NguDavid Swanson
Imibiko Ehlanganisweni Yentando yeningi eMinneapolis ngo-Aug. 5, 2017
Ngakusasa sanikeza amaflaya eKellogg Boulevard eSt. Paul. Sibhekene nabambalwa kakhulu ababengazi ukuthi kungani kuthiwa lokho. UFrank Kellogg wayengumuntu weqhawe ngomqondo wokuthi umlusi uyisosha. WayengumNobhala Wombuso owayengenandaba nokuphikisana nokuthula, kuze kube yilapho ukuvuselela ukuthula kube namandla kakhulu, okujwayelekile kakhulu, futhi kungenakuvinjelwa. Ngaleso sikhathi uKellogg washintsha umbono wakhe, wasiza ekwakheni i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, futhi njengoba uScott Shapiro ebhala encwadini yakhe ezayo ezayo, wabeka umkhankaso omuhle futhi ongathembeki wokuzitholela iNobel Peace Prize, kunokuba avumele ukuthi lowo mvuzo ungene kuSalmon Levinson, lo mbhikisho owaqalile futhi waholela ekuqhubeni ukulwa nempi.
Isivumelwano sisezincwadini, kusengumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Ibeka ngokusobala nangokucacile yonke impi ngaphandle kokuthi ukhethe ukuyichaza, njengoba kwenza amanye amaSenethi ayivuma, njengokuvumela buthule ngaphandle kokuchaza "impi evikelayo," noma ngaphandle kokuthi uthi kuguqulwe ukwakhiwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene. ICharter ebhalise ngokusemthethweni “impi yokuzivikela” nempi egunyazwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene (okuphambene nalokho abantu abaningi abacabanga ukuthi kwenziwa yi-UN Charter), noma ngaphandle kokuthi ubanga (futhi lokhu kuvame kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga) lokho ngoba impi ikhona umthetho Ngakho-ke ukwenqatshelwa kwempi akuvumelekile (zama ukutshela iphoyisa ukuthi ngoba ubusheshisa umthetho wokuthi imoto ihamba ngejubane uyaguqulwa).
Kunezimpi eziningi eziqhubekayo, ezingagunyaziwe yi-UN, futhi - ngencazelo - okungenani iqembu elilodwa lingalwi “ngokuzivikela.” Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu aseMelika emazweni ayi-8 kule minyaka engu-8 edlule konke bekungekho emthethweni ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Se-UN. Ukuhlasela kwamabhomu okuqala kwamazwe ampofu maphakathi nomhlaba kuyimpikiswano yencazelo yanoma ubani ethi “ukuzivikela.” Futhi umbono wokuthi i-UN igunyaze ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan noma izwe elithile ngaphandle kwe-Iraq, abantu abaningi abaziyo ukuthi iyenqaba ukuyigunyaza, kuyinganekwane nje yasemadolobheni. Ukugunyazwa kweLibya kwakuwukuvikela ukubulawa kwabantu okungakaze kusatshiswe, hhayi ukuketula uhulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulokhu kwaholela ekwenqabeni kwe-UN eSyria. Umbono wokuthi i-Iraq, iPakistan, iSomalia, iYemen, noma iPhilippines ingagunyaza amasosha aphesheya ukuthi alwe nabantu bawo uqobo kungaphikiswana ngawo, kepha akukho lapho kushiwo khona kwi-Peace Pact noma kwi-UN Charter. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “umthwalo wokuvikela” kumane nje kuwumqondo, noma ngabe uyavumelana nami noma cha ukuthi kuwumqondo wobuzenzisi nowe-imperialism; akutholakali komunye umthetho. Ngakho-ke, uma nje sifuna ukukhomba umthetho ophulwa yizimpi zamanje, kungani ungakhombi lowo abantu abezwile ngawo, okuyi-UN Charter? Kungani uthula umthetho ohleli ndawana thile phakathi kwezigaba zokuqala zokukuziba-wena kanye nezigaba zenqubekela phambili lapho-ke-bona-bona-bayakuhleka?
Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngabhala incwadi yami Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe ukugqamisa ubuhlakani, ikhono, isu, kanye nokuzimisela kokunyakaza okwadala iKellogg-Briand Pact. Ingxenye yalokhu kuhlakanipha isesikhundleni esichazwe nguLevinson nabanye abaphula umthetho ukuthi YONKE impi, hhayi nje "impi enobudlova," idinga ukuvinjelwa, ukubekwa amabala, futhi kwenziwe kungacatshangwa. Laba baphuli bomthetho babevame ukusebenzisa isifaniso sokudutshulwa, bekhombisa ukuthi akugcini ngokuvinjelwa ukunqotshwa, kepha isikhungo sonke saqedwa, kufaka phakathi "ukuzivikela okweqile." Yilokhu ababefuna kwenziwe empini. Babefuna impi namalungiselelo empi, kufaka phakathi ukuphatha izikhali, kuphele, futhi kufakwe umthetho, ukuvimbela izingxabano, ukuxazulula izingxabano, isimilo, ezomnotho, nokujeziswa komuntu ngamunye nokukhishwa inyumbazane. Umbono wokuthi ngokujwayelekile bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano, ngokwawo, uzoqeda yonke impi uyiqiniso njengenkolelo kaColumbus emhlabeni oyisicaba.
Ukunyakaza kwabaphikisana nomthetho kwakuyimbumba enkulu engathandeki, kepha eyenqaba ukuyekethisa ekuvinjelweni KWONKE kwempi (okungenzeka ukuthi izishoshovu ezinkulu zazibheka kanjani ulimi olucacile lwesivumelwano, kepha futhi nokuthi umphakathi ubuke kangakanani it). Izimpikiswano zabaphikisana nomthetho zazivame ukuba nezokuziphatha ngendlela engejwayelekile kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla elingenamahloni nelikhangisayo lapho izishoshovu zibekelwe ukuba zikhangele kuphela izintshisekelo zobugovu.
Noma yini oyenzayo yokuhlakanipha noma ukutholakala kwempi evikelekile ekucabangeni ku-1920s, asikwazi namhlanje ukusinda. Ukuzivikela noma ukucabanga nje kwempi kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwempi okubulala okokuqala ngokuphambene nezinsiza ezivela kubantu nezidingo zezemvelo. Izingxenyana ezincane zokusetshenziswa kwempi zingase ziphembe indlala, amanzi angcolile, izifo ezihlukahlukene, nokusetshenziswa kwamafutha ashisayo. Impi nje kuphela yempi kufanele kube nje njengokungaphezu kwamashumi eminyaka kwalesi sigameko sokubulala izinto eziyimpumelelo kanye nazo zonke izimpi ezingenabulungisa eziye zadala, kanye nengozi eqhubekayo ye-apocalypse yenukliya eyenziwe yisikhungo sempi , singakhulumi ngomonakalo okwenziwa yisikhungo emvelweni wemvelo, ukukhululeka komphakathi, amaphoyisa asekhaya, uhulumeni omele, njll.
Isizathu esengeziwe sokukhumbula uKellogg-Briand ukuqonda ukubaluleka komlando. Ngaphambi kwesivumelwano, impi yayizwakala njengezomthetho futhi iyamukelekile. Kusukela ekudalweni kwePakethe, impi ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengokungekho emthethweni futhi iyinhlanhla ngaphandle kokuthi i-United States ilandelwe. Lokhu okuyingxenye yingxenye yokuthi kungani izibalo ezibiza impi ziye zancipha ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka asanda kubonakala sengathi ngiphutha. Ezinye izingxenye zalokho kungani kufaka phakathi lokho okubonakala kubhekene nokulimala okubalwayo nokunye ukusetshenziswa okusetshenziselwa kwezibalo.
Akunandaba noma ngabe ucabanga ukuthi impi - njengoba ezinye izinhlobo zodlame zicacile - ziyancipha, sidinga ukubona inkinga ethile futhi sikhombe amathuluzi okudala okubhekana nayo. Ngikhuluma ngokulutha kukahulumeni wase-US empini. Kusukela ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, amasosha ase-US abulale abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-20, aketula okungenani ohulumeni abangama-36, aphazamisa okhethweni lwangaphandle okungenani olungama-82, azama ukubulala abaholi bangaphandle abangama-50, futhi aphonsela abantu amabhomu emazweni angaphezu kwama-30. Le extravaganza yokubulawa kobugebengu ibhalwe kuDavidSwanson.org/WarList. Kuma-primaries aseRepublican ngonyaka owedlule umongameli wenkulumompikiswano wabuza umuntu ozongenela ukhetho ukuthi angathanda yini ukubulala amakhulu nezinkulungwane zezingane ezingenacala. Amazwi abezindaba okugcina abuthakathaka aseMelika athukutheliswe yisimemezelo seWhite House sokuthi kusukela manje izolwela ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela lwempi eSyria, impi inhloko ye-US "imisebenzi ekhethekile" ngesonto eledlule ethe yayingekho emthethweni ukuthi i-US ibe kuyo .
Lapho abantu befuna ukugunyaza ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuboshwa ngokungemthetho noma amalungelo abantu ezinkampanini banxusa abakwa-marginalia uma kuqhubeka izinkantolo, ama-veto aguquliwe, nazo zonke izinhlobo zombhedo okungewona umthetho. Kungani ungabambeli umthetho ohlangothini lokuthula? AmaVeterans For Peace lapha eTwin Cities ahole indlela kulo msebenzi, ukuthola ukwesekwa kwePact kwiCongress Record kanye noFrank Kellogg Day okwamenyezelwa nguMkhandlu Wedolobha e2013.
Nanku omunye umqondo: kungani ungatholi amazwe angewona amaqembu emhlabeni wonke ukuthi angene ngemvume ku-KBP? Noma wenze amaqembu akhona asho kabusha ukuzibophezela kwawo futhi afune ukuthobela?
Noma kungani ungakha ukuqhutshwa komhlaba wonke ukufaka esikhundleni noma ukuguqula i-United Nations kanye ne-International Criminal Court kanye neNkantolo Yezwe ngamaqembu omhlaba wonke, ngentando yeningi ekwazi ukuhambisana nokubusa komthetho yizo zonke izizwe ezijwayelekile zomhlaba kanye ne-United States kanjalo? Sinezinto zokwakha umzimba womhlaba jikelele omele abantu basekhaya ngokulingana nesibalo sabantu. Asinqunyelwe ukuqoqwa kwezizwe njengendlela yokunqoba izwe.
URobert Jackson, uMshushisi Omkhulu wase-US ngesikhathi kuqulwa amacala amaNazi empi namacala ahlobene nawo abanjelwe eNuremberg, eJalimane, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, wabeka indinganiso yomhlaba, esekela umshushisi wakhe ngokuphelele kuKellogg-Briand Pact. "Amaphutha esifuna ukuwalahla nokuwajezisa," esho, "abalwe kakhulu, abi kakhulu, futhi abangela umonakalo omkhulu, kangangokuba impucuko ayikwazi ukubekezelela ukunganakwa kwabo, ngoba ngeke ikwazi ukuphinda iphindaphindwe." UJackson uchaze ukuthi lokhu kwakungebona ubulungiswa babanqobi, wenza kucace ukuthi iMelika nayo yayizongena ezivivinyweni ezifanayo uma yake yaphoqelelwa ngenkani ukwenza lokho kulandela ukuzinikela ngaphandle kwemibandela. "Uma izenzo ezithile zokwephula izivumelwano kungamacala, kungamacala noma ngabe i-United States iyazenza noma ngabe iJalimane iyazenza yini," esho, "futhi asizimisele ukubeka umthetho wokuziphatha ngobugebengu kwabanye esingeke sikwenze. zimisele ukusikhalela. ”
Njengabaphuli bomthetho nababambisene nabo selokhu befuna ukwenza inkulumo-ze yokulwa nokuqeda impi yonke kaWoodrow Wilson, nathi kufanele sizame ukwenza okufanayo noJackson.
Lapho uKen Burns eqala idokhumentari ngempi yaseMelika eVietnam ngokuyibiza ngempi eqale ngokuthembeka kufanele sikwazi ukubona amanga nokungenzeki. Asicabangi ukuthi ukudlwengulwa kuqalwe ngokuthembeka, ubugqila buqale ngokuthembeka, ukuhlukunyezwa kwezingane kuqalwe ngokuthembeka. Uma othile ekutshela ukuthi impi iqalwe ngokuthembeka, yenza umzamo omuhle wokholo wokonakalisa ithelevishini yakho.
