki lutho kubahlali bendawo abangakazisusi izingqinamba zabo" esehlakalweni sangonyaka odlule. UMbusi wase-Okinawa, uDenny Tamaki uthi yena ufuna ukufinyelela kusisekelo seFutenma ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuzimele.

Amasosha ase-US aphendule esinqumweni somkhandlu wedolobha ngosuku olulandelayo ngokusakaza i-a Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba okudukisayo ngesihloko esilandelayo:

Ukufakwa KweMarine Corps Kususwa iPacific
Yonke i-Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) e-Okinawa

Umbhalo wocezu lwezinkulumo-ze ezempi uthi iMarine Corps “isiqede ukususwa kwabo bonke Ifa I-Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) evela ezinkanjini zaseMarine Corps nokufakwa e-Okinawa. ” AbaseMarines bachaze ukuthi amagwebu aqukethe i-PFOS ne-PFOA athunyelwe ezweni laseJapan ukuthi azoshiswa. Amagwebu athathelwe indawo “ngegwebu elisha elihlangabezana nezidingo zoMnyango Wezokuvikela futhi elisanikeza izinzuzo ezifanayo zokusindisa impilo uma kwenzeka kuqubuka umlilo. Lesi senzo sinciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bezemvelo obudalwe yi-PFOS ne-PFOA e-Okinawa futhi kungokunye ukukhonjiswa okusobala kokusebenza obala kwe-MCIPAC kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile ekuphathweni kwemvelo. ”

I-DOD isuse amagwebu okucisha umlilo aqukethe i-PFOS ne-PFOA ezikhungweni zayo zase-US eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule ngenkathi benza lokhu manje, ngaphansi kwengcindezi, e-Okinawa. Amagwebu amasha e-PFAS kungenzeka afake i-PFHxS etholakala emanzini ka-Okinawa, nazo zinobuthi. I-DOD iyenqaba ukudalula kahle ukuthi yimaphi amakhemikhali e-PFAS akhona kumagwebu ayo okulwa umlilo, ngoba "amakhemikhali awulwazi lobunikazi lomenzi."

I-PFHxS kuyaziwa ngokudala ukufa kwe-neuronal cell futhi kuhlotshaniswa nakho ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini nangokuphazamiseka kokunaka / ukungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo ezinganeni.

Abase-Okinawa bathukuthele; abakwaMarines banamanga, kanti uhulumeni waseJapan akanandaba. UYoshihide Suga, uNdunankulu waseJapan, uthe uhulumeni waseJapan, lenze uphenyo olunzulu ngalesi sigameko. Uthe uhulumeni waseJapan unxusa amabutho aseMelika ukuthi asuse amagwebu acima umlilo aqukethe iPFOS. Akukho okunye.

Ukuphinda enze lokho, abaseMelika babike i-2.7 ppt ye-PFAS emanzini okuthuthwa kwendle ngenkathi ama-Okinawans ethola imali ephindwe izikhathi ezingama-274 emanzini okuhambisa indle. Abase-Okinawa babanjwa phakathi kwedwala nendawo enzima.

I-Stars ne-Stripes ibike ngoSepthemba 20 uhulumeni waseJapan avumile ukuthatha "ukulahlwa" kwamanzi angcolile kaFutenma. Uhulumeni uvumile ukukhokha u- $ 825,000 ukuze kushiswe izinto zokwakha. Amasosha aseMelika abalekela ubulungiswa.

UMbusi uTamaki ubize intuthuko ngesinyathelo esiya phambili.

Ukushisa akusona isinyathelo sokuya phambili! Iziphathimandla zikahulumeni waseJapan nezase-Okinawan ngokusobala azibazi ubungozi obubangelwa ukushisa iPFAS. Abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi ukushiswa komlilo kubulala amakhemikhali abulalayo kulegwebu lokucisha umlilo. Ama-incinerator amaningi awanakufinyelela emazingeni okushisa adingekayo ukuqeda isici se-PFAS se-fluorine-carbon bond. Lokhu phela, amagwebu okucisha umlilo.

I-EPA ithi  akuqinisekile ukuthi iPFAS ibhujiswa ngomlilo. Amazinga okushisa adingekayo ukubhubhisa amakhemikhali adlula amazinga okushisa afinyelelwe cishe yizo zonke izinto ezishisayo.

NgoSepthemba 22nd Indlu Yabamele yaseMelika yadlulisa isichibiyelo soMthetho Wezimali Wonyaka Wezimali ka-2022 kaZwelonke obeka ukumiswa kwesikhuthazi se-PFAS. Isilinganiso sizovotelwa yiSenethi njengoba ibheka imali enkulu.

UMbusi uTamaki, ubukwenza kahle lokhu! Sicela ulungise irekhodi. Izishisi zizofafaza ukufa buthule emakhaya nasemapulazini aseJapan.

Ababhikishi e-Okinawa badlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukulandisa. Ngokungafani nezifundazwe, abezindaba abajwayelekile babika ngokungathi sína umyalezo wabo. Abachithwa njengabakhwabanisi emgwaqweni. Esikhundleni salokho, babonwa njengamandla kagesi asemthethweni afunda ngezakhamizi.

 Encwadini yombhikisho eya kuNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela waseJapan kanye ne-Okinawan Defense Bureau, abamele Co-Yoshiyasu Iha, uKunitoshi Sakurai, uHideko Tamanaha, noNaomi Machida weKomidi Lezokuxhumana Ukuvikela Izimpilo Zezakhamizi Ekungcolisweni yi-Organic Fluorocarbon kungcolisa izinto ezintathu:

1. Ukuxolisa okuvela embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika ngamacala ayo ezemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa ngamabomu kwamanzi angcoliswe yiPFAS ezindaweni zokuthuthwa kwendle zomphakathi.

2. Shesha uphenyo olwenziwa esizeni ukuze kutholakale umthombo wokungcola.

3. Konke ukwelashwa nezindleko zokukhipha ubuthi emanzini angcolile e-PFAS asuka e-Futenma kufanele athwale amasosha ase-US.

 Imininingwane: Toshio Takahashi chilongi@nirai.ne.jp

Lokho esikubona e-Okinawa kwenzeka emhlabeni wonke, yize abaningi bengazi ngalolu daba olucindezelayo lwezempilo yomphakathi ngenxa yokuvinjelwa okujwayelekile kwabezindaba. Lokhu sekuqala ukushintsha.