I-Canada Nezokuhweba Ngezikhali: Impi Ebhebhethekisa I-Yemen Nangemuva Kwayo

NguJosh Lalonde, Okthoba 31, 2020

Kusukela I-Leveler

AUmbiko woMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN usanda kuqamba iCanada njengenye yamaqembu abhebhethekisa impi eqhubekayo eYemen ngokuthengisa izikhali eSaudi Arabia, enye yezimpi.

Lo mbiko uthole ukunakwa ezindabeni zezindaba zaseCanada ezifana ne I-Globe ne-Mail futhi CBC. Kepha ngemithombo yezindaba ebambe iqhaza ngubhadane lwe-COVID-19 kanye nokhetho lukamongameli waseMelika - futhi bambalwa abantu baseCanada abanobudlelwano bomuntu siqu neYemen - izindaba zanyamalala ngokushesha kwalasha lomjikelezo wezindaba, kungashiyi mthelela obonakalayo kumgomo waseCanada.

Abantu abaningi baseCanada kungenzeka ukuthi abazi ukuthi iCanada ingumhlinzeki wezikhali wesibili ngobukhulu esifundeni saseMiddle East, ngemuva kwe-United States.

Ukuze ugcwalise leli gebe labezindaba, I-Leveler ukhulume nezishoshovu nabaphenyi abasebenza ngokuhweba ngezikhali iCanada-Saudi Arabia nokuxhumeka kwayo empini yaseYemen, kanye nokunye ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseCanada eMiddle East. Lo mbhalo uzobheka isizinda sempi kanye nemininingwane yokuhweba ngezikhali zaseCanada, ngenkathi ukumbozwa kwesikhathi esizayo kuzobheka izinhlangano eCanada ezisebenza ukuqeda ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali.

Impi eYemen

Njengazo zonke izimpi zombango, impi yaseYemen inzima ngokwedlulele, ifaka amaqembu amaningi anemibimbi eshintshashintshayo. Iphinde yanzima ngobukhulu bayo bamazwe omhlaba kanye nokuhlangana kwayo okulandelanayo kwinethiwekhi eminyene yamandla ezombusazwe. "Ukuxakaniseka" kwempi nokungabikho kwendaba elula, ecacile yokusetshenziswa okudumile kuholele ekubeni yimpi ekhohliwe, eyenziwa ngokufihla okuthe xaxa kude nasemehlweni abezindaba bomhlaba - yize ingenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni eziqhubekayo izimpi.

Yize bekulokhu kuliwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene e-Yemen kusukela ngo-2004, impi ekhona manje yaqala ngemibhikisho yase-Arab Spring yango-2011. Le mibhikisho yaholela ekutheni uMengameli u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, owayehola izwe, ahole izwe selokhu kwahlanganiswa iNyakatho neNingizimu Yemen. ngo-1990. IPhini likaMongameli waseSaleh, u-Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, wagijima engaphikiswa okhethweni lukamongameli lwango-2012 - futhi nohlaka oluningi lwezokuphathwa kwezwe aluzange lushintshe. Lokhu akuwanelisanga amaqembu amaningi aphikisayo, kufaka phakathi u-Ansar Allah, owaziwa kakhulu njengenhlangano yamaHouthi.

AbakwaHouthis bebesemkhankasweni wokuhlasela nokuhlasela uhulumeni wase-Yemeni kusukela ngo-2004. Bamelene nenkohlakalo ngaphakathi kuhulumeni, bebona ukunganakwa kwenyakatho yezwe, kanye nokuqondiswa kwe-US ngenqubomgomo yayo yezangaphandle.

Ngo-2014, amaHouthis athumba inhlokodolobha iSana'a, okwaholela ekutheni uHadi ashiye phansi abaleke ezweni, kuyilapho amaHouthis asungula iKomidi Eliphezulu Lezinguquko elizophatha izwe. Ngokwesicelo sikaMongameli uHadi owaxoshwa, umfelandawonye oholwa yiSaudi waqala ukungenelela kwamasosha ngoMashi 2015 ukubuyisela uHadi emandleni nokubuyisa inhloko-dolobha. (Ngaphezu kweSaudi Arabia, lo mfelandawonye uhlanganisa nezinye izifundazwe ezingama-Arab ezifana ne-United Arab Emirates, Jordan ne-Egypt,)

ISaudi Arabia nabalingani bayo babheka ukunyakaza kwamaHouthi njengommeleli wase-Iranian ngenxa yokholo lwamaShia lwabaholi baseHouthi. ISaudi Arabia ibheke izinhlangano zezombusazwe zaseShia ngokusola selokhu uMbuso wamaSulumane wango-1979 e-Iran wagumbuqela uShah owayesekelwa izwe laseMelika. Kukhona nedlanzana lamaShi'a elibalulekile eSaudi Arabia eligxile esifundazweni saseMpumalanga ePersian Gulf, lapho kubonakale khona ukuvukela okwacindezelwa ngonya ngamabutho ezokuphepha aseSaudi.

Kodwa-ke, amaHouthis angaphansi kwegatsha laseMore leShi'ism, elingaxhumene kakhulu neTwelver Shi'ism yezwe lase-Iran. I-Iran izwakalise ubumbano lwezepolitiki nenhlangano yamaHouthi, kepha iyaphika ukuthi ihlinzekele ngosizo lwezempi.

Ukungenelela kwezempi okuholwa yiSaudi e-Yemen kusebenzise umkhankaso omkhulu weziteleka zasemoyeni, eziye zahlasela abantu ngokungakhethi, kubandakanya izibhedlela, imishado, imingcwabo, Futhi izikole. Kwisigameko esisodwa esesabekayo, a ibhasi lesikole ukuthwala izingane ohambweni lwasendle kwaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, kwashona okungenani abangu-40.

Umfelandawonye oholwa yiSaudi futhi usebenzise ukuvinjelwa kweYemen, ukuze kuthiwe, ukuvimbela izingalo zilethwe ezweni. Lokhu kuvinjelwa ngasikhathi sinye kuvimbele ukudla, uphethiloli, izimpahla zokwelashwa, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ukuthi zingene ezweni, okuholele ekungondlekeni okusabalele nokuqubuka komkhuhlane wekholera nomkhuhlane wodenga.

Kuwo wonke lo mbango, amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi i-US kanye ne-UK, ahlinzeke ngokusekelwa kobuhlakani nokudla kumfelandawonye - izindiza zokufaka uphethiloli, ngokwesibonelo, ngenkathi ukuthengisa okwezempi kumalungu wobumbano. Amabhomu asetshenziswe enkundleni yezindiza yamabhasi esikole adumile abekhona yenziwe e-US. futhi yathengiswa eSaudi Arabia ngo-2015 ngaphansi kokuphathwa kuka-Obama.

Imibiko ye-UN ibhale phansi zonke izinhlangothi ezingqubuzanayo zenza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu amaningi - njengokuthunjwa, ukubulawa, ukuhlukunyezwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasosha ezingane - okuholele ekutheni inhlangano ichaze udweshu ngokuthi usizi olubi kakhulu lwezenhlalo yabantu.

Ngenkathi izimo zempi zenza kube nzima ukunikeza inani elifanele labalimele, abacwaningi balinganisela ku-2019 ukuthi okungenani abantu abayi-100,000 - kufaka phakathi izakhamizi ze-12,000 - babulewe selokhu kuqale impi. Le nombolo ayibandakanyi ukufa kwabantu ngenxa yendlala nezifo ezibangelwa yimpi nokuvinjelwa, okuyi esinye isifundo kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzofinyelela ku-131,000 ekupheleni kwe-2019.

Ukuthengiswa Kwezikhali ZaseCanada eSaudi Arabia

Yize ohulumeni baseCanada besebenze isikhathi eside ukusungula uphawu lweCanada njengezwe elinokuthula, bobabili ohulumeni beConservative kanye neLiberal bebejabule ukuzuza empini. Ku-2019, ukuthunyelwa kwezingalo zaseCanada emazweni angaphandle kwe-US kufinyelele kwirekhodi eliphakeme cishe lama- $ 3.8 billion, ngokusho kwe Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yezempi bika ngalowo nyaka.

Ukuthunyelwa kwezempi e-US akubalwa kulo mbiko, igebe elibonakalayo ekubonakaleni kohlelo lokulawula ukuthekelisa izingalo lwaseCanada. Kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuhlanganiswe kulo mbiko, ama-76% ayeya eSaudi Arabia ngqo, esewonke angama- $ 2.7 billion.

Okunye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kusekele ngokungaqondile umzamo wempi waseSaudi. Okunye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okungabiza izigidi ezingama- $ 151.7 okuye eBelgium kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyizimoto ezihlome zathunyelwa eFrance, lapho zisetshenziselwa khona qeqesha amabutho aseSaudi.

Iningi lokunakwa - nokuphikisana - ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseCanada eminyakeni yamuva kugxile koku Isivumelwano se- $ 13 billion (US) kweGeneral Dynamics Land Systems Canada (GDLS-C) ukuhlinzeka ngezinkulungwane zezimoto ezilula zokulwa (ama-LAV) eSaudi Arabia. Isivumelwano kwaba ngesokuqala kumemezela ngo-2014 ngaphansi kukahulumeni kaNdunankulu uStephen Harper. Bekuyi kuxoxiswane yiCanada Commercial Corporation, inkampani yeCrown ebhekele ukuhlela ukuthengisa kusuka ezinkampanini zaseCanada kuye kohulumeni bamazwe. Imibandela yalesi sivumelwano ayikaze ivezwe ngokuphelele emphakathini, ngoba ifaka nezimfihlo zokuvimbela ukushicilelwa kwazo.

Uhulumeni kaJustin Trudeau uqale wenqaba noma yimuphi umthwalo wesivumelwano esenziwa. Kepha kwabuye kwavela kamuva ukuthi ngo-2016 uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wangaleso sikhathi uStepane Dion wasayina imvume yokugcina edingekayo yezimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle.

UDion unikeze imvume yize amaphepha anikezwe ukuthi awasayine kuphawulwe irekhodi elibi lamalungelo abantu laseSaudi Arabia, kufaka phakathi “isibalo esiphezulu sokubulawa kwabantu, ukucindezelwa kwabaphikisi bezepolitiki, ukusetshenziswa kwesigwebo somuntu, ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuboshwa ngokungafanele, ukuphathwa kabi kwababoshiwe, ukulinganiselwa kwenkululeko yenkolo, ukubandlululwa ngabesifazane nokuphathwa kabi kwabasebenzi bokufika. ”

Ngemuva kokuthi intatheli yaseSaudi uJamal Kashoggi ebulewe kabuhlungu ngabasebenzi bezobunhloli baseSaudi enxusa laseSaudi e-Istanbul ngo-Okthoba 2018, iGlobal Affairs Canada yamisa zonke izimvume ezintsha zokuthumela eSaudi Arabia. Kepha lokhu akubandakanyi izimvume ezikhona ezibandakanya isivumelwano se-LAV. Futhi ukumiswa kwaphakanyiswa ngo-Ephreli 2020, kwavumela izicelo ezintsha ukuba zicutshungulwe, ngemuva kokuthi iGlobal Affairs Canada ixoxisane ngalokho esibizwa “Ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwenkontileka”.

NgoSepthemba 2019, uhulumeni wesifundazwe enikeziwe imali mboleko eyizigidi ezingama- $ 650 ku-GDLS-C nge-Akhawunti yeCanada yase-Export Development Canada (EDC). Ngokusho kwe- Iwebhusayithi ye-EDC, le akhawunti isetshenziselwa "ukuxhasa ukuthengiselana okuthekelwayo [i-EDC] engakwazi ukukuxhasa, kepha okunqunywe nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe ukuthi kube yizintshisekelo zezwe laseCanada." Yize izizathu zokubolekwa kwemali zinganikezwanga esidlangalaleni, kwenzeka ngemuva kokuthi iSaudi Arabia ilahlekelwe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5 (US) ekukhokheleni iGeneral Dynamics.

Uhulumeni waseCanada uvikele isivumelwano se-LAV ngezizathu zokuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ama-LAVs enziwe eCanada asetshenziselwa ukwephula amalungelo abantu. Noma kunjalo a ikhasi ku-Lost Amour lokho kubhala ukulahleka kwezimoto ezihlomile e-Yemen kubala inqwaba yama-LAV asetshenziswa e-Saudi Arabia abhujiswa e-Yemen kusukela ngonyaka ka-2015. .

Umkhiqizi ongaziwa kangako waseCanada wezimoto ezihlomile, iTerradyne, naye unesilinganiso esingajwayelekile sokuthengisa izimoto zakhe zempi yaseGurkha eSaudi Arabia. Amavidiyo abonisa izimoto zaseTerradyne Gurkha ezisetshenziswa ukucindezela ukuvukela umbuso esifundazweni sase-Saudi Arabia eseMpumalanga nase- impi Yemen sezisakaze ezinkundleni zokuxhumana iminyaka eminingana.

IGlobal Affairs Canada yamisa izimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle iTerradyne Gurkhas ngoJulayi 2017 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwazo esifundazweni saseMpumalanga. Kepha ibuyise izimvume ngoSepthemba walowo nyaka, ngemuva kwayo kunqunywe ukuthi babungekho ubufakazi bokuthi izimoto zazisetshenziselwe ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu.

I-Leveler yafinyelela ku-Anthony Fenton, umfundi we-PhD eYunivesithi yase-York ocwaninga ngokuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseCanada emazweni asePersian Gulf ukuze aphawule ngalokhu okutholakele. UFenton uveze kuTwitter imiyalezo eqondile ukuthi umbiko weGlobal Affairs Canada usebenzisa "amanga ngamabomu / akwenzeki ukuhlangabezana nenqubo" futhi wayehloselwe ukumane nje "acasule / agxeke ukugxekwa."

Ngokusho kukaFenton, “Izikhulu zaseCanada zathatha amaSaudi ngezwi lawo lapho ziphikelela ngokuthi akukho ukwephulwa [kwamalungelo abantu] okwenzekile futhi zathi kwakuwumsebenzi osemthethweni 'wokulwa nobuphekula'. Ngenelisekile ngalokhu, u-Ottawa uphinde waqala kabusha ukuthunyelwa kwezimoto.

Okunye ukuthengiswa kwezikhali okungaziwa kakhulu eCanada okuya eSaudi Arabia kufaka inkampani yaseWinnipeg esekwe kwi-PGW Defense Technology Inc., ekhiqiza izibhamu ze-sniper. Idathabheyisi Yezentengiselwano Yezentengiselwano yaseCanada yaseCanada yaseCanada (CIMTD) izinhlu AmaRandi ayizigidi eziyisithupha athunyelwa emazweni angaphandle kwe- “Rifles, sporting, hunting or target-shooting” eya eSaudi Arabia ngowezi-6, nangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama- $ 2019 ngonyaka owedlule. (Izibalo ze-CIMTD azifani nezezombiko we-Export of Military Goods obalulwe ngenhla, njengoba zadalwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene.)

Ku-2016, amaHouthis aseYemen athumele izithombe namavidiyo okubonisa okubonakala kuyizibhamu ze-PGW abathi bazithathe konogada basemngceleni waseSaudi. Ngo-2019, Izintatheli Zase-Arab ze-Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) ibhalwe phansi Izibhamu ze-PGW ezisetshenziswa ngamasosha e-pro-Hadi Yemeni, okungenzeka anikezwe yiSaudi Arabia. Ngokwe-ARIJ, iGlobal Affairs Canada ayiphendulanga ngesikhathi yethulwa nobufakazi bokuthi lezi zibhamu bezisetshenziswa eYemen.

Izinkampani eziningi ze-aerospace ezinze eQuebec, kufaka phakathi iPratt & Whitney Canada, iBombardier, neBell Helicopters Textron nazo imishini enikeziwe ebiza u- $ 920 million kumalungu omfelandawonye oholwa yiSaudi selokhu kwaqala ukungenelela kwawo e-Yemen ngo-2015. Iningi lemishini, kubandakanya izinjini ezisetshenziswa ezindizeni zokulwa, ayithathwa njengezimpahla zempi ngaphansi kohlelo lokulawula ukuthekelisa lwaseCanada. Ngakho-ke ayidingi izimvume zokuthekelisa futhi ayibalwa embikweni Wokuthunyelwa Kwangaphandle Kwempahla Yezempi.

Okunye Ukuthengiswa Kwezikhali ZaseCanada eMiddle East

Amanye amazwe amabili eMiddle East nawo athola ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwezimpahla zempi ezivela eCanada ngo-2019: ITurkey ngo- $ 151.4 million kanye ne-United Arab Emirates (UAE) ngo- $ 36.6 million. Womabili la mazwe abandakanyeka ezingxabanweni eziningi kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi nangaphezulu.

I-Turkey eminyakeni embalwa edlule ibibambe iqhaza kwezempi e Syria, Iraq, Libya, kanye Azerbaijan.

A umbiko ngumcwaningi uKelsey Gallagher eshicilelwe ngoSepthemba yiqembu lokuthula laseCanada iProject Plowshares likubhalile ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ezenziwa zaseCanada ezenziwe yiL3Harris WESCAM kuDrone Bayraktar TB2 i-drones ehlomile. Lawa ma-drones asetshenzisiwe kuzo zonke izingxabano zakamuva zaseTurkey.

Ama-drones aba yisikhungo sengxabano eCanada ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba lapho kukhonjwa ukuthi ayasetshenziswa kulokhu okuqhubekayo ukulwa eNagorno-Karabakh. Amavidiyo eziteleka ze-drone ezishicilelwe nguMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-Azerbaijan zibonisa imbondela ebonakalayo ehambisana naleyo eyenziwe yi-WESCAM optics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Izithombe Kwedrone edilikayo eshicilelwe yimithombo yamasosha ase-Armenia ikhombisa ngokusobala izindlu ezihlukile zohlelo lwezinzwa ze-WESCAM MX-15D kanye nenombolo ye-serial ekhomba ukuthi ingumkhiqizo we-WESCAM, kusho uGallagher I-Leveler.

Akukacaci ukuthi ama-drones asetshenziswa yini ngamabutho ase-Azerbaijani noma amaTurkey, kepha noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwawo eNagorno-Karabakh kungenzeka kwephule izimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle izinto ze-WESCAM optics. UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uFrançois-Philippe Champagne imisiwe izimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle izinto zamehlo ngo-Okthoba 5 futhi zaqala uphenyo ngalezi zinsolo.

Ezinye izinkampani zaseCanada nazo zithuthele ubuchwepheshe eTurkey obusetshenziswa ezintweni zempi. IBombardier kumemezela ngo-Okthoba 23 ukuthi babemisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe “emazweni angasebenzisi kahle” izinjini zezindiza ezenziwe yinkampani engaphansi kuka-Rotax yase-Austria, ngemuva kokuzwa ukuthi izinjini zazisetshenziswa kuma-drones aseTurkey Bayraktar TB2. Ngokusho kukaGallagher, lesi sinqumo senkampani yaseCanada sokumisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yenkampani ephathekayo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo engxabanweni isenzo esingakaze senziwe.

IPratt & Whitney Canada nayo ikhiqiza izinjini okuyi isetshenziswa endizeni yaseTurkey Aerospace Industries Hürkuş. Idizayini kaHürkuş ifaka okuhlukahlukene okusetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza bezindiza - kanye nenye ekwazi ukusetshenziswa empini, ikakhulukazi endimeni ye-counterinsurgency. Intatheli yaseTurkey uRagip Soylu, ukubhalela i- I-Middle East Iso ngo-Ephreli 2020, wabika ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali eCanada okwabekwa iTurkey ngemuva kokuhlasela kweSyria ngo-Okthoba 2019 kuzosebenza ezinjinini zePratt & Whitney Canada. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaGallagher, lezi zinjini azithathwa njengezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezempi yiGlobal Affairs Canada, ngakho-ke akucaci ukuthi kungani zizovikeleka ngalokhu kuvinjelwa.

NjengeTurkey, i-UAE nayo ibibambe iqhaza iminyaka ethile ezingxabanweni eziseMiddle East, kulokhu e-Yemen naseLibya. I-UAE kuze kube muva nje ibe ngomunye wabaholi bomfelandawonye osekela uhulumeni waseHadi eYemen, owesibili ngemuva kweSaudi Arabia ngokwesilinganiso somnikelo wayo. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2019 i-UAE idonse phansi ukutholakala kwayo eYemen. Manje kubonakala sengathi ikhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthola indawo yayo eningizimu yezwe kunokuxosha amaHouthis enhlokodolobha nokubuyisela uHadi emandleni.

ICanada isayine “isivumelwano sokubambisana kwezokuvikela”Ne-UAE ngoDisemba 2017, cishe eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokungenelela kobumbano e-Yemen. UFenton uthi lesi sivumelwano sasiyingxenye yokufuna ukuthengisa ama-LAVs e-UAE, imininingwane yayo ehlala ingaziwa.

ELibya, i-UAE isekela i-Libyan National Army (LNA) esempumalanga ngaphansi komyalo kaGeneral Khalifa Haftar empini yayo neHulumeni weNational Accord (GNA) elizinze entshonalanga. Umzamo we-LNA wokuthatha inhlokodolobha iTripoli kusuka eGNA, owethulwa ngo-2018, ubuyiselwe emuva ngosizo lokungenelela kweTurkey ekusekeleni i-GNA.

Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi iCanada ithengise izinsimbi zempi kubasekeli bezinhlangothi zombili zempi yaseLibya. (Akucaci-ke noma ngabe kukhona okokusebenza okwenziwe eCanada okusetshenziswe yi-UAE eLibya.)

Ngenkathi ukwakheka okunembile kwezigidi ezingama- $ 36.6 zezimpahla zempi ezithunyelwa zisuka eCanada kuya e-UAE ezibalwe embikweni Wokuthengiswa Kwempahla Yezempi azange zenziwe zaziwe, i-UAE uyalile okungenani izindiza ezintathu zokubhekwa kweGlobalEye ezenziwe yinkampani yaseCanada iBombardier kanye nenkampani yaseSweden iSaab. David Lametti, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNobhala wePhalamende kuNgqongqoshe Wezobuchwepheshe, Isayensi, Nokuthuthukiswa Komnotho futhi manje osenguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, ukuhalalisile IBombardier neSaab esivumelwaneni.

Ngaphezu kokuqondisa ukuthunyelwa kwezempi kwamanye amazwe kusuka eCanada kuya e-UAE, inkampani ephethwe iCanada iStreit Group, ekhiqiza izimoto ezihlomile, izinze e-UAE. Lokhu kuyivumele ukuthi yeqe izidingo zezimvume zokuthekelisa zaseCanada futhi ithengise izimoto zayo emazweni afana ne Sudan futhi Libya ezingaphansi kwezijeziso zaseCanada ezivimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zempi lapho. Izimoto eziningi, uma kungenjalo ezingamakhulu ezimoto zeStreit Group, eziqhutshwa kakhulu yiSaudi Arabia namabutho ayo ahlangene aseYemeni, nazo ziye zaba ibhalwe phansi njengoba kubhujiswe eYemen ngo-2020 kuphela, ngezinombolo ezifanayo eminyakeni eyedlule.

Uhulumeni waseCanada uphikise ngokuthi njengoba izimoto zakwaStreit Group zidayiswa zisuka e-UAE ziya emazweni wesithathu, ayinamandla okuphatha ezentengiselwano. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwemigomo Yesivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngezikhali, iCanada eyasivuma ngoSepthemba 2019, izifundazwe zinesibopho sokuphoqelela imithethonqubo yokuthengiselana - okungukuthi, ukuthengiselana okuhlelwe ngabantu babo phakathi kwezwe langaphandle nelinye. Kungenzeka ukuthi okunye okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweStreit Group kungangena ngaphansi kwale ncazelo, ngakho-ke kube ngaphansi kwemithetho yaseCanada maqondana nokuhweba.

Isithombeni Esikhulu

Zonke lezi zivumelwano zokubambisana zenze iCanada yaba yi umhlinzeki wesibili ngobukhulu wezikhali eziya eMiddle East, ngemuva kwe-United States, ngo-2016. Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseCanada kukhule kuphela kusukela lapho, njengoba babeka irekhodi elisha ngo-2019.

Siyini isisusa sokwenza ukuthi iCanada iphishekele ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwamanye amazwe? Kukhona nesisusa sezentengiselwano: ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yezempi eMiddle East kulethwe ngaphezu kwama- $ 2.9 billion ngo-2019. Lokhu kuhambisana kakhulu nesici sesibili, leso uhulumeni waseCanada athanda ukusigcizelela, okungukuthi, imisebenzi.

Lapho isivumelwano se-GDLS-C LAV siqala kumemezela ngo-2014, uMnyango Wezangaphandle (njengoba wawubizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi) wathi isivumelwano “sasizodala futhi sigcine imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-3,000 XNUMX unyaka ngamunye eCanada.” Akuzange kuchaze ukuthi ibalwe kanjani le nombolo. Noma ngabe yiliphi inani eliqondile lemisebenzi elidalwa ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwamanye amazwe, bobabili ohulumeni beConservative kanye neLiberal bebemanqikanqika ukuqeda inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ekhokhelwa kahle embonini yezokuvikela ngokuvimba ukuhwebelana ngezikhali.

Esinye isici esibalulekile esigqugquzela ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseCanada isifiso sokugcina "indawo yezimboni zezokuvikela" yasekhaya, njengangaphakathi Imibhalo Yezindaba Zomhlaba Wonke from 2016 uyibeke. Ukuthumela izimpahla zamasosha kwamanye amazwe kuvumela izinkampani zaseCanada ezinjenge-GDLS-C ukuthi zigcine amandla amakhulu okukhiqiza kunalawo angaxhaswa ukuthengiswa kwamabutho ahlomile aseCanada kuphela. Lokhu kufaka izakhiwo, imishini, kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ababandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni ezempi. Uma kwenzeka kuba khona impi noma enye into ephuthumayo, lo mkhakha wokukhiqiza ungasetshenziselwa izidingo zamasosha aseCanada ngokushesha.

Ekugcineni, izintshisekelo zezepolitiki nazo zidlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amazwe eCanada athumela imishini yezempi. ISaudi Arabia ne-UAE sekuyisikhathi eside bengamadlelandawonye aseduze e-US, futhi ukuma kweCanada kwezepolitiki eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuvamile kuqondaniswe nokwase-US Ngokufanayo Imibhalo Yezindaba Zomhlaba Wonke badumisa iSaudi Arabia njengomlingani womfelandawonye wamazwe omelene noMbuso WamaSulumane (ISIS) futhi babhekise kusongo olusolwayo lwe "Iran evuselelekayo neya ngokuya iba yicellicose" njengesizathu sokuthengiswa kweLAV eSaudi Arabia.

Le mibhalo iphinde ichaze iSaudi Arabia “njengomlingani obalulekile futhi ozinzile esifundeni esigcwele ukungazinzi, ubushokobezi nokungqubuzana,” kodwa akubhekisisi ukungazinzi okwadalwa ukungenelela komfelandawonye oholwa yiSaudi e-Yemen. Lokhu kungazinzi ivumile amaqembu afana ne-al-Qaeda ePeninsula yase-Arabia nase-ISIS ukusungula ukulawula amasheya endawo eYemen.

UFenton uchaza ukuthi lokhu kucatshangelwa kwezombusazwe kuhlangene nezentengiselwano, ngoba “ukungena kweCanada eGulf okufuna ukuthengiselana ngezikhali [kuye kwadingeka] - ikakhulukazi kusukela eDesert Storm - ukwakhiwa kobudlelwano bamazwe omabili nabezempi nomunye [weGulf] amakhosi. ”

Ngempela, ukucatshangelwa okudalula kakhulu okushiwo yile memo ye-Global Affairs ukuthi iSaudi Arabia “inezinqolobane zikawoyela ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi njengamanje ingumkhiqizi kawoyela wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni.”

Kuze kube muva nje, iTurkey ibibuye ibe ngumlingani osondelene ne-US neCanada, njengelungu elilodwa le-NATO eMiddle East. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni embalwa edlule iTurkey ilandele inqubomgomo yezangaphandle eyandayo futhi enobudlova eyenze yaxabana ne-US namanye amalungu e-NATO. Lokhu kungahambi kahle kwezombusazwe kungachaza ukuzimisela kweCanada ukumisa izimvume zokuthumela eTurkey ngenkathi ibanikeza iSaudi Arabia ne-UAE.

Ekugcineni ukumiswa kwezimvume zokuthumela eTurkey kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kwakuhlobene nengcindezi yasekhaya kuhulumeni. I-Leveler njengamanje usebenza ngendatshana elandelayo ezobheka amanye amaqembu asebenza ekwandiseni leyo ngcindezi, ukuze kuqedwe ukuhwebelana ngezikhali eCanada ngokujwayelekile.