September

September 1
September 2
September 3
September 4
September 5
September 6
September 7
September 8
September 9
September 10
September 11
September 12
September 13
September 14
September 15
September 16
September 17
September 18
September 19
September 20
September 21
September 22
September 23
September 24
September 25
September 26
September 27
September 28
September 29
September 30

Septemba 1. Ngalolu suku ku-1924 Uhlelo lweDawes lwaqala ukusebenza, ukukhululwa kwezezimali eJalimane okungenzeka kwavimbela ukuphakama kweNazism uma kuqalile ngokushesha futhi kwenza kube mkhulu noma ngaphezulu. ISivumelwano SaseVersailles esaqeda iMpi Yezwe I sasifuna ukujezisa sonke isizwe saseJalimane, hhayi nje kuphela abenzi bempi, okuholele ababukeli ababukhali ukubikezela iMpi Yezwe II. Leyo mpi yamuva yaphela ngokusizwa eJalimane kunokujeziswa ngokwezezimali, kodwa iMpi Yezwe I yalandelwa yimfuno yokuthi iJalimane ikhokhe ngamakhala. Ngo-1923 iJalimane lase lehluleka ukukhokha izikweletu zalo zempi, kwaholela amabutho aseFrance nawaseBelgium ukuba angene eRuhr River Valley. Izakhamizi zazibandakanyeka ekulweni nokungabi nodlame kulo msebenzi, zavala izimboni ngempumelelo. I-League of Nations icele umMelika waseMelika uCharles Dawes ukuthi angusihlalo wekomidi lokuxazulula le nkinga. Icebo elivelile lahudula amasosha eRuhr, lanciphisa ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu, futhi laboleka iGerman imali emabhange aseMelika. UDawes wanikezwa i-1925 Nobel Peace Prize futhi wasebenza njengePhini Likamongameli wase-US kusuka ngo-1925-1929. IYoung Plan yaqhubeka nokunciphisa ukukhokhelwa kweJalimane ngo-1929, kodwa yayephuze kakhulu ukuba isuse ukukhula kwentukuthelo ebabayo nokoma ukuziphindiselela. Phakathi kwalabo ababephikisana neYoung Plan kwakuno-Adolf Hitler. Uhlelo lwe-Dawes, okungcono noma okubi, lubophezele umnotho wase-Europe kulawo ase-United States. IJalimane lagcina likhokhele isikweletu sayo seMpi Yezwe I ngonyaka ka-2010. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zamasosha ase-US asemi njalo eJalimane.

Septemba 2. Kulolu suku ku-1945, iMpi Yezwe II iphelile ngokuzinikela eJapane eTokyo Bay. NgoJulayi 13th, iJapan yathumela i-telegraph eSoviet Union izwakalisa isifiso sayo sokuzinikela. NgoJulayi 18, ngemuva kokuhlangana nomholi waseSoviet uJoseph Stalin, uMongameli wase-US uHarry Truman wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke kaStalin ekhuluma ngocingo, wengeza wathi, "Kholwa ukuthi uJaps uzosonga ngaphambi kokuba iRussia ingene. izwe lakubo. ” Lokho kwakukhomba ngeManhattan Project eyakha amabhomu enuzi. UTruman wayetshelwe izinyanga eziningi ukuthi iJapan inentshisekelo yokuzinikela uma ingagcina umbusi wayo. Umeluleki kaTruman, uJames Byrnes, umtshele ukuthi ukuphonsa amabhomu enuzi eJapan kuzovumela i-US ukuthi "inqume imigomo yokuqeda impi." UNobhala weNavy James Forrestal wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke ukuthi uByrnes “wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokuqeda izindaba zaseJapan ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseRussia bangene.” UTruman wayalela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ngo-Agasti 6 no-9, kwathi abaseRussia bahlasela eManchuria ngo-Agasti 9. AmaSoviet anqoba amaJapan, ngenkathi i-US iqhubeka nokuqhuma kwamabhomu okungeyona eyenuzi. Ochwepheshe babiza i-United States Strategic Bombing Survey baphetha ngokuthi ngoNovemba noma ngoDisemba, “iJapane ngabe isizinikele ngisho noma amabhomu e-athomu engazange adonswe phansi, ngisho noma iRussia ingazange ingene empini, ngisho noma bekungekho ukuhlasela obekuhleliwe noma obekucatshangwa ngakho. ” UGeneral Dwight Eisenhower wayeveze umbono ofanayo ngaphambi kwamabhomu. IJapan yagcina umbusi wayo.

Septemba 3. Kulolu suku ku-1783, i-Peace of Paris yenziwa njengoba iBrithani ivuma ukuzimela kwe-US. Ukubusa kwamakoloni owaba yi-United States wasuka kubantu abacebile abamhlophe abesilisa abaqotho eBrithani abacebile abesilisa abamhlophe abaqotho e-United States. Ukuhlubuka okudumile ngabalimi kanye nabasebenzi kanye nabantu abagqilaziwe abazange banciphise ukuguquka. Ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwamalungelo abantu kuqhubeka ngokuhamba phambili, ngezinye izikhathi kuphuma kancane, futhi kuvame ukungena ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa okufanayo kumazwe anjengeCanada angakaze alwe nempi ngokumelene neBrithani. Ukuthula kweParis kwakuyizindaba ezimbi kubantu baseMelika baseBrithani, njengoba iBrithani yayingavimbela ukunyuka kweNtshonalanga, manje evulekile ngokushesha. Kwakuyizindaba ezimbi kubo bonke abagqilazwe esizweni esisha sase-United States. Ubugqila buyoqedwa eMbusweni WaseBrithani ngaphambili kunase-United States, nasezindaweni eziningi ngaphandle kwempi. Ukunambitheka kwempi nokwandisa kwakukhona kakhulu ezweni elisha, ukuthi ngo-1812 Ukukhulumisana kwamaCanada ukuthi abantu baseCanada bayakwamukela kanjani ukubuyiswa kwe-US njengenkululeko eholele eMpini ye-1812, eyathola idolobha elikhulu laseWashington lishisa . Abantu baseCanada, abangeke banesithakazelo ekusebenzeni kunabaseCubans, noma amaPhilippines, amaHawaii, amaGuatemal, noma amaVietnam, ama-Iraq, ama-Afghani noma abantu emazweni amaningi kangaka ngaphezulu iminyaka eminingi lapho amasosha aseMelika ase-US aye athatha indima yemibuso yaseBrithani.

Septemba 4. Kulolu suku ku-1953 Garry Davis wamisa uHulumeni Wezwe. Wayekade eyisakhamuzi sase-US, inkanyezi yeBroadway, futhi ehlasela ngamabhomu eMpini Yezwe II. Wabhala: “Kusukela selokhu ngaya okokuqala eBrandenburg, ngangizizwa ngidliwa unembeza. Bangaki abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane engibabulele? ” Ngo-1948 uGarry Davis walahla ipasipoti yakhe yase-US ukuze abe yisakhamuzi somhlaba. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva wasungula uHulumeni Womhlaba owasayina izakhamizi ezicishe zibe yisigidi futhi wakhipha amapasipoti ayevame ukuqashelwa yizizwe. "I-World Passport iyihlaya, kusho uDavis," kodwa nawo wonke amanye amapasipoti. Ihlaya labo ngathi kanti okwethu kuyihlaya ohlelweni. ” UDavis ukanise phambi kweZizwe Ezihlangene eParis, waphazamisa imihlangano, wahola imibuthano, futhi wenza izindaba eziningi zabezindaba. Enqatshelwe ukungena eJalimane noma ebuyela eFrance, wakanisa emngceleni. UDavis uphikise i-UN njengombimbi lwamazwe aklanyelwe ukusebenzisa impi ukuqeda impi - impikiswano engenathemba. Iminyaka eminingi ibonakale iqinisa icala lakhe kuphela. Ngabe sidinga ukunqoba izizwe ukuqeda izimpi? Izizwe eziningi azenzi impi. Bambalwa abakwenzayo kaningi. Singakwazi yini ukudala uhulumeni womhlaba wonke ngaphandle kwenkohlakalo yomhlaba wonke ngaphakathi kuye? Mhlawumbe singaqala ngokukhuthazana ukuthi sicabange njengoDavis lapho sisebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi “thina.” Ngisho nezishoshovu zokuthula zisebenzisa "thina" ukusho abenzi bezimpi lapho bethi "Saqhumisa ngebhomu iSomalia." Kuthiwani uma besingasebenzisa u- “thina” ukusho “ubuntu” noma ngaphezulu kwesintu?

Septemba 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1981, iGreenham Peace Camp yasungulwa yinhlangano yaseWales "Women for Life on Earth" eGreenham Common, eBerkshire, eNgilandi. Abesifazane abangamashumi amathathu nesithupha ababehambe besuka eCardiff beyophikisana nokumiswa kwemicibisholo ye-nuclear cruise abangama-96 bahambisa incwadi kumlawuli wamasosha kwaRAF Greenham Common Airbase base bezibophela ngamaketanga. Basungula ikamu lokuthula labesifazane ngaphandle kwesisekelo, ababevame ukungena kulo bekhalaza. Ikamu lahlala iminyaka eyi-19 kwaze kwaba unyaka ka-2000, yize imicibisholo yasuswa yabuyiselwa e-United States ngo-1991-92. Ikamu aligcinanga ngokuqeda imicibisholo, kepha futhi libe nomthelela ekuqondeni komhlaba wonke ngempi yenuzi nezikhali. NgoDisemba ka-1982, abesifazane abangama-30,000 bajoyina izandla ezungeze isisekelo. Ngo-Ephreli 1, 1983, ababhikishi abangaba ngu-70,000 bakha iketanga lomuntu elingamakhilomitha angama-23 lisuka enkanjini laya efektri yemishini, kwathi ngoDisemba 1983 abesifazane abangaba ngu-50,000 XNUMX bazungeza isisekelo, basika uthango, futhi ezimweni eziningi baboshwa. Amakamu afanayo angaphezu kweshumi nambili afaniswa nesibonelo seGreenham Peace Camp, kanti abanye abaningi eminyakeni edlule babheke emuva kulesi sibonelo. Izintatheli ezivela emhlabeni wonke iminyaka iminyaka zibike ngaleli kamu nomyalezo elikhuthazayo. Ama-campers ahlala ngaphandle kukagesi, izingcingo, noma amanzi ahambayo, kepha futhi ngaphandle kokwehluleka ukumelana nezikhali zenuzi. Imikhumbi yenuzi ivinjelwe nemikhuba yempi yenuzi yaphazamiseka. Isivumelwano phakathi kwe-US ne-USSR esisuse imicibisholo sasinanela labo ababekade bethi “bazi ukuthi izikhali zenuzi zizoba nemiphumela emibi kuso sonke isintu.”

Septemba 6. Kulolu suku ku-1860 uJane Addams wazalwa. Uzokwamukela i-1931 Nobel Peace Prize njengomunye walabo abambalwa abawina uMklomelo KaNobel Wokuthula kule minyaka edlule abahlangabezana neziqu ezibekwe encwadini ka-Alfred Nobel. Ama-Addams asebenze emikhakheni eminingi ekwakheni umphakathi okwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwempi. Ngo-1898 u-Addams wajoyina i-Anti-Imperialist League ukuphikisana nempi yase-US ePhilippines. Lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe I, wahola imizamo yamazwe omhlaba yokuzama ukuyixazulula nokuyiqeda. Wengamela i-International Congress of Women e-The Hague ngo-1915. Kwathi lapho i-United States ingena empini wakhuluma obala emelene nempi ngesikhathi ebhekene nezinsolo ezinqala zokuvukela umbuso. Wayengumholi wokuqala we-Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ngo-1919 nakwinhlangano eyandulela indawo ngo-1915. UJane Addams wayeyingxenye yenhlangano ngeminyaka yo-1920 eyenza impi ingekho emthethweni ngeKellogg-Briand Pact. Usize ekutholeni i-ACLU ne-NAACP, wasiza ukunqoba amandla abesifazane, wasiza ekwehliseni ukuqashwa kwabantwana, futhi wakha nomsebenzi wobusonhlalakahle, owawubheka njengendlela yokufunda kubantu bokufika nokwakha intando yeningi, hhayi njengokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni ezisiza umphakathi. Wakha iHull House eChicago, waqala inkulisa, abantu abadala abafundile, wasekela ukuhlelwa kwabasebenzi, wavula inkundla yokudlala yokuqala eChicago. UJane Addams wabhala izincwadi eziyishumi nambili namakhulu ama-athikili. Uphikisana neSivumelwano SaseVersailles esaqeda iMpi Yezwe I futhi wabikezela ukuthi sizoholela empini yaseJalimane yokuziphindiselela.

Septemba 7. Ngalolu suku ku-1910, icala leNewfoundland Fisheries lahlelwa yiNkantolo Yomthetho Wokubambisana. Leyo nkantolo, e-Hague, yanquma ukungezwani okude nokubabayo phakathi kwe-United States ne-Great Britain. Isibonelo sezizwe ezimbili ezinamandla kakhulu ezilwa nempi kanye nokulwa nempi ezithoba ekubuseni komzimba wamazwe omhlaba futhi zixazulula ngokuthula ukuphikisana kwazo zazibonwa kabanzi njengesibonelo esikhuthazayo sezwe, futhi zihlala njalo kuze kube yilolu suku, naphezu kokugqashuka kweminyaka emine kamuva kwezwe I-War I. Ngamasonto ambalwa ukuhlala, izizwe eziningana zathumela amacala okuxazulula iNkantolo Ehlala Phakade, kuhlanganise nokuphikisana phakathi kwe-United States neVenezuela. Ukuhlala kwangempela kwecala laseNewfoundland Fisheries kwanikezela i-United States neBrithani ezinye zezinto ababezifunayo. Yavumela iBrithani ukuba idale imithetho efanelekayo yokudoba emanzini aseNewfoundland, kodwa yanikeza amandla okunquma ukuthi yini eqondakalayo egunyazweni elingakhethi. Ingabe i-United States ne-Great Britain yayizoya empini ngokungabikho kwalesi sigwebo? Cishe hhayi, okungenani hhayi ngokushesha, hhayi ngaphezu kombuzo wokudoba. Kodwa uma omunye noma zombili izizwe befisa impi ngezinye izizathu, amalungelo okudoba kungenzeka asebenze njengelungelo lokubambisana. Ngaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka ngaphambili, ku-1812, izingxabano ezithile ezifanayo ziye zafakazela ukuhlasela kwe-Canada e-War of 1812. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka kamuva, ku-2015, izingxabano ngezivumelwano zokuhweba eMpumalanga Yurophu zaziholela ekukhulumeni ngempi evela ohulumeni baseRussia nase-US.

Septemba 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1920, uMohandas Gandhi wethule umkhankaso wakhe wokuqala wokungahlanganyeli. Ulandele umkhankaso wase-Irish wokubusa ekhaya kulezi-1880s ezihlanganisa isiteleka sokuqasha. Wayesefunde isiteleka esikhulu saseRussia se-1905. Uthole ukukhuthazwa emithonjeni eminingi futhi wadala iPassive Resistance Association eNdiya e-1906 ukulwa nemithetho emisha yokucwasa amaNdiya. Emuva emndenini wakhe, iNdiya ehlala eBrithani e-1920, ngalolu suku, uGandhi wathola imvume yi-Indian National Congress ngomkhankaso wokungabambisani nokungabambisani nokubusa kwaseBrithani. Lokhu kwakusho ukuphoqa izikole nezinkantolo. Kwakusho ukugqoka izingubo nokugqoka izingubo zangaphandle. Kwakusho ukuyeka emsebenzini, ukwenqaba ukusekela umsebenzi, nokungalaleli kwabantu. Umzamo uthatha iminyaka eminingi futhi uthuthuke ngezigaba, kanti uGandhi uyasikhipha lapho abantu basebenzisa ubudlova, futhi bechitha iminyaka engu-Gandhi ejele. Ukuhamba kuthuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga nokuphila. Yenza uhlelo oluhle lokudala ukwaneliseka. Yenza uhlelo lokuvimbela ukulwa nokusebenza kweBrithani. Yenza imizamo yokuhlanganisa amaSulumane namaHindu. Ukuphikisa intela yasawoti kwakuthatha uhlobo lokuhamba olwandle kanye nokukhiqiza okungekho emthethweni kasawoti, kanye nokuzama ukungena emisebenzini yasawoti ekhona, okubandakanya ababhikishi abanesibindi abaqhubekela phambili ukuze bahlaselwe ngonya. Ngokwe-1930 ukumelana kwabantu kwakukhona yonke indawo eNdiya. Ijele laba uphawu lokuhlonipha kunokuba lihlazeke. Abantu baseNdiya bashintshwa. E-1947 India inqobe ukuzimela, kodwa kuphela ngezindleko zokuhlukanisa amaHindu India avela e-Pakistan Pakistan.

Septemba 9. Kulolu suku ku-1828 uLoti Tolstoy wazalwa. Izincwadi zakhe zihlanganisa War and Peace futhi Anna Karenina. UTolstoy wabona ukungqubuzana phakathi kokubulala okuphikisayo nokwamukela impi. Wakha ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokobuKristu. Encwadini yakhe Umbuso KaNkulunkulu Uphakathi Kwenu, wabhala: “Wonke umuntu emphakathini wethu wobuKristu uyazi, kungaba ngokwesiko noma ngokwambulelwa noma ngezwi likanembeza, ukuthi ukubulala kungenye yamacala asabekayo umuntu angawenza, njengoba iVangeli lisitshela, nokuthi isono sokubulala ayinakulinganiselwa kubantu abathile, okungukuthi, ukubulala akunakuba yisono kwabanye hhayi isono kwabanye. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uma ukubulala kuyisono, kuhlala kuyisono, noma ngabe ngubani isisulu esibulewe, njengesono sokuphinga, ukweba, noma esinye isenzo. Ngasikhathi sinye kusukela ebuntwaneni babo amadoda abona ukuthi ukubulala akuvunyelwe kuphela, kepha kuvunyelwe nokubusiswa kwalabo abajwayele ukubathatha njengabaqondisi babo bakamoya abamiswe ngokwaphezulu, futhi babone abaholi babo bezwe benesiqiniseko esizolile sokuhlela ukubulala, abaziqhenyayo ukugqoka izingalo zokubulala, nokufuna abanye egameni lemithetho yezwe, ngisho nakuNkulunkulu, ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekubulaleni. Abesilisa babona ukuthi kunokungahambisani okuthile lapha, kepha bengakwazi ukukuhlaziya, ngokungacabangi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kubonakala kungahambelani kumane nje kungumphumela wokungazi kwabo. Ubukhulu nokusobala kokungahambisani nakho kuyabaqinisekisa kule nkolelo. ”

Septemba 10. Ngalolo suku ku-1785 iNkosi yasePrussia uFrederick the Great usayine isivumelwano sokuqala sokuzimela ne-United States. Isivumelwano Sama-Amity Nezentengiselwano sathembisa ukuthula kepha saphinde sabhekisa nokuthi lezi zizwe zombili kufanele zihlangane kanjani uma eyodwa noma zombili zisempini, noma ngabe zilwa zodwa, kubandakanya ukuphathwa kahle kweziboshwa kanye nezakhamizi - izindinganiso ezingavimbela iningi laleyo mpi iqukethe namuhla. “Futhi bonke abesifazane nezingane,” kufundeka kanje, “izifundiswa zawo wonke amakhono, abalimi bomhlaba, abasebenza ngobuciko, abakhiqizi nabadobi abangahlomile futhi bahlala emadolobheni angenazo izixhaxha, amadolobhana noma izindawo, nakubo bonke abanye imisebenzi yabo eyenzelwe ukuziphilisa inzuzo yesintu, izovunyelwa ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yazo, futhi ngeke ihlukunyezwe kubantu bayo, futhi izindlu zabo noma izimpahla zabo ngeke zishiswe, noma zonakaliswe ngenye indlela, noma amasimu abo achithwe yibutho lezitha, , ngemicimbi yempi, kungenzeka ukuthi iwe; kodwa uma kukhona okuthile okudingekayo ukuze kuthathwe kubo ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla anjalo ahlomile, kuzokhokhwa okufanayo ngenani elifanele. ” Lesi sivumelwano futhi sasiyisivumelwano sokuqala sokuhweba samahhala sase-US, noma amakhasi ayi-1,000 XNUMX amafushane kakhulu ukuthi angafana nesivumelwano sanamuhla sokuhweba ngokukhululekile. Kwakungabhalwanga yizinkampani noma noma ngazo. Kwakungafaki lutho ukuvikela izinkampani ezinkulu ekulweni nezincane. Ayisungulanga izinkantolo zamabhizinisi ezinamandla okuguqula imithetho kazwelonke. Kwakungafakwanga nemingcele emikhawulweni kazwelonke emisebenzini yebhizinisi.

Septemba 11. Kulolu suku ku-1900, uGandhi wethule uSatyagraha eGoli. Futhi ngalolu suku ku-1973 ama-United States asekela ukuxoshwa okwadlula uhulumeni waseChile. Futhi ngalolu suku emaphekula ase-2001 ahlaselwa e-United States esebenzisa izindiza ezithunjiwe. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokuphikisana nodlame nobuzwe nokuziphindiselela. Ngalolu suku ngo-2015, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu eChile akhombisa ngomgubho weminyaka engama-42 kwasungulwa umbuso wobushiqela u-Augusto Pinochet futhi waketula umongameli owayekhethiwe uSalvador Allende. Isixuku samasha saya emathuneni sahlonipha izisulu zikaPinochet. ULorena Pizarro, umholi wenhlangano elwela amalungelo ezihlobo, uthe “Eminyakeni engamashumi amane kuqhubeke, sisafuna iqiniso nobulungiswa. Ngeke siphumule size sithole ukuthi kwenzekani ngabathandekayo bethu ababoshwa futhi baduka bangabe besabuya. ” UPinochet wamangalelwa eSpain kodwa washona ngo-2006 engalethwanga enkantolo. UMongameli waseMelika uRichard Nixon, uNobhala Wombuso uHenry Kissinger, nabanye abathintekayo ekugumbuqeleni u-Allende nabo abakaze babhekane necala, yize uKissinger, njengoPinochet, ebekwe amacala eSpain. I-United States yanikeza ukuholwa, izikhali, okokusebenza, kanye nokuxhasa ngemali ngodlame luka-1973, lapho u-Allende azibulala khona. Intando yeningi yaseChile yacekelwa phansi, kwathi uPinochet wahlala embusweni kwaze kwaba ngo-1988. Omunye umqondo walokho okwenzeka ngoSepthemba 11, 1973, unikezwa yifilimu yango-1982 Missing ephethe uJack Lemmon noSissy Spacek. Litshela indaba yomlobi wezindaba wase-US uCharles Horman owadlula ngalolo suku.

Septemba 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1998, abakwa-Cuban Five baboshwa. UGerardo Hernández, u-Antonio Guerrero, uRamón Labañino, uFernando González noRené González babevela eCuba futhi baboshwa eMiami, eFlorida, babekwa amacala, bazama futhi batholwa benamacala enkantolo yase-United States ngecala lokwakha uzungu. Baphika ukuthi bayizinhloli kuhulumeni waseCuba, empeleni ababeyizo. Kepha akekho ophikisana nokuthi babeseMiami ngenhloso yokungena, hhayi uhulumeni wase-US, kepha amaqembu aseCuba aseMelika inhloso yawo kwakuwukwenza ubuqili nokubulala eCuba. Laba bahlanu babethunyelwe kulowo mkhankaso kulandela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu amaphekula amaningi eHavana okwakuhlelwe yilowo owayengumphathi weCIA uLuis Posada Carriles, owayehlala ngaleso sikhathi futhi iminyaka eminingi ezayo eMiami ngaphandle kokubhekana nokushushiswa. Uhulumeni waseCuba unikeze ama-FBI amakhasi angama-175 ngendima kaCarriles lapho kuqhuma amabhomu ngo-1997 eHavana, kodwa i-FBI ayizange ilwe noCarriles. Esikhundleni salokho, lisebenzise imininingwane ukuthola iCuban Five. Ngemuva kokuboshwa kwabo bachitha izinyanga eziyi-17 bodwa, futhi abameli babo benqatshelwa ukufinyelela ebufakazini bomshushisi. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu zikungabaza ukulunga kokuqulwa kwecala leCuban Five, kwathi iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yeshumi Nanye yasichitha lesi sigwebo kodwa yaphinde yababuyisela. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseMelika yenqabile ukucubungula leli cala, njengoba laba bahlanu baba yimbangela yomhlaba wonke namaqhawe esizwe eCuba. Uhulumeni wase-US ukhulule oyedwa kwabayisihlanu ngo-2011, oyedwa ngo-2013, kanti abanye abathathu ngo-2014 njengengxenye yokuvulwa kwezombusazwe ebudlelwaneni obesejwayelekile neCuba.

Septemba 13. Ngalolu suku ngo-2001, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili izindiza zishaye iWorld Trade Center nePentagon, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wakhipha umphakathi incwadi eya kwiCongress ethi "Okusemqoka kithi ukuphendula ngokushesha nangeqiniso," futhi ecela ama- $ 20 billion. Indodana kaPhyllis no-Orlando Rodriguezes uGreg wayengomunye wezisulu zeWorld Trade Center. Bashicilele lesi sitatimende: “Indodana yethu uGreg uphakathi kwabaningi abalahlekile ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa iWorld Trade Center. Kusukela saqala ukuzwa lezi zindaba, sihlanganyele izikhathi zosizi, induduzo, ithemba, ukuphelelwa yithemba, izinkumbulo ezimnandi nonkosikazi wakhe, le mindeni emibili, abangane bethu nomakhelwane, ozakwabo abathandanayo eCantor Fitzgerald / ESpeed, kanye nayo yonke imindeni edabukile ukuhlangana nsuku zonke ePierre Hotel. Sibona ukulimala nentukuthelo yethu kubonakala phakathi kwawo wonke umuntu esihlangana naye. Asikwazi ukunaka ukugeleza kwezindaba zansuku zonke ngale nhlekelele. Kepha sifunde izindaba ezanele ukuba sizwe ukuthi uhulumeni wethu uphokophele ekuziphindiseleleni ngodlame, ngethemba lokuthi amadodana, amadodakazi, abazali, abangane emazweni akude, bayafa, bahlupheka futhi baqhubeka nokusola ezinye izikhalazo ngathi. Akuyona indlela okufanele uhambe ngayo. Ngeke ukuphindisele ngokufa kwendodana yethu. Hhayi egameni lendodana yethu. Indodana yethu yafa isisulu semibono engenabuntu. Izenzo zethu akufanele zisebenze ngenhloso efanayo. Masibe lusizi. Ake sizindle futhi sithandaze. Ake sicabange ngempendulo enengqondo eletha ukuthula kwangempela nobulungiswa emhlabeni wethu. Kodwa masingangezeli njengesizwe sengeze ebunyameni bezikhathi zethu. ”

Septemba 14. Ngalolu suku ku-2013, i-United States yavuma ukuqeda izikhali zamakhemikhali zaseSyria ngokubambisana neRussia, kunokuba ivule imicibisholo eSyria. Ingcindezi yomphakathi ibibe neqhaza elikhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo. Yize lokho kuhlaselwa kwethulwe njengesinqumo sokugcina, ngokushesha nje lapho kuvinjelwe zonke izinhlobo zamathuba zamukelwa obala. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokuphikisa isimangalo esingenangqondo sokuthi izimpi azisoze zamiswa. Ngo-2015, owayengumongameli waseFinland nowathola umklomelo weNobel wokuthula uMartti Ahtisaari waveza ukuthi ngo-2012 iRussia yaphakamisa inqubo yokuxazululwa kokuthula phakathi kukahulumeni waseSyria kanye nabaphikisana nayo okwakungafaka uMengameli uBashar al-Assad esikhundleni. Kepha, ngokusho kuka-Ahtisaari, i-United States ibinesiqiniseko sokuthi u-Assad uzoketulwa ngodlame kungekudala aze asenqabe leso siphakamiso. Lokho kwakungaphambi kokuba kwenziwe sengathi kwakuphuthuma ukwenza imicibisholo ngo-2013. Ngenkathi uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States uJohn Kerry ephakamisa esidlangalaleni ukuthi iSyria ingayivikela impi ngokunikela ngezikhali zayo zamakhemikhali futhi iRussia yabiza i-bluff yakhe, abasebenzi bakhe bachaza ukuthi wayengaqondile. Ngosuku olulandelayo, iCongress lapho yenqaba impi, uKerry wayesho ukuthi usho amazwi akhe ngokungathi sína futhi ukholelwa ukuthi le nqubo yayinethuba elihle lokuphumelela, njengoba kunjalo. Ngokudabukisayo, akukho mzamo omusha owenziwe wokuthula ngaphandle kokususwa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali, futhi i-United States yaqhubeka yangena empini ngezikhali, amakamu okuqeqesha kanye nama-drones. Akukho nokukodwa kwalokho okufanele kusithe iqiniso lokuthi ukuthula kungenzeka.

Septemba 15. Kulolu suku ku-2001, iCongresswoman Barbara Lee yenza ukuvota kuphela ngokumelene nokunikeza abaengameli base-US ithuba lokuqeda izimpi ezizofakazela izinhlekelele ezinjalo eminyakeni ezayo. Ngokwengxenye uthe, “Ngivuka namuhla ngenhliziyo ebuhlungu kakhulu, egcwele usizi emindenini nakubathandekayo ababulewe nabalimala kuleli sonto. Yiziphukuphuku kuphela nabangenangqondo kakhulu abangaqonda usizi oluye lwabamba abantu bethu nezigidi emhlabeni jikelele. . . . Ukwesaba kwethu okujulile manje kuyasikhathaza. Kodwa-ke, ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi isenzo samasosha ngeke sivimbele ezinye izenzo zobuphekula zamazwe omhlaba ezibhekiswe e-United States. Lolu daba luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi luyinkimbinkimbi. Manje lesi sinqumo sizodlula, yize sonke sazi ukuthi uMongameli angalwa impi noma ingekho. Noma kunzima kangakanani lokhu kuvota, abanye bethu kumele bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kokuzibamba. Izwe lethu lisesimweni sokulila. Abanye bethu kumele bathi, ake sibuyele emuva okwesikhashana. Ake sime kancane, umzuzu nje bese sicabanga ngemiphumela yezenzo zethu namhlanje, ukuze lokhu kungaphumi ekulawuleni. Manje sengikhathazekile ngaleli voti. Kepha ngifinyelele kuso namuhla, futhi ngafinyelela ekuphikisweni kwalesi sinqumo phakathi nenkonzo yesikhumbuzo ebuhlungu kakhulu, nokho enhle kakhulu. Njengelungu labefundisi lisho kahle kangaka, "Njengoba senza, masingabi ngababi esibadelelayo."

Septemba 16. Kusukela ngalolu suku ku-1982 ibutho lobuKristu laseBabana elibizwa ngokuthi amaPhalangists, laqondiswa futhi lisizwa amasosha ase-Israel, labulala abanye abangu-2,000 ababaleki abangamaPalestina abangenalutho emapalestina eSabra kanye nasenkampanini yezokubalekela eShatila eBeirut, eLebhanon. Amasosha akwa-Israyeli azungeze le ndawo, athumela amasosha asePalangist, axhumana nawo nge-walkie-talkie futhi aqondisa ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Ikhomishini yophenyo yakwa-Israyeli kamuva ithole lowo obizwa ngoNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela u-Ariel Sharon ukuthi kube nguye obhekene ngqo naye. Waphoqwa ukuba ehle esikhundleni, kodwa akazange ashushiswe nganoma yiliphi icala. Eqinisweni, wavuselela umsebenzi wakhe waba undunankulu. Icala lokuqala elifana naleli likaSharon lafika ngesikhathi esemncane ngo-1953 futhi wabhidliza izindlu eziningi esigodini saseJordanian iQibya, lapho ayebhekene khona nesibhicongo sezakhamizi ezingama-69. Wabiza umlando wakhe Isiqhawe. Ngesikhathi efa e-2014 wayenqwaba futhi ehlonishwa ngendlela abezindaba ngayo njengendoda yokuthula. U-Ellen Siegel, ongumhlengikazi ongumJuda waseMelika, walandisa ngesibhicongo, lapho abona khona ugandaganda wakwa-Israyeli emba ithuna elinabantu abaningi: “Basiklelisa ngasodongeni olwalugcwele izinhlamvu, base belungisa izibhamu zabo. Futhi besicabanga ukuthi lokhu yi — ngisho ukuthi, bekuyiqembu labadubuli. Ngokungazelelwe, isosha lakwa-Israyeli liza ligijima ngomgwaqo liyimise. Ngicabanga ukuthi umqondo wokudubula abasebenzi bezempilo bakwamanye amazwe wawuyinto eyayingakhangi kakhulu kwabakwa-Israyeli. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi bakubonile futhi bakuyeke kukhombisa ukuthi bekunakho - kube nokuxhumana okuthile. ”

Septemba 17. Lona yiSuku loMthethosisekelo. Kulolu suku ku-1787 uMthethosisekelo wase-US wathathwa futhi wawungakaqedwa. Lokho kwakuzofika. Amandla amaningi anikezwe iCongress, kufaka phakathi amandla okwenza impi, manje asethathwe ngabongameli. Umbhali oyinhloko woMthethosisekelo uJames Madison uphawule ukuthi “ayikho ingxenye yomthethosisekelo enokutholakala kokuhlakanipha, kunasesigatshaneni esigcina ngendaba yempi noma ukuthula kusishayamthetho, hhayi kumnyango ophethe. Ngaphandle kokuphikisana naleyo nhlanganisela yamandla ahlukahlukene, ukwethenjwa nesilingo kungaba kukhulu kakhulu kunoma imuphi umuntu oyedwa; hhayi njengemvelo enganikela njengeprodigy yamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kepha njengokulindelekile ekulandeleni okujwayelekile kobunhloli. Impi empeleni ingumhlengikazi weqiniso wokukhulisa okuphezulu. Empini, kuzokwakhiwa amandla omzimba; futhi kuyintando enkulu, okumele uyiqondise. Empini, ingcebo yomphakathi kufanele ivulwe; futhi yisandla esiphezulu okufanele sibanikeze. Empini, ukuhlonishwa nokuqokwa kwamahhovisi kufanele kwandiswe; futhi kungukulawulwa okuphezulu okufanele kujatshulelwe ngaphansi kwako. Kusempini, ekugcineni, ukuthi ama-laurels kufanele aqoqwe, futhi yisikhulu esiphezulu okufanele basizungeze. Izinkanuko eziqine nobuthakathaka obuyingozi kakhulu besifuba somuntu; isifiso sokuvelela, isifiso sobubi, ize, uthando oluhloniphekile noma oludumile, konke lokhu kwakha uzungu ngokumelene nesifiso nomsebenzi wokuthula. ”

Septemba 18. Kulolu suku ku-1924 Mohandas Gandhi waqala ukushaywa kwe-21 ngosuku endlini yamaSulumane, ngokubumbana kwamaSulumane namaHindu. Izidubedube zazenzeka esifundazweni saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrontier eNdiya okwakuthi kamuva kube yiPakistan. AmaHindu namaSikh angaphezu kuka-150 ayebulewe, futhi bonke labo bantu babaleka ukuze basindise impilo yabo. UGandhi uthathe isivinini sezinsuku ezingama-21. Kwakungokunye kokuzila ukudla okungaba ngu-17 okungenani ayezokwenza, kufaka phakathi okubili ngo-1947 nango-1948 ngenhloso efanayo, engakagcwaliseki, yobumbano lwamaSulumane namaHindu. Okunye ukuzila ukudla kukaGandhi kuthole imiphumela ebalulekile, njengoba kunjalo nangokunye ukuzila okuningi ngaphambi nangaphambi kwalokho. UGandhi ubuye wabacabanga njengohlobo lokuqeqeshwa. Uthe: “Ayikho into enamandla njengokuzila ukudla nokukhuleka, okungasinika isiyalo esidingekayo, umoya wokuzidela, ukuthobeka nokuzimisela ngentando yakho okungenakuba nenqubekela phambili yangempela.” UGandhi uphinde wathi, "I-hartal," okusho isiteleka noma ukumiswa komsebenzi, "okwenziwe ngokuzithandela futhi ngaphandle kwengcindezi kuyindlela enamandla yokubonisa ukungathandwa okuthandwayo, kepha ukuzila ukudla kakhulu. Lapho abantu bezila ngomoya wenkolo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakhombise usizi lwabo phambi kukaNkulunkulu, luthola impendulo ethile. Izinhliziyo ezilukhuni zihlatshwa umxhwele yiyo. Ukuzila ukudla kuthathwa yizo zonke izinkolo njengesiyalo esikhulu. Labo abazila ngokuzithandela baba mnene futhi bahlanzwe yiyo. Ukuzila okumsulwa ngumkhuleko onamandla kakhulu. Akuyona into encane kubantu abangama-lakhs, ”okusho amakhulu ezinkulungwane,“ ngokuzithandela ukuthi badle ukudla futhi ukuzila okunjalo kungukuzila kukaSatyagrahi. Ithuthukisa abantu ngabanye nezizwe. ”

Septemba 19. Ngalolo suku abaholi be-2013 be-WOZA, okumele abesifazane baseZimbabwe Arise, baboshwe eHarare, Zimbabwe, ngesikhathi begubha iSuku Lokuthula Lwamanye amazwe. I-WOZA yinhlangano yomphakathi eZimbabwe eyakhiwa ngo-2003 Jenni Williams ukukhuthaza abesifazane ukuthi balwele amalungelo abo lenkululeko. Ngo-2006, iWOZA yathatha isinqumo sokusungula iMOZA noma iMen of Zimbabwe Arise, okuyilapho kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yahlela abesilisa ukuba basebenze ngokungenabudlova belwela amalungelo abantu. Amalungu e-WOZA aboshwe kaningi ngokukhombisa ngokuthula, kubandakanya nemibhikisho yaminyaka yonke yoSuku Lwezithandani eqhubekisela phambili amandla othando njengothandwa ngamandla. Abantu baseZimbabwe babambe iqhaza okhethweni lobumengameli nolwePhalamende ngoJulayi 2013. I-Amnesty International yabona amazinga aphezulu engcindezelo ngaphambi kokhetho. URobert Mugabe, obelokhu enqoba ukhetho olusabekayo kusukela ngo-1980, uphinde waqokwa njengoMengameli isikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu, futhi iqembu lakhe laphinde lawathola amandla amaningi ePhalamende. Ngo-2012 nango-2013, cishe zonke izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibalulekile eZimbabwe, kubandakanya iWOZA, zahlaselwa ngamahhovisi abo, noma ubuholi baboshwa, noma bobabili. Ukucabanga kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kungahle kweluleke i-WOZA ukuba isebenzise ubudlova. Kepha ucwaningo luthole ukuthi, eqinisweni, imikhankaso engenabudlova yokulwa nohulumeni ononya isethubeni eliphindwe kabili lokuphumelela, futhi leyo mpumelelo ivame ukuhlala isikhathi eside. Uma ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga bengavala amakhala abo, futhi bangasebenzisi izishoshovu ezinesibindi njengamathuluzi okufaka umongameli onobungane bePentagon, futhi uma abantu abanenhliziyo enhle emhlabeni wonke bengasekela iWOZA neMOZA, iZimbabwe ingaba nekusasa eliqhakazile.

Septemba 20. Ngalolu suku ku-1838, inhlangano yokuqala yomhlaba engenabudlova, iNew England Non-Resistance Society, yasungulwa eBoston, eMassachusetts. Umsebenzi wawo uzothonya uThoreau, Tolstoy, noGandhi. Ngokwengxenye yakhiwa ama-radicals acasulwa amahloni e-American Peace Society enqaba ukuphikisa lonke udlame. Umthethosisekelo weqembu elisha iDeclaration of Sentiments, owabhalwa ngokuyinhloko nguWilliam Lloyd Garrison, wathi, ngokwengxenye: “Asikwazi ukwamukela ukuthembeka kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni wabantu… Izwe lethu ngumhlaba, abantu bakithi bayisintu sonke… Sibhalisa ubufakazi bethu, hhayi kuphela ngokumelene nayo yonke impi - noma ngabe iyacasula noma iyazivikela, kepha wonke amalungiselelo empi, ngokumelene nayo yonke imikhumbi yasolwandle, zonke izikhali, zonke izivikelo; ngokumelene nesistimu yamasosha nebutho elimi; ngokumelene nazo zonke izinduna zamasosha namasosha; ngokumelene nazo zonke izikhumbuzo zokukhumbula ukunqoba isitha sangaphandle, zonke izindebe ezinqotshwe empini, yonke imikhosi yokuhlonipha ukuhlasela kwempi noma kwemikhumbi; ngokumelene nayo yonke imali eyabelwe ukuvikela isizwe ngamandla nangengalo engxenyeni ethile yomthetho; ngokumelene nayo yonke imiyalo kahulumeni edinga ukuba izikhonzi zakhe ziye empini. Ngakho-ke, sikubona kungavumelekile ukuphatha izikhali noma ukuphatha ihhovisi lezempi… ”INhlangano eNgilani Engavumelani Nemikhankaso i-New England ikhankasele ukuletha ushintsho, okubandakanya abesifazane kanye nokuqeda ubugqila. Amalungu aphazamise imihlangano yesonto ekhombisa ukungasebenzi ngokugqilazwa. Amalungu kanye nabaholi bawo babevame ukubhekana nodlame lwezixuku ezazithukuthele, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi benqaba ukubuyisa ukulimala. INhlangano yathi kulokhu kungavumeli iqiniso ukuthi akekho noyedwa kumalungu ayo owake wabulawa.

Septemba 21. Lona yiLusuku Lwezokuthula Lwamanye amazwe. Futhi ngalolu suku ngonyaka we-1943, iSenethi yaseMelika yadlula ngamavoti angama-73 kuya kwayi-1 iFulbright Resolution izwakalisa ukuzibophezela enhlanganweni yamazwe omhlaba yangemva kwempi. INhlangano Yezizwe eyaphumela, kanye nezinye izikhungo zamazwe omhlaba ezaqedwa ngasekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, yayinerekhodi elixubile mayelana nokuthuthuka kokuthula. Futhi ngalolu suku ngonyaka we-1963 iWar Resists League yahlela umbhikisho wokuqala wase-US wokulwa nempi yaseVietnam. Inhlangano eyakhula ukusuka lapho yagcina ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuqedeni leya mpi nasekuguquleni umphakathi wase-US empini kangangokuba Izikhulu Zempi eWashington zaqala ukubhekisa ekumeni komphakathi empini njengesifo, iVietnam Syndrome. Futhi ngalolu suku ngo-1976 i-Orlando Letelier, umphikisi ophambili wababusi bomashiqela waseChile, uGen Augusto Pinochet, wabulawa, ngomyalo kaPinochet, kanye nomsizi wakhe waseMelika, uRonni Moffitt, ngebhomu lezimoto eWashington, DC - umsebenzi owake wenziwa. I-CIA iyasebenza. I-International Day of Peace yaqala ukugujwa ngo-1982, futhi yamukelwa yizizwe nezinhlangano eziningi ezinemicimbi emhlabeni wonke njalo ngoSepthemba 21, kufaka phakathi ikhefu losuku ezimpini eziveza ukuthi bekungaba lula kanjani ukuba unyaka wonke noma unomphela Ukuhamba kancane ezimpini. Ngalolu suku, iZizwe Ezihlangene Ukuthula kwe-Bell i-rung at Indlunkulu ye-UN in New York City. Lolu usuku oluhle okufanele lusebenzele ukuthula okuphakade nokukhumbula izisulu zempi.

Septemba 22. Ngalolu suku ku-1961 uMthetho woxolo we-Peace Corps wasayinwa nguMengameli uJohn Kennedy ngemuva kokudluliswa yiCongress ngosuku olwedlule. I-Peace Corps esungulwe ngaleyo ndlela ichazwa kuleso senzo njengokusebenza “ukuthuthukisa ukuthula nobungani emhlabeni nge-Peace Corps, ezonikeza amazwe anentshisekelo nezindawo abesilisa nabesifazane base-United States abafanelekela ukusebenzela phesheya futhi abazimisele ukukhonza, ngaphansi izimo zobunzima uma kudingeka, ukusiza abantu bamazwe anjalo nezindawo ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zabo zabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. ” Phakathi kuka-1961 no-2015, cishe abantu baseMelika abangama-220,000 bajoyine i-Peace Corps futhi basebenze emazweni ayi-140. Imvamisa, abasebenzi be-Peace Corps basiza ngezidingo zezomnotho noma ezemvelo noma zemfundo, hhayi ngezingxoxo zokuthula noma ngokusebenza njengezihlangu zabantu. Kepha futhi aziyona ingxenye yezinhlelo zempi noma zokugumbuqelwa kukahulumeni njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka nge-CIA, USAID, NED, noma abasebenzi base-US abasebenzela ezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezinamagama aphesheya. Yeka ukuthi kunzima kangakanani, nokuthi kuhlonipheke kanjani, nokuthi izisebenzi zokuzithandela ze-Peace Corps zisebenza ngokuhlakanipha kangakanani ziyahlukahluka kumavolontiya. Okungenani bakhombisa umhlaba izakhamizi zase-US ezingenazo izikhali futhi nabo ngokwabo bathola umbono wengxenye yezwe langaphandle - ulwazi olukhanyisayo okungenzeka ukuthi lubangela ukuba khona kwama-veteran amaningi e-Peace Corps phakathi kwezishoshovu zokuthula. Imiqondo yokuvakasha kokuthula kanye nokuxhumana kwezakhamizi njengezindlela zokunciphisa ubungozi bezimpi kuthathwe yizinhlelo zezifundo zokuthula kanye nezinhlangano eziningi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ezixhasa ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, kungaba ngokoqobo noma nge-computer.

Septemba 23. Kulolu suku ku-1973 i-United Farm Workers yamukela uMthethosisekelo kuhlanganise nokuzibophezela ekungabikho kobudlova. Izihambeli ezingaba ngu-350 bezihlangene eFresno, eCalifornia, zizokwamukela uMthethosisekelo futhi zikhethe ibhodi nezikhulu zale nyunyana esanda kuqashwa. Lo mcimbi bekungumgubho wokunqoba izingqinamba ezinkulu, nodlame oluningi, ukwakha le nyunyana yabasebenzi basemapulazini ababejwayele ukuthola amaholo aphansi nokusatshiswa. Babebhekene nokuboshwa, ukushaywa nokubulawa, kanye nokunganakwa kukahulumeni nobutha, kanye nokuncintisana okuvela enhlanganweni enkulu. UCesar Chavez wayeqale ukuhlela iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambili. Wasandisa isiqubulo esithi “Yebo singakwazi!” noma “Si 'se puede!” Ugqugquzele abantu abasha ukuthi babe ngabahleli, iningi labo namanje. Bona noma abafundi babo bahlela imikhankaso eminingi yobulungiswa bezenhlalo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. I-UFW yathuthukisa kakhulu izimo zokusebenza zabasebenzi basepulazini eCalifornia nasezweni lonke, futhi yaphayona amasu amaningi asetshenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu kusukela lapho, kubandakanya kakhulu ukuduba. Uhhafu wabantu base-United States bayeka ukudla amagilebhisi kuze kube abantu abavuna amagilebhisi bavunyelwe ukwakha inyunyana. I-UFW yathuthukisa inqubo yokukhomba inkampani noma usopolitiki ovela ezinhlangothini eziningi ngasikhathi sinye. Abasebenzi basepulazini basebenzise ukuzila ukudla, amabhodi okukhangisa abantu, inkundla yaseshashalazini, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, ukwakha umfelandawonye, ​​kanye nokufinyelela kubantu ngokuvota. I-UFW yaqasha abazongenela ukhetho, yabakhetha, base behlala ngaphakathi emahhovisi abo baze bagcine izibopho zabo - indlela ehluke kakhulu ekuzenzeni umlandeli walowo ozongenela ukhetho.

Septemba 24. Ngalolu suku ku-1963 i-Senate yase-US yavuma isivumelwano se-Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, esaziwa nangokuthi i-Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ngoba ivinjelwe ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ngaphezu komhlaba noma ngaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa hhayi ngaphansi komhlaba. Lesi sivumelwano sasihlose futhi sanciphisa ukuwa kwenuzi emkhathini womhlaba, owawakhiwa ngokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ikakhulukazi yi-United States, iSoviet Union, neChina. I-United States yayenze iziqhingi eziningi eMarshall Islands zingahlali muntu futhi zabangela amazinga aphezulu omdlavuza nezinkinga zokuzalwa phakathi kwabahlali. Lesi sivumelwano saqinisekiswa ekwindla lika-1963 futhi yiSoviet Union kanye ne-United Kingdom. ISoviet Union yaphakamisa ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kuhlangene nokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi nezingezona ezenuzi. Ithole isivumelwano sababili ngokuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kukodwa. I-US ne-UK babefuna ukuhlolwa esizeni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlolwa komhlaba, kepha abaseSoviet abakwenzanga lokho. Ngakho-ke, isivumelwano sashiya ukuhlolwa komhlaba ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa. NgoJuni uMongameli uJohn Kennedy, ekhuluma e-American University, wayememezele ukuthi i-United States izomisa ngokushesha izivivinyo zenuzi emkhathini inqobo nje uma abanye benza, ngenkathi benza isivumelwano. “Ukuphela kwesivumelwano esinjalo, esiseduze futhi kuze kube manje,” kusho izinyanga zikaKennedy ngaphambi kwesiphetho saso, “bekuzobheka umncintiswano wezikhali okhulayo kwenye yezindawo zawo eziyingozi kakhulu. Kungabeka amandla enuzi esimweni sokubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nenye yezingozi ezinkulu umuntu abhekene nazo ngo-1963, ukusabalala kwezikhali zenuzi. ”

Septemba 25. Kulolu suku kumengameli we-1959 wase-US uDwight Eisenhower kanye nomholi weSoviet uNicita Khrushchev. Lokhu kuthathwe njengokufudumala okuphawulekayo kobudlelwano beMpi Yomshoshaphansi futhi kwadala umoya wethemba nesasasa ngekusasa ngaphandle kwempi yenuzi. Ngaphambi kokuhambela izinsuku ezimbili no-Eisenhower eCamp David nasepulazini lika-Eisenhower eGettysburg, uKrushchev nomndeni wakhe bahambela i-United States. Bavakashele eNew York, eLos Angeles, eSan Francisco naseDes Moines. E-LA, uKrushchev wadumala kakhulu lapho amaphoyisa emtshela ukuthi ngeke kuphephe ukuthi avakashele iDisneyland. UKrushchev, owaphila kusuka ku-1894 kuya ku-1971, wangena embusweni ngemuva kokushona kukaJosef Stalin ngo-1953. Walahla lokho akubiza ngokuthi “ukweqisa” kukaStalinism futhi wathi ufuna “ukuhlalisana ngokuthula” ne-United States. U-Eisenhower uthi ufuna into efanayo. Bobabili laba baholi bathe lo mhlangano ubuzuzisa kakhulu futhi bakholelwa ekutheni "umbuzo wokunqandwa kwezikhali jikelele ubaluleke kakhulu obhekene nomhlaba namuhla." UKrushchev waqinisekisa ozakwabo ukuthi angasebenza no-Eisenhower, futhi wammema ukuba avakashele eSoviet Union ngo-1960. Kepha ngoMeyi, iSoviet Union yadubula indiza yezinhloli i-U-2, kanti u-Eisenhower waqamba amanga ngayo, engazi ukuthi abaseSoviet base beyithathile umshayeli wendiza. Impi Yomshoshaphansi yabuyela emuva. Umqhubi we-radar wase-US we-U-2 oyimfihlo kakhulu wayehlubuke ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambili futhi kubikwa ukuthi watshela abaseRussia konke akwaziyo, kepha wamukelwa nguhulumeni wase-US. Igama lakhe kwakunguLee Harvey Oswald. Inkinga Yemicibisholo yaseCuba ibisazofika.

Septemba 26. Lona yi-UN International Day for Total Ukuqothula Wezikhali Wezikhali. Futhi ngalolu suku ku-1924 i-League of Nations yaqala ukugunyaza iSimemezelo Samalungelo Ezingane, kamuva yaba yi-Convention on the Rights of the Child. I-United States ingumphikisi ohamba phambili emhlabeni wokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi iyona kuphela ebambe iqhaza kwiNgqungquthela Yamalungelo Engane emhlabeni, izizwe eziyi-196 eziyingxenye yayo. Vele, amanye amaqembu alesi sivumelwano ayasephula, kepha i-United States izimisele kakhulu ngezindlela zokuziphatha ezingazephula, kangangokuba iSenate yase-US iyenqaba ukusiqinisekisa. Izaba ezivamile zalokhu ukudweba okuthile ngamalungelo abazali noma omndeni. Kodwa e-United States, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 zingagqunywa ejele impilo yonke ngaphandle koshwele. Imithetho yase-US ivumela izingane ezineminyaka eyi-12 ukuthi zisebenze kwezolimo amahora amaningi ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingozi. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamazwe ase-US ivumela ukujeziswa kwezikole ezikoleni. Amasosha aseMelika aqasha obala izingane ezinhlelweni zangaphambi kwezempi. Umongameli wase-US ubulale izingane ngeziteleka ze-drone futhi wahlola amagama abo ohlwini lwabazobulawa. Zonke lezi zinqubomgomo, ezinye zazo ezasekelwa izimboni ezinenzuzo enkulu, zazizokwephula iSivumelwano Samalungelo Ezingane i-United States eyayingayijoyina. Ukube izingane bezinamalungelo, bebezoba namalungelo ezikole ezihloniphekile, ukuvikelwa ezibhamu, kanye nemvelo enempilo nezinzile. Lokho kungaba yizinto ezingasile iSenate yaseMelika ukuthi izibophezele kuzo.

Septemba 27. Kulolu suku ku-1923, ekunqobeni ukuthula kwe-League of Nations, e-Italy kwaphuma eCorfu. Ukunqoba kuthathwe njengokuyingxenye eyodwa. I-League of Nations, eyayikhona kusuka ngo-1920 kuya ku-1946, futhi i-United States enqaba ukuyijoyina, yayisencane futhi yayihlolwa. ICorfu iyisiqhingi saseGrisi, futhi impikiswano lapho yakhula ngokunye ukunqoba okuyingxenye. Ikhomishini yeNhlangano Yezizwe eholwa ngumNtaliyane okuthiwa u-Enrico Tellini yaxazulula ingxabano yomngcele phakathi kweGrisi ne-Albania ngendlela eyehluleka ukwanelisa amaGrikhi. UTellini, abasizi ababili, notolika babulawa, i-Italy yasola iGrisi. I-Italy yahlasela ngebhomu yahlasela iCorfu, yabulala ababaleki abangamashumi amabili kule nqubo. I-Italy, iGrisi, i-Albania, iSerbia neTurkey zaqala ukulungiselela impi. IGrisi yanxusa iNhlangano Yezizwe, kodwa i-Italy yenqaba ukusebenzisana futhi yasongela ngokuhoxa kuleNhlangano. IFrance ithande ukuthi i-League ingangeni kuyo, ngoba iFrance ihlasele ingxenye yeGerman futhi ibingafuni sibonelo. INgqungquthela Yamanxusa Yeligi yamemezela imigomo yokuxazulula le mpikiswano eyayivuna kakhulu i-Italy, kufaka phakathi inkokhelo enkulu yemali eyayivela eGrisi iye e-Italy. Lezi zinhlangothi zombili zavumelana, i-Italy yahoxa eCorfu. Njengoba impi ebanzi ingazange igqashuke, lokhu kube yimpumelelo. Njengoba isizwe esinolaka kakhulu sathola indlela yaso, lokhu kwaba ukwehluleka. Abekho abantu abasebenza ngokuthula abathunyelwe, akukho unswinyo, ukushushiswa ezinkantolo, akukho ukulahlwa kwamazwe omhlaba noma ukuduba, akukho zingxoxo zamaqembu amaningi. Izixazululo eziningi bezingakabikho okwamanje, kepha kuthathwe isinyathelo.

Septemba 28. Lolu wusuku lomkhosi lukaSt Augustine, isikhathi esihle sokubheka ukuthi yini engalungile ngombono “wempi elungile.” U-Augustine, owazalwa ngonyaka ka-354, wazama ukuhlanganisa inkolo ephikisana nokubulala nodlame ngokubulala kwabantu abaningi kanye nodlame olwedlulele, ngaleyo ndlela wethula umkhakha wempi nje wobuchwepheshe, osathengisa izincwadi nanamuhla. Impi elungile kufanele ukuthi ivikele noma isekele abantu noma okungenani ibuyisele, futhi ukuhlupheka okuthiwa kumisiwe noma kuphindiselwe kufanele kube kukhulu kunokuhlupheka okuzobangelwa yimpi. Eqinisweni, impi ibangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu kunanoma yini enye. Impi elungile kufanele ibikezelwe futhi ibe namathuba aphezulu empumelelo. Eqinisweni, ukuphela kwento okulula ukuyibikezela ukwehluleka. Kufanele kube yisinqumo sokugcina ngemuva kokuthi zonke izindlela ezinokuthula zehlulekile. Empeleni kuhlale kunezinye izindlela ezinokuthula zokuhlasela amazwe angaphandle, njenge-Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, njalonjalo. Ngesikhathi sempi ebizwa nje ngokuthi yimpi kuphela, kulindeleke ukuthi kubhekiswe kulwiwa kuphela. Eqinisweni, iningi lezisulu ezimpini kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II bekuyizakhamizi. Ukubulawa kwezakhamizi kufanele “kulinganiswe” nenani lamasosha ekuhlaselweni, kepha lokho akuyona indinganiso yobuciko noma ngubani angabanjelwa kuyo. Ngo-2014, iqembu i-Pax Christi lathi: “IZIMPAHLA ZOKUQHUBEKA, UKUQEQESHA, UBUGQILA, UKUHLUPHEKA, ISIJEZISO SENHLOKO, IMPI: Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, abaholi beSonto kanye nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo bavuna ukuthi lobu bubi buhambisana nentando kaNkulunkulu. Munye kuphela wabo ogcina leso sikhundla ekufundiseni okusemthethweni kweSonto namuhla. ”

Septemba 29. Kulolu suku ku-1795, u-Immanuel Kant washicilelwa Ukuthula Okuphakade: Umdwebo Wefilosofi. Isazi sefilosofi sabala izinto ezazikholelwa ukuthi zizodingeka ukuze kube nokuthula emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi: "Asikho isivumelwano sokuthula esizobanjwa sisebenza lapho kunendaba ebekelwe impi yangomuso," futhi "Azikho izifundazwe ezizimele, ezinkulu noma ezincane, ezizofika ngaphansi kokubuswa elinye izwe ngefa, ukushintshaniswa, ukuthenga, noma ukunikelwa, ”kanye nokuthi“ Asikho isimo, ngesikhathi sempi, esivumela lezo zenzo zobutha ezingenza ukuthembana kokuthula okulandelayo kungenzeki: njengokuqashwa kwababulali , ... nokugqugquzela ukuvukelwa kombuso ezweni eliphikisayo. ” UKant uphinde wafaka nokuvinjelwa kwezikweletu zikazwelonke. Ezinye izinto ezazisohlwini lwezinyathelo zakhe zokuqeda impi zavele zathi, “Ngeke isaba khona impi,” enjengale: “Akukho umbuso oyophazamisa uMthethosisekelo noma uhulumeni welinye izwe,” noma lona okufika enhliziyweni yakho: "Amabutho amile ngokukhishwa kwesikhathi azoqedwa." UKant uvule ingxoxo ebidingeka kakhulu kepha kungenzeka wenze okubi kakhulu kunokuhle, njengoba ememezele ukuthi isimo semvelo samadoda (noma ngabe kusho ukuthini) yimpi, ukuthi ukuthula kuyinto ethembele ekuthuleni kwabanye (ngakho-ke ungakuqedi amabutho akho ngokushesha okukhulu). Uphinde wathi ohulumeni abamele uhulumeni bazoletha ukuthula, kubandakanya nalabo “abangenamandla” abangewona amaYurophu ayebacabanga njengasempini.

Septemba 30. Ngalolu suku ku-1946, izilingo zase-Nuremberg eziholwa e-US zathola ama-22 amaJalimane enecala, ikakhulukazi, ubugebengu obuse-United States futhi buzoqhubeka buzibandakanya. Ukuvinjelwa kwempi eKellogg-Briand Pact kwaguqulwa kwaba ukuvinjelwa kwempi enolaka, kwathi abanqobi bathatha isinqumo sokuthi yibo kuphela abalahlekile ababenolaka. Izimpi eziningi ezinolaka zase-US selokhu azibonanga kushushiswa. Khonamanjalo, umbutho wezempi wase-US waqasha ososayensi nodokotela ababengamaNazi abangamakhulu ayishumi nesithupha, kubandakanya nababambisene kakhulu no-Adolf Hitler, amadoda abhekene nokubulala, ubugqila nokuzama kwabantu, kubandakanya nabesilisa ababoshelwe amacala ezimpi. Amanye amaNazi azama eNuremberg abesevele esebenzela i-US noma eJalimane noma e-US ngaphambi kwezilingo. Abanye bavikelekile esikhathini esedlule nguhulumeni wase-US iminyaka, njengoba babehlala futhi besebenza eBoston Harbor, eLong Island, eMaryland, e-Ohio, eTexas, e-Alabama, nakwezinye izindawo, noma bahanjiswa nguhulumeni wase-US baya e-Argentina ukuze babavikele ekushushisweni . Ababeyizimpimpi zamaNazi, iningi labo okwakungama-SS, baqashwa yi-US ngemuva kwempi yaseJalimane ukuba bayohlola - futhi bahlukumeze - abaseSoviet. Owayengososayensi bamarokhethi amaNazi baqala ukwakha umcibisholo we-intercontinental ballistic. Onjiniyela bangaphambilini bamaNazi ababedalele indlu kaHitler, bakha izinqaba ezingaphansi komhlaba zikahulumeni wase-US eCatoctin naseBlue Ridge Mountains. AmaNazi angaphambilini asungula izinhlelo zezikhali zamakhemikhali nezemvelo zaseMelika, futhi abekwa ukuba aphathe inkampani entsha ebizwa ngeNASA. Ababengabaqambimanga bamaNazi babhala izifinyezo zezobunhloli ngokuqamba amanga ngesongo seSoviet - ukuzithethelela ngabo bonke lobu bubi.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

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Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.