June

June 1
June 2
June 3
June 4
June 5
June 6
June 7
June 8
June 9
June 10
June 11
June 12
June 13
June 14
June 15
June 16
June 17
June 18
June 19
June 20
June 21
June 22
June 23
June 24
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 28
June 29
June 30

June 1. Kulolu suku ku-1990, US UMongameli uGeorge Bush nomholi weSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev basayine isivumelwano semlando sokuqeda ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali bese baqala ukubhujiswa kokubili izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zomhlaba. Lesi sivumelwano sasifuna ukuthi ekugcineni kwehliswe amaphesenti angama-80 ezindawo zokugcina izikhali zamazwe amabili, inqubo eyaqala ngonyaka we-1992 ngaphansi kokuqapha okwenziwa ngabahloli ababethunyelwe yizwe ngalinye. Ngawo-1990, izizwe eziningi zase zinobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukwakha izikhali zamakhemikhali, kanti i-Iraq, eyodwa, yayisivele izisebenzisile empini yayo ne-Iran. Ngenxa yalokho, enye inhloso yesivumelwano sikaBush / Gorbachev kwakungukudala isimo sezulu esisha samazwe omhlaba esizodikibalisa amazwe amancane ekubekeni izikhali zamakhemikhali ezizosetshenziswa empini. Leyo nhloso yaphumelela. Ngo-1993, amazwe angaphezu kuka-150 asayina isivumelwano seChemical Weapons Convention, isivumelwano esivimbela izikhali zamakhemikhali emhlabeni wonke esagunyazwa iSenate Yase-United States ngo-1997. Ngawo lowo nyaka, inhlangano yohulumeni eyayizinze e-The Hague, eNetherlands, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Organisation for i-Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, yasungulwa ukwengamela ukuqaliswa kokuvinjelwa kwezikhali. Imisebenzi yayo yayihlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza izikhali zamakhemikhali nezindawo zokubhujiswa, kanye nokuphenywa kwamacala lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona izikhali zamakhemikhali. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2015, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 wezikhali zamakhemikhali emhlabeni abhujisiwe. Lokhu kusho impumelelo yomlando, ephakamisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezifanayo zokuvinjelwa nokubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke, nokugcina ngokukhishwa kwezikhali emhlabeni wonke nokuqedwa kwempi, azikho ngaphezu kokufisa komuntu nokuzimisela kwezepolitiki.

Juni 2. Ngalolo suku ku-1939 umkhumbi waseJalimane ogcwele ababaleki abangamaJuda abadabukile behamba eduze ngokwanele ukubona izibani zaseMiami, Florida, kodwa waphenduka, njengoba uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt evimbe yonke imizamo eCongress ukuvuma ababaleki bamaJuda. Lusuku olungcono okumele lukhunjulwe ukuthi izizathu zokulungiswa kwezimpi ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganiswa kuphela emva kokuba izimpi seziphelile. Ngo-May 13, i-1939, ababaleki abangamaJuda abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye ababegibele i-SS St. Louis ye-Hamburg-America Line bafika eCuba ukuze babalekele amakamu okuhlushwa eJalimane. Babenemali encane ngesikhathi bephoqeleka ukuba bahambe, kodwa izinkokhelo ezinzima ezibekwe uhambo olwenzelwe uhambo lwazo lokuqala ezweni elisha nakwesabisa kakhulu. Lapho befika eCuba, bakholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni bayakwamukelwa e-United States. Noma kunjalo, ukungezwani okungena emkhunjini kwaholela ekuzibulaleni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokungena echwebeni laseCuba lapho bengavunyelwe khona ukwehla. Uthisha wasungula ukuzulazula ukuze ahlale ebuka abagibeli phakathi nobusuku abahlala echwebeni, bezama ukuqonda isizathu. Bese beyala ukuba bahambe. Uthisha wahamba ngomkhumbi ogwini lwaseFlorida enethemba lokubona izimpawu ezamukelekile, kodwa izindiza zase-US neMikhumbi ye-Coast Guard zafika kuphela ukuze zibahambise. NgoJuni 7, kwakunokudla okuncane okushiyiwe lapho induna yamemezela ukuthi kuzodingeka ibuyele eYurophu. Njengoba indaba yabo isakazeka, iHolland, iFrance, iGrithani neBelgium zanikela ukwamukela abanye ababaleki. Ngo-June 13-16, iSt. Louis yahlangana nemikhumbi ehambele la mazwe, ifika njengoba nje iWWII yaqala.

Juni 3. Kulolu suku ku I-1940, iMpi yaseDunkirk iphelile ngokunqoba kweJalimane futhi amabutho ama-Allies ahlehla ngokuphelele eDunkirk aya eNgilandi. Kusukela ngo-May 26 kuya kuJuni 4, amabutho ahlangene athathwa ngokuqondile emabhishi, inqubo enzima kakhulu. Amakhulu amabhasi aseBrithani naseFrance ayesebenzisa ngokuzithandela njengemikhumbi emikhumbi emikhulu; amabutho alinde amahora ehlombe emanzini. Kwasinda amasosha angaphezu kwe-300,000 eBritish, French, naseBelgium. Eyaziwa ngokuthi "Isimangaliso saseDunkirk" esekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi uNkulunkulu uphendule imithandazo, empeleni, kwakuwukuphela kwesithombe esonakalisayo sezimpi ezimbi zempi. IJalimane yayingene eNyakatho Yurophu emazweni aphansi naseFrance. I-blitzkrieg yalandela futhi ngoMeyi 12 amaDashi ayezinikezele. NgoMeyi 22, ama-panzer aseJalimane ahamba enyakatho afike ogwini lwaseCalais naseDunkirk, amachweba okugcina ayebalekile. AmaBrithani ahlukunyezwa kakhulu futhi iBrithani ngokwayo isongelwa. Cishe yonke impahla yayo esindayo, amathangi, izikhali, ukuthutha ngezimoto kanye namasosha angaphezu kwe-50,000 asele e-Izwekazi, iningi labathathwa amaJalimane. Amaphesenti angaphezu kweshumi kubo abulawa. Amasosha aseBrithani ayizinkulungwane alahlekile ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Ngenkathi kwenziwa ukulinda ukuthola usizo, amasosha aseFrance ase-16,000 afa. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye akwaDunkirk abhujiswe ngesikhathi sempi. Amasosha e-300,000 aphunyuka aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngenxa yezimangalo zaseBrithani nase-US empini ukuthi babengenaso isikhathi noma ikhono lokukhipha amaJuda eJalimane.

Juni 4. Ngalolu suku unyaka nonyaka, usuku lwe-UN oluxhaswe nge-UN lwezingane ezingenacala lokuhlukunyezwa lubonakala emhlabeni jikelele. Usuku lwezingane lwezisulu lwasungulwa ngo-Agasti 1982 ngomhlangano okhethekile weZizwe Ezihlangene ngokubhekana nokufa okuningi kwezingane zaseLebanon eBeirut nakwamanye amadolobha aseLebhanoni ngemuva kokuhlasela kwe-Israel yokuqala kweLebanon War ngoJuni 4, 1982. Ngokwenza njalo, usuku lwezingane lwezisulu lenzelwe ukukhonza izinhloso ezimbili ezibanzi: ukwamukela izingane eziningi emhlabeni wonke ezihlaselwe ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba, kwengqondo, nangokomzwelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impi noma ukuthula, noma ekhaya noma esikoleni; kanye nokugqugquzela abantu nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ukuthi bazi ukuthi izinga lokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane lilingani futhi lifunde kanjani, noma bahlanganyele, imikhankaso ehlose ukuvikela nokulondoloza amalungelo abo. Njengoba uNobhala Jikelele we-UN uJavier Perez de Cuellar ephawula ngesigijimi sakhe sosuku lwe-1983 Children Victims, "Izingane ezibhekene nokungabi nabulungisa nobuphofu zidinga ukuvikelwa futhi zinikezwe amandla yizwe elidala elidala lezi zimo, hhayi nje ngezenzo zabo eziqondile kodwa futhi ngokungaqondile ngezinkinga zomhlaba ezifana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuhlala kwamadolobheni. "I-International Day of Children Victims ingomunye wabantu abangaphezu kwe-150 minyaka yonke abaqaphela i-UN International Days. Izinsuku ziyingxenye yephrojekthi yezemfundo ephelele ye-UN lapho imicimbi ethile noma izinkinga ezihlotshaniswa nezinsuku ezithile, amasonto, iminyaka, namashumi eminyaka. Imikhosi ephindaphindiwe yenza ukuqaphela umphakathi mayelana nezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene noma izinkinga, futhi kukhuthaze izinyathelo ukubhekana nalabo abahlala behambisana nezinjongo ze-UN.

Juni 5. Kulolu suku ku-1962, Isitatimende sasePort Huron sagcwaliswa. Le kwakuyimanifesto eyakhishwa yi-Students for a Democratic Society, futhi yabhalwa ikakhulu nguTom Hayden, umfundi wase-University of Michigan. Abafundi abafunda emanyuvesi ase-US ngawo-1960 bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuthi benze okuthile ngokungabi bikho kwenkululeko namalungelo abantu ngamunye ababewabona ezweni “labantu, nelabantu.” Isitatimende siveze ukuthi “Okokuqala, iqiniso eligcwele nokuhlukumezeka kwabantu, elifanekiselwa umzabalazo waseNingizimu wokulwa nobandlululo ngokobuhlanga, liphoqe iningi lethu ukuthi lisuke ekuthuleni lize lisebenze. Okwesibili, iqiniso elifingqiwe leMpi Yomshoshaphansi, elifanekiselwa ubukhona beBomb, laletha ukuqwashiswa kokuthi thina uqobo, nabangane bethu, nezigidi zabanye 'abanye' esingabazi ngqo ngenxa yengozi yethu ejwayelekile, bangafa noma nini … Ngamandla enuzi amadolobha aphelele anganikwa amandla kalula, kepha amazwe abusa kakhulu abonakala esethubeni lokuveza imbubhiso enkulu kunaleyo eyatholakala kuzo zonke izimpi zomlando wesintu. ” Babuye besaba ukungazwani kwesizwe maqondana nalokhu: “Ukugqashuka komhlaba wonke kokulwa nobukoloniyali kanye nokwembuso wezwe, ukugxila kwamazwe omashiqela, inhlekelele yempi, ukuminyana kwabantu, ukuphazamiseka kwamazwe omhlaba, ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu – lezi zindlela zazivivinya ukuqina kokuzibophezela kwethu intando yeningi nenkululeko… nathi ngokwethu sigcwele ukuphuthuma, nokho umyalezo womphakathi wethu ngukuthi ayikho enye indlela engenzeka njengamanje. ” Okokugcina, imanifesto iveze isicelo esiphuthumayo sokuthi "kushintshwe izimo zesintu… umzamo osuselwe emqondweni wakudala, ongakagcwaliseki womuntu othola ithonya elibhekele izimo zakhe zempilo."

June 6. Kulolu suku ku-1968, ku-1: I-44, ukhetho loongameli uRobert Kennedy wabulawa ngamanxeba abulalayo abulawa ngumbulali ngemuva nje kwamabili ebusuku. Lesi sigameko senzeke ekhishini elisehhotela i-Ambassador Hotel eLos Angeles, lapho uKennedy ayephuma khona ngemuva kokubungaza ukunqoba kwakhe emncintiswaneni kamongameli waseCalifornia nabasekeli bakhe. Kusukela kulowo mcimbi, abantu babuzile, ngabe izwe lizohluka kanjani ukube uRobert Kennedy uqhubeke waba ngumongameli? Noma iyiphi impendulo kumele ifake i-caveat yokuthi uKennedy wayengeyona isicathulo-sikhethi ukuze kukhethwe umongameli. Abashintshi bamandla eDemocratic Party noma labo ababizwa nge- “Silent Majority” baseMelika – babesaba ababhikishi abansundu, amaHippies kanye nabasekolishi abanamandla - ababengameseka kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, igagasi loshintsho kumasiko ngawo-1960s lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha umfelandawonye wama-haves nabangenalutho ababefuna ukuqeda impi eVietnam futhi babhekane nezinkinga zobuhlanga nobuphofu. UBobby Kennedy ubonakale kwabaningi abazongenela ukhetho abangakwazi ukudala lo mfelandawonye kangcono. Enkulumweni yakhe ayekhuluma ngokungagunci nabantu abamnyama abangaphakathi kwedolobha ngobusuku bokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King, kanye nendima yakhe ekusithekeni ekuxoxisaneni ngokuqedwa kweCuban Missile Crisis, ubekhombise ngokusobala izimfanelo zozwela, intshisekelo, neqembu elinengqondo kungakhuthaza ushintsho lwezinguquko. UCongressman nesishoshovu esivelele samalungelo omphakathi uJohn Lewis wathi ngaye: “Wayefuna… hhayi nje ukushintsha imithetho…. Wayefuna ukwakha umqondo womphakathi. ” U-Arthur Schlesinger, umsizi womkhankaso kaKennedy kanye nomlobi womlando womuntu, uphawule ngokungagunci: “Ukube wakhethwa ukuba ngumongameli ngo-1968 ngabe saphuma eVietnam ngo-1969.”

Juni 7. Ngalolo suku ku-1893, esenzweni sakhe sokuqala sokungalaleli kwabantu, u-Mohandas Gandhi wenqabe ukuhambisana nemithetho yokucwasana ngokobuhlanga esitimeleni saseNingizimu Afrika futhi waxoshwa ngokuqinile eMgungundlovu. Lokhu kwaholela empilweni esichithelwa ukulwa namalungelo omphakathi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni, ukuletha inkululeko kumaNdiya amaningi e-Afrika, nokuzimela kwe-Indiya kusuka e-Great Britain. UGandhi, indoda ehlakaniphile futhi ekhuthazayo, wayaziwa ngokomoya okwahlanganisa zonke izinkolo. UGandhi wayekholelwa ku "Ahimsa," noma amandla enhle othando, ehlanganisa ifilosofi yakhe yezombangazwe 'yokubambelela ngokuqinile eqinisweni noma eqinile ngokubangela okulungile.' Le nkolelo, noma "Satyagraha," yavumela uGandhi ukuba aguqule izindaba ezombusazwe zibe abaziphatha kahle nabalungile ngempela. Ngenkathi esinda ezintathu zokuphila kwakhe, ukuhlaselwa, izifo, nokuboshwa isikhathi eside, uGandhi akazange azame ukuziphindisela ngokumelene nabaphikisi bakhe. Esikhundleni salokho, wakhuthaza ushintsho lokuthula, ekhuthaza bonke ukuba benze okufanayo. Ngesikhathi iBrithani ibeka uMnyango WezeSolulu ongalungile kubantu abampofu, wanikeza impilo yokunyakaza kwamaNdiya ngokuzihola ngokuhamba phambili eNdiya kuze kube olwandle. Abaningi bafa noma bavalelwa ngaphambi kokuba abaseBrithani bavume ukukhulula zonke iziboshwa zezombangazwe. Njengoba iBrithani ilahlekelwe izwe, iNdiya yaphinde yazimela. Eyaziwa ngokuthi nguBaba weSizwe sakhe, igama likaGandhi lashintshwa laba yiMahatma, okusho ukuthi "umphefumulo ophefumulayo." Naphezu kokungahambi kahle kwakhe, kuye kwaphawula ukuthi wonke uhulumeni ophikisana noGandhi ekugcineni kwadingeka ahambise. Isipho sakhe emhlabeni kwakuwukukhipha kwakhe inkolelo yokuthi impi iyadingeka njalo. Usuku luka-Gandhi, ngo-Okthoba 2, lugujwa emhlabeni jikelele njengoSuku LwaseMhlabeni Lwezokungaboni.

Juni 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1966, abafundi be-270 eNew York University bahamba ngemikhosi yokuqeda iziqu ukuphikisa ukunikezwa kwezinga elihloniphekile kuNobhala wezokuPhepha uRobert McNamara. Ngosuku olufanayo ngonyaka owodwa kamuva, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zekilasi elithweswa iziqu eBrown University zafulathela uNobhala Wombuso uHenry Kissinger, isikhulumi sokuthweswa iziqu. Yomibili le mibhikisho iveze ukwehlukaniswa okuzwayo ngenani elikhulayo labafundi basekolishi laseMelika ezenzweni zikahulumeni wabo empini yaseVietnam. Ngo-1966, ngemuva kokuthi uMongameli uLyndon Johnson esekhulise ngokumangazayo ukuba khona kwamasosha aseMelika nemikhankaso yokuqhuma amabhomu eVietnam, impi yayisibe yindawo yabafundi yokugqugquzela ezombusazwe. Babambe imibhikisho, bashisa amakhadi okusalungiswa, babhikisha imibukiso yamasosha neyakwaDow Chemical ekhempasini, futhi bahuba iziqubulo ezinjengokuthi “Hheyi, hehe, LBJ, zingaki izingane enizibulele namuhla?” Imibhikisho eminingi ibisendaweni- noma esekampusini, kepha cishe yonke ibikhuthazwe yinjongo efanayo: ukunqamula ubudlelwane phakathi komshini wempi wase-US kanye neyunivesithi, ngezinjongo zayo "ezikhululekile". Kwabanye abafundi, leyo nhloso kungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwe ngombono obanzi wobuhlakani ovame ukutholwa ezifundweni zaseyunivesithi. Abanye abafundi bakhuthaza ukuzimela okugxilwe ngabafundi ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene, futhi abaningi babezimisele ukufaka engozini ukulimala noma ukuboshwa ngokukufuna ngezenzo eziqondile njengokuhlala ezakhiweni zaseyunivesithi nasemahhovisi okuphatha. Ukuthi ukuzimisela ukweqa imingcele yezomthetho ngenhloso yokuziphatha kwabonakala ocwaningweni olwenziwa ngo-1968 ngu I-Milwaukee Journal. Lapho, amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu esampula esimelele bonke abafundi abonise ukusekelwa kwabo ngokubhikisha okuhleliwe njengendlela "evumelekile yokuveza izikhalazo zabafundi."

Juni 9. Ngalolu suku ku-1982 General Efraín Rios Montt umemezela ukuthi unguMongameli waseGuatemala, deposing umengameli okhethiwe. U-Rios Montt wayethole isiqu eSchool of the Americas (isikole samasosha ase-US esiqeqeshe ababulali abaningi baseLatin America nabahlukumezi). U-Rios Montt wabeka i-junta yezempi emithathu njengomuntu ongumengameli. Ngaphansi komthetho we-martial, umthethosisekelo omisiwe, futhi akukho mthethosisekelo, leli junta lalinamacala omfihlo, namaqembu ezombangazwe aphelile kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi. U-Rios Montt uphoqelele abanye ababili e-junta ukuba bayeke. Uthi ama-campesinos kanye nabomdabu babengamaKhomanisi, futhi baqala ukuthumba, ukuwahlukumeza nokuwabulala. Ibutho lama-guerilla lakhiwa ukumelana neRios Montt, futhi kwaqala impi yombango ye-36. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zabangewona amantombazane abulawe futhi "ayanyamalala" umbuso ngesilinganiso esingaphezulu kuka-3,000 ngenyanga. Ukuphathwa kukaReagan no-Israyeli basekela ukucindezela ngezikhali futhi banikeza ukuhlola nokuqeqeshwa. U-Rios Montt uphonswe yi-1983. Kuze kube yi-1996 ukubulawa kwaqhubeka eGuatemala ngesiko lokungalahlwa. Evinjelwe ekusetshenziseni umongameli nguMthethosisekelo, uRios Montt wayenguCongressman phakathi kuka-1990 no-2007, omzimba osolwa ngokushushiswa. Lapho ukuzivikela kwakhe sekuphelile, wathola ngokushesha icala lokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu. Ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-80 ejele, uRios Montt akaboshiwe ngenxa yokucabangela. U-Rios Montt ushone ngo-Ephreli 1, 2018, eneminyaka engu-91. Ngo-Mashi 1999, uMongameli wase-US uBill Clinton uxolise ngokusekela kwe-US ngokucindezela. Kodwa isifundo esiyisisekelo sokulimala ekuthunjweni kwamasosha akukafundwa.

June 10. Kulolu suku kuMongameli we-1963 uJohn. UFennedy Kennedy wakhuluma ngokuthula eMelika University. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu nje ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, amazwi kaKennedy ngobuhle bamanyuvesi nangendima ayidlalayo aholela emazwini okuhlakanipha angenakulibaleka ahlanganisa nalawa alandelayo: “Ngakho-ke, ngikhethe lesi sikhathi nale ndawo ukuba sixoxe ngesihloko nakho ukungazi kuvame ukugcwala futhi iqiniso alivame ukubonwa kakhulu - kepha kuyisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni: ukuthula komhlaba… Ngikhuluma ngokuthula ngenxa yobuso obusha bempi. Impi isiyonke ayinangqondo esikhathini lapho amandla amakhulu ekwazi ukugcina amandla amakhulu enuzi angenakulinganiswa futhi enqabe ukunikela ngaphandle kokubhenela kulawo mabutho. Akuwenzi mqondo esikhathini lapho isikhali esisodwa senuzi siqukethe cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kayishumi amandla okuqhuma alethwe yiwo wonke amabutho omoya ahlangene eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Akuwenzi mqondo esikhathini lapho ubuthi obubulalayo obukhiqizwa ukushintshaniswa kwenuzi buzothathwa ngumoya namanzi nenhlabathi nembewu ezingxenyeni ezikude zomhlaba nasezizukulwaneni ezingakazalwa… Okokuqala: Ake sihlole umbono wethu ngokuthula uqobo . Abaningi bethu bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Baningi kakhulu abacabanga ukuthi akunangqondo. Kepha leyo inkolelo eyingozi, eyehlulayo. Kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi impi ayinakugwenywa – ukuthi isintu sesizobhujiswa – ukuthi sibanjwe yimikhosi esingakwazi ukuyilawula. Akudingeki siwamukele lowo mbono. Izinkinga zethu zenziwe ngumuntu - ngakho-ke, zingaxazululwa ngumuntu. ”

Juni 11. Kulolu suku ku-1880 Jeannette Rankin wazalwa. Owesifazane wokuqala okhethwe yiCongress wayephethwe yiNyuvesi yaseMontana owaqala umsebenzi wakhe emphakathini. Njengoba bobabili i-pacifist kanye ne-suffragist, i-Rankin yasiza abesifazane ukuba banqobe ilungelo lokuvota ngokusungula umthethosivivinywa owanika ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi esizimele ngabayeni babo. Njengoba u-Rankin ehlala esihlalweni sakhe ngo-Ephreli 1917, ukuhlanganyela kwe-US ku-WWI kwaxoxwa ngakho. Uvote NO, naphezu kokuphikisana okukhulu, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwegama lakhe lesibili. U-Rankin wabe eseya emsebenzini weNkomfa Kazwelonke Yokuvimbela Impi ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eNkomfeni ngesiqubulo esithi "Lungiselela Umkhawulo Wokuvikela; Gcina amadoda ethu aphume eYurophu! "Uthi wayephumelele okwesibili ku-1940 kwabesifazane abavotela ivoti lakhe ngokumelene neWWI. U-Rankin wayeseCongress ngesikhathi uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt ecela iCongress ukuvota iSimemezelo Sempi eJapane ethatha i-United States ibe yi-WWII. I-Rankin yayinguvo kuphela yokuphikisana. Ngesikhathi ehamba phambili, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe, kuhlanganise nokuhlela iJeannette Rankin Brigade ngenkundla ye-1968 eWashington ukuphikisa iMpi YeVietnam. U-Rankin ucele iCongress ukuthi ikwazi ukubhekana nezidingo zabantu, ukucacisa ukhetho olunikezwa abesifazane "abavumela amadodana abo ukuba aye empini ngoba besaba ukuthi abayeni babo bazolahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo embonini uma bephikisana." Wakhala ngokuthi izakhamuzi zase-US zanikezwa " ukukhetha okubi, hhayi imibono. "Amazwi kaRongin ayengazwakala njengoba izimpi zaqhubeka naphezu kokunye okulula ayekusebenzele ukuphila kwakhe konke. Uthi: "Uma singasaphazamisekile, sizobe izwe eliphephile kakhulu emhlabeni."

Juni 12. Kulolu suku ku-1982 abantu abayizigidi esisodwa aboniswe ngokumelene nezikhali zenuzi eNew York. Lolu usuku oluhle lokuphikisa izikhali zenuzi. Ngenkathi iZizwe Ezihlangene zenza iSession Special on Disarmament, isixuku saseCentral Park sathola ukunakwa kwamanye amazwe kwinani lamaMelika eliphikisana nomncintiswano wezikhali zenuzi. UDkt. Randall Caroline Forsberg wayengomunye wabagqugquzeli abahamba phambili be- "Nuclear Freeze," futhi inani lababhikishi abajoyina eNew York laholela kulokho okwakubonwa "ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kwezombusazwe emlandweni waseMelika." Forsberg wathola "Umklomelo wezinkanyezi" ovela eMacArthur Fellowship uvuma umsebenzi wakhe wezwe elingcono, elinokuthula ngokubheka izinkinga ezihambisana nesimiso sokusheshiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMengameli uRonald Reagan wayengakwazisa, waqhubeka waze wafakazela ukuthi inhlangano ye-Nuclear Freeze kumele ibe "engapheleli," "abasekeli bamaKhomanisi," noma mhlawumbe ngisho "nabangaphandle." Ngesikhathi sakhe sesibili, ukuphathwa kwakhe wayezizwele ucindezelekile ukuba uqale izinkulumo ngokunciphisa ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zenuzi. Umhlangano uhlelwe ngeSoviet Union, futhi izinkulumo zaqala phakathi kukaMongameli Reagan noMholi weSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev ukuqeda izikhali ezivela eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngokuvuma ngokuhlanganyela ukuthi "Impi yenuzi ayinakunqoba, futhi akufanele ilwe." Lokhu balandela umhlangano eReykjavik, e-Iceland, lapho ukuphakanyiswa kukaGrbachev ukuqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi ngonyaka ka-2000 okwakungamukelwa yi-United States. Kodwa ngo-1987, isivumelwano se-Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces sisayinwe ukuze sidinga amazwe womabili ukuba aqale ukunciphisa izikhali zabo.

Juni 13. Kulolu suku ku-1971, ama-Pentagon Papers avela eNew York Times, anikeze imininingwane yokubandakanyeka kwe-US eVietnam kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II kuya ku-1968. Ngo-June 13, i-1971, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yemibhikisho ngokumelene nohlaka, ukubulawa okuqhubekayo eVietnam, kanye nokukhala okungazange kuphendulwe nguhulumeni wase-US, i-New York Times yathola ulwazi oluthi "oluhlukanisiwe" oluvela kumhlaziyi wangaphambili wezempi. Ekhungathekiswe yimizamo yakhe eqhubekayo yokumisa impi, uDaniel Ellsberg waxhumana neNew York Times, ebavumela ukuba abone izizathu zangempela ukuthi i-United States yaba yinto yezempi: "Ukutadisha okukhulu indlela i-United States eya ngayo e-Indochina , eyenziwa yiPentagon eminyakeni emithathu eyedlule, ibonisa ukuthi iziphathimandla ezine zathuthuka kancane kancane umuzwa wokuzibophezela eVietnam engeyona yamaKhomanisi, ukulungela ukulwa neNyakatho ukuvikela iNingizimu, nokukhungatheka okukhulu ngalesi sinyathelo - ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu "kusho i-US Attorney General etshela iThe Times ngokuphula umthetho ngokudalula izimfihlo zikahulumeni, ukulilalisa izinsuku ezimbili kamuva. IWashington Post yaqala ukushicilela le ndaba, futhi yalethwa phambi kweNkantolo yaseSweden. Izwe lilinde ukungakholwa kwaze kwaba yilapho isinqumo sokubheka inkululeko yabezindaba senziwa ekugcineni. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukushicilelwa komunye wabameli, uHugo L. Black, ekhulumela isitatimende esilandelayo: "Ekudaluleni ukusebenza kukahulumeni okuholela eVietnam YaseVietnam, amaphephandaba enza ngokufanele lokho okushiwo uBaba abaFundile futhi bethemba ukuthi bazokwenza. "

Juni 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1943 iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yachitha insizakalo ye-flag ephoqelekile yabantwana besikole. I-"Pledge to the Flag" yasekuqaleni, eyabhalwa kwi-1800s ngokugubha ukutholakala kweMelika, ifundeka kanje: "Ngiyathembisa ukuzithoba kuGuzani lami, naseRiphabliki elimi kulo, isizwe esisodwa, singabonakali, ngeLiberty and Justice Kubo bonke. "Ngesikhathi se-WWII, ezombusazwe zathola izinzuzo ekuphenduleni lokhu kube yimithetho. Amagama athi "e-United States," kanye "naseMelika" ayeseziwe; futhi ngo-1945, isihloko sashintshwa, futhi imithethonqubo ephathelene nokubingelela efanele kwefulegi yanezelwa. Imithetho yokwazisa yashintshwa uma iqhathaniswa nalabo baseJalimane abangamaNazi kusukela kokuqala: "Yima, uphakamise isandla sokunene nesandla esithengisiwe emabunzini;" ku: "Yima, wabeka isandla sokunene phezu kwenhliziyo." Amagama athi "ngaphansi UNkulunkulu "wanezelwa emva" kwesizwe esisodwa, "futhi wasayinwa ngumthetho nguMongameli u-Eisenhower ku-1954. Okokuqala, i-35 ithi iyala ukuthi abafundi besikole esivela ku-K-12 bamele ukubingelela ifulegi usuku ngalunye ngezandla phezu kwezinhliziyo zabo ngenkathi befunda "Isibambiso Sokwethembeka." Njengoba isibalo sesibambiso sakhula sibe yi-45, abaningi babuza ubuzenzisi umthetho odinga izingane ukuba zithembele kwifulegi elimelela "Ukukhululeka Nobulungiswa Kubo Bonke." Abanye baphawula ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesibambiso nezinkolelo zabo zenkolo, bekhuluma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuQiniswa kokuQala. Nakuba kwakwamukelwa yizinkantolo e-1943 ukuthi abafundi abakwazi ukudingwa ukuba bathembele efulethini, labo abangabemi, bayabingelela, futhi banamathele nsuku zonke baqhubeka begxeka, baxoshwa, bamiswe futhi babhalwe ngokuthi "Unpatriotic."

Juni 15. Kulolu suku ku-1917, futhi ku-May 16, i-1918, i-Espionage and Sedition Acts yadluliselwa. Umthetho we-Espionage wamiswa njengoba i-US iqhaza eMpi Yezwe I ukuze ivinjelwe izakhamizi ukuba zenze noma yini engadambisa isosha empini yayo ngokumelene neJalimane nabalingani bayo. Lo Mthetho uguquliwe ngaphansi konyaka owodwa kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Sedition Act ye-1918. Umthetho Wokuzijabulisa wawuhlanganisa kakhulu, wenza noma yini yenziwe, yathi, noma ibhalwe ngokumelene nokubandakanyeka kwe-US ku-WWI ngokungemthetho. Lokhu kwashiya izakhamizi eziningi zase-United States zesaba ukuboshwa ngenxa yokuveza imibono yazo ngokuphikisana nokuhlelwa kwezempi noma ukuhileleka empini, kanye nokubuza ukuphulwa kwelungelo lokukhuluma mahhala. Noma yikuphi ukugxekwa koMthethosisekelo, uhlaka, ifulegi, uhulumeni, amasosha, noma imfashini yempi yenziwa ngokungemthetho. Kwabuye kwaba mthethweni kunoma ubani okuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwezimbopho zase-US, ukubonisa ifulege laseJalimane emizini yabo, noma ukukhuluma ngokusekela kwanoma yisiphi isizathu esisekelwa amazwe manje esibhekwa njengezitha ze-US. Noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kwale mithetho emisha kwaholela ekuboshiwe ngemali efinyelela kuma-dollar ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, futhi isigwebo esingaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Okungenani amaphephandaba angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu awavunyelwe ukuphrinta noma yini emelene nempi uma bekulindeleke ukuthi baqhubeke, futhi abantu abangu-2,000 baboshwa. Kukhona abantu abangu-1,000, abaningi babo abafuduki, ababoshwa futhi bavalelwa ngalesi sikhathi. Nakuba uMthetho Wokuziphendulela ususwe ku-1921, imithetho eminingi ngaphansi koMthetho Wezinhloli yayisasebenza eMelika njengempi eyodwa eyaholela kwenye.

Juni 16. Kulolu suku ku-1976, kubulawe iSoweto. Izingane ze-700 zabulawa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukufunda isiBhunu. Ngaphambi kokuba iNationalist Party ithathe i-1948, iNingizimu Afrika yahlushwa ukuhlukana. Nakuba imfundo yabamhlophe yayingenacala, izingane ezimnyama zazinakwa yiSikoleni SeBantu. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye amaziko amnyama aseNingizimu Afrika aphethwe izithunywa zevangeli zamaKatolika ezisizo elincane. Ku-1953, uMthetho we-Bantu Education usika yonke imali yezemfundo kusuka ekusetshenzisweni kombuso kwabase-Afrika, ilandelwa yi-University Education Act evimbela abafundi abamnyama ukuthi bangene emanyuvesi amhlophe. Ukuhamba okuholela ekuvusweni kweSoweto kwakuyisimiso seBantu sokuthi ulimi lusetshenziselwe ukufundiswa nokuhlolwa ukuthi ngisho nabafundisi bebengaphili kahle, isiBhunu. Njengoba isikhathi sokuhlola siseduze, abafundi abavela ezikoleni ezimbili eziphakeme baphefumulelwa yi Abafundi be-South African Students Movement uhlele i Ikomidi lesenzo soMkhandlu omele uMnyango weSoweto Students (SSRC) ukuhlela imibhikisho enokuthula ngokumelene nalezi zidingo ezinzima kakhulu. Leli qembu laqala eSoweto kudlula ezinye izikole eziphakeme lapho bajoyina khona abafundi bezikole, baqhubeka behlangana kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezihambelana ndawonye eHholo likaMasipala likaMalume Tom e-Orlando. Ngesikhathi befika, bephazanyiswe ngamaphoyisa futhi bahlaselwa yizinsizi nezinyembezi. Ngesikhathi kuqhuma ukudubula okukhulu, abadayisi babehlangene nabafundi abamhlophe be-300 kanye nabasebenzi abamnyama abaningi ekulwa nokucwaswa kwabandlululo neBantu. Ukuhlukumezeka kwamaphoyisa kwahlangana nokuphikelela okuzolile ngabafundi nabasindile abaqhubekayo izinyanga ezenzeke umzabalazo wokulingana ophefumulelwe yiloli "Usuku Lwabasha" lwe-Afrika olukhumbulekayo.

Juni 17. Ngalolu suku ku-1974, i-Irish Republican Army ehlinzekwayo iqhubekile ibhomu izindlu zePhalamende eLondon, yalimala ishumi nanye. Lesi senzo esimangalisayo sasinye seziqhuma eziningi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu "Izinkinga." Ku-1920, ngomzamo wokuqeda ubudlova, iPhalamende yaseBrithani lase lidlulise uMthetho ohlukanisa i-Ireland, futhi izingxenye zombili ziyingxenye ye-United Kingdom. Esikhundleni sokuthula okuhlosiwe, umsebenzi wama-guerrilla wanda phakathi kwamaProtestanti asenyakatho aqotho eN UK nakumaKatolika aseningizimu ayefuna i-Ireland emele futhi ehlangene. Umsebenzi waseBrithani amabutho e-1969 wandisa ubudlova. IRA iqhube izibhamu eNgilandi kusukela ku-1972 kuze kube yi-1996. Umkhankaso wezwe lomhlaba wabiza ukuthi i-175 iphila. Kwavunyelwa izivumelwano zokuqeda ukushona komlilo kodwa zawa. Ukubulawa kwephrofayela ephezulu kulezi zixazululo kwafika lapho i-IRA ehlinzekwayo ibulala iBrithani iNkosi uLouis Mountbatten e-Northern Ireland e-1979 ngesibhamu esikebheni sayo. Isivumelwano se-1998 esihle ngoLwesihlanu siphelile umzabalazo, ngokuhlelwa kwamandla kuhulumeni. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yokuhlaselwa kwesibindi okwaqaliswa ngabasemaphandleni basezimbonini kanye nabanyunyana bezinyunyana, cishe amaphuzu e-3600 alahlekile. Kodwa ingozi isalele phansi nje. Umphumela omncane wevoti yase-UK yokushiya i-European Union, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Brexit, yaveza ingxabano mayelana nokuhlelwa kwamasiko esikhathini esizayo, njengoba i-Ireland yayizohlukaniswa phakathi kwe-European Union ne-non-European Union. Ibhomu lamoto e-Londonderry, Northern Ireland, libekwa icala kwi-Real Irish Republican Army, iqembu elilwa ne-Ireland elihlangene eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemuva kokuhlukanisa. Leso senzo, njengamakhulu abanye eminyakeni edlule, sibonise ukungabi nalutho kobudlova kanye nemiphumela engenzi lutho yokushaya abantu phezulu.

Juni 18. Ngalolu suku ku-1979, isivumelwano se-SALT II sokukhawulela imicibisholo ende kanye namabhomu esayinwe nguMongameli uCarter noBrezhnev. Lesi sivumelwano phakathi kwe-United States of America ne-Union of Soviet Republics senziwa bobabili baba: "Ukuqaphela ukuthi impi yenuzi iyoba nomphumela omubi kubo bonke abantu ..., "futhi"Ukuqinisekisa kabusha isifiso sabo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokwehliswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokwehliswa okuqhubekayo kwezingalo ezihleliwe, becabanga ngenhloso yokufeza izikhali ezivamile nokuphelele ... "UMengameli uCarter wathumela isivumelwano kuCongress lapho ukuphikisana kwaqhubeka khona kuze kufike ukuhlasela kweRussia kwe-Afghanistan akubonakali. Ku-1980, uMongameli uCarter wamemezela ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-United States yayizohambisana nezivumelwano ezinkulu zesivumelwano uma iRussia izophindela kabusha, futhi uBrzhnev wavuma. Isisekelo sezimvumelwano ze-SALT saqala lapho uMongameli Ford ehlangana noBrezhnev ukubeka isisekelo esabeka umkhawulo emiphakathini eminingi yokuzimela eyakhelwe ngokuzimela, ukukhiyelwa ukuvinjelwa kweziqalisi ezintsha ze-inter-continental ballistic missile, ukuthunyelwa okulinganiselwe kwezikhali ezintsha ezintsha , izimoto zokulethwa kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi sigcine isivumelwano sisasebenza nge-1985. UMengameli uNixon wavuma, njengoMongameli uReeagan, owabe esho ukwephulwa yiRussia ku-1984 no-1985. Ku-1986, u-Reagan umemezele ukuthi "... i-US kumele iqoke izinqumo ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo sayo samandla emvelo ngendlela kanye nobukhulu besongo olwenziwa yi-Soviet force forces hhayi emazingeni aqukethwe kwisakhiwo se-SALT ..." Wanezela ukuthi i-US "... qhubeka nokusebenzisa ukuvimbela okukhulu, ngenkathi kuvikela ukuvimbela amasu, ukuze kusize ukukhuthaza isimo esimweni sokunciphisa okubalulekile emasimini amabili."

Juni 19. Ngalolu suku unyaka ngamunye, abaningi baseMelika bagubha "Okweshumi," i-19^th kaJuni ngo-1865 ngenkathi abase-Afrika-baseMelika bebegqila eGalveston, eTexas bafunde ukuthi bekhululiwe ngokomthetho eminyakeni engu-2-1 / 2 ngaphambili. Isimemezelo sikaMongameli uLincoln sika-Emancipation, esakhishwa ngoSuku Lomnyaka Omusha, ngo-1863, sasigunyaze ukukhululwa kwazo zonke izigqila ezifundazweni nasezindaweni ezihlubuka kwiNyunyana eMpini Yombango, kodwa abaphethe izigqila zaseTexas ngokusobala babekhethe ukungasebenzisi lo myalo baze baphoqeleka . Lolo suku lwafika lapho amasosha eNyunyana ayizinkulungwane ezimbili efika eGalveston ngoJuni 19, 1865. UMajor General Gordan Granger wafunda ngokuzwakalayo umbhalo owawazisa abantu baseTexas ukuthi “… ngokuhambisana nesimemezelo esivela ku-Executive of the United States, zonke izigqila amahhala… futhi ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi [kwamakhosi nezigqila] kuqala kuba phakathi komqashi nomsebenzi osebenza mahhala. ” Phakathi kwezigqila ezikhululekile, ukusabela ezindabeni kusuka ekusakazeni kuya ekuthokozeni. Abanye babambezela ukufunda kabanzi ngobudlelwano obusha bomqashi / nomsebenzi, kepha abanye abaningi, beshukunyiswa yinjabulo yenkululeko yabo, bahamba ngokushesha bayokwakha impilo entsha ezindaweni ezintsha. Zibhekene nezinselelo ezinzima, izigqila zakudala ezifudukayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zenze i- "Ishumi Neshumi Nambili" yokukhululwa kwazo kube ithuba laminyaka yonke lokuhlangana futhi namanye amalungu omndeni eGalveston ukushintshana ngeziqiniseko ezithandanayo nemikhuleko. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, lo mgubho usabalalele nakwezinye izindawo wakhula wathandwa, kwathi ngo-1980 iJuneteenth waba yiholide lombuso elisemthethweni eTexas. Namuhla, izinhlangano ezintsha zendawo nezikazwelonke zeShumi Nambili zisebenzisa lesi sikhumbuzo ukukhuthaza ulwazi nokwazisa ngomlando namasiko ase-Afrika-Melika, ngenkathi kukhuthaza nokuzithuthukisa nokuhlonipha wonke amasiko.

Juni 20. Lona yiSuku Lwababaleki Bezwe. UNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene, u-Antonio Guterres, waqokwa ngoJanuwari 2017 ngemuva kokuchitha impilo yakhe yonke emsebenzini ukumisa ukuhlupheka okungapheli okwenziwa izimpi kwabangenacala. Wazalelwa eLisbon ngo-1949, wathola iziqu zobunjiniyela futhi wasazi kahle isiPutukezi, isiNgisi, isiFulentshi neSpanishi. Ukukhethwa kwakhe ePhalamende lasePortugal ngo-1976 kwamethula ePhalamende loMkhandlu WaseYurophu lapho ayengusihlalo weKomidi Lezibalo Zabantu, Ukufuduka Kwababaleki. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili esebenza njengoKhomishani Ophakeme Wababaleki weZizwe Ezihlangene avumela uGuterres ukuthi abone ngaphezu kokuningi ukuhlupheka, indlala, ukuhlukunyezwa, izifo, nokufa kwamadoda, abesifazane, nezingane abasemphakathini emakamu ababaleki nasezindaweni zempi. Ngenkathi esebenza njengoNdunankulu wasePortugal kusuka ngo-1995-2002, waqhubeka nokubandakanyeka emizamweni yamazwe omhlaba njengomongameli woMkhandlu WaseYurophu. Ukwesekwa kwakhe kwaholela ekwamukelweni kwe-Lisbon Agenda yemisebenzi nokukhula, kanye nasekubizweni kwe-UN ngoDisemba ka-2000 we-World Refugee Day. UJuni 20 wakhethwa njengesikhumbuzo seNgqungquthela Yesimo Sababaleki yowe-1951 eyayibanjwe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ngaphambili, nokwamukela ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwenani lababaleki emhlabeni wonke laya ezigidini ezingama-60. Amagama kaGuterres akhethwe ukwethula iwebhusayithi ye-World Refugee Day: “Lokhu akukhona ukwaba umthwalo. Imayelana nokwabelana ngomthwalo womhlaba wonke, ongasekelwe kuphela emcabangweni obanzi wobuntu bethu obujwayelekile kepha futhi nasezibophweni ezithile zomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Izinkinga zezimpande yimpi nenzondo, hhayi abantu abalekayo; ababaleki baphakathi kwezisulu zokuqala zobuphekula. ”

Juni 21. Ngalolu suku ku-1971, iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke inqume ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika izokhipha iNamibia. Kusukela ngo-1915 kuya ku-1988 iNamibia yaziwa njengeSouth West Africa, ibhekwa njengesifundazwe saseNingizimu Afrika. Kwakwenziwe amakoloni amakhulu, okokuqala yiJalimane kwase kuba iBrithani. INingizimu Afrika yayizimele ngeBrithani ngeMpi Yezwe I, kepha yahlasela ngempumelelo indawo yaseJalimane isekela uMbuso. I-League of Nations ibeke i-SW Africa ngaphansi kwegunya laseBrithani nabaphathi baseNingizimu Afrika. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, iZizwe Ezihlangene zaqhubeka nenqubomgomo. Ngo-1960 iSouth West Africa People's Organisation (i-SWAPO) ibingumbuso wezepolitiki, iqala umkhankaso wama-guerrilla neButho Labantu Lenkululeko YaseNamibia (PLAN). Ngo-1966, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke we-UN walihoxisa igunya laseNingizimu Afrika, kodwa iNingizimu Afrika yaliphikisa igunya layo futhi yafaka umthetho wobandlululo, uhulumeni wabamhlophe kuphela, nama-bantustans, noma ama-ghettoes amnyama. Ngo-1971 iNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Yamazwe Ngamazwe yaxhasa igunya le-UN eNamibia futhi yanquma ukuthi ukuba khona kwaseNingizimu Afrika eNamibia kwakungekho emthethweni. INingizimu Afrika yenqabile ukuhoxa, kwalandela impi eyayiqeda amandla eya endaweni eya e-Angola, eyasizwa lapho ngamasosha aseCuba. Idiniwe, futhi yesaba ubukhona baseCuba, iNingizimu Afrika yasayina isivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa ngo-1988. Impi yathatha izimpilo zamasosha aseNingizimu Afrika ezingama-2,500 1990, futhi yabiza isigidigidi samaRandi ngonyaka. I-Independence of Namibia yamenyezelwa ngonyaka we-XNUMX. Izimayini zamadayimane, amanye amatshe ayigugu, kanye ne-uranium eNamibia kwase kukhuthaze intshisekelo yeNingizimu Afrika yokwenza le ndawo ibe ngamakoloni. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokucabanga ngezizathu eziyiqiniso zekoloni, izimpi ezilandelanayo, kanye nemiphumela yazo.

Juni 22. Ngalolu suku ku-1987, abangaphezu kwezinguquko ze-18,000 zaseJapane zokuthula bazenzela u-10.4-manne chain chain ukuphikisana nokusebenza kwezempi yase-Okinawa e-US eqhubekayo. Impi yase-Okinawa yango-1945 kwaba yisigameko sokubulala esabulala abantu abaningi eMpini YasePacific— “isiphepho sensimbi” esasithatha izinsuku ezingama-82 esashiya abangu-200,000 100,000 beshonile. Bangaphezu kuka-65,000 1952 amasosha aseJapane abulawa, athunjwa noma azibulala; ama-Allies athola ukulimala okungaphezu kwama-27; kanti ingxenye yesine yabantu base-Okinawa yabulawa. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sango-1972, i-US yathola amandla aphelele e-Okinawa futhi yabusa lesi siqhingi iminyaka engu-25,000, yathatha umhlaba wangasese wokwakha izisekelo nezinkundla zezindiza — kufaka phakathi neKadena Air Base, eyasetshenziswa ngamabhomu aseMelika kamuva ukuhlasela iKorea neVietnam. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa, iPentagon yangcolisa ulwandle, umhlaba nomoya wasesiqhingini nge-arsenic, i-uranium eseyaphela, igesi yezinzwa, kanye namakhemikhali e-carcinogens, yanikeza u-Okinawa isidlaliso esithi, “Inqwaba Ye-Junk of the Pacific.” Ngo-22,000, isivumelwano esisha savumela iJapan ukuthi iphinde ibuye ilawule i-Okinawa kodwa amasosha angama-2000 ase-US (kanye namalungu omndeni angama-25,000) ahlala lapho. Futhi imibhikisho engenalo udlame ihlale ikhona njalo. Ngo-2019, izishoshovu ezingama-32 zakha uchungechunge lwabantu oluzungeze iKadena Air Base. Ngo-48, izisekelo ezingama-20 zase-US nezindawo zokuqeqesha ezingama-XNUMX zimboze i-XNUMX% yesiqhingi. Yize kuneminyaka eminingi yokuphikisana, i-Pentagon yaqala ukukhulisa ukutholakala kwayo ngeMarine Air Base entsha eHenoko enyakatho ye-Okinawa. Idwala elihle lamakhorali likaHenoko lalizofihlwa ngaphansi kwamathani esihlabathi, lisongele hhayi kuphela ama-coral, kodwa nezimfudu zasolwandle, ama-dugongs asengozini, nezinye izidalwa eziningi ezingavamile.

Juni 23. Ngalolu suku unyaka ngamunye, Usuku Lwezinkonzo Zomphakathi luhlangene nezinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi kanye neminyango emhlabeni jikelele. Isungulwe yi-UN General Assembly ngoDisemba 2002, Usuku Lwezinkonzo Zomphakathi lusekelwe ekuqapheliseni ukuthi umsebenzi womphakathi osebenza kahle udlala indima ebalulekile ekugqugquzeni ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi nezomnotho. Inhloso yosuku ukugubha umsebenzi wabantu emiphakathini yasendaweni kanye neyezwe emhlabeni jikelele abazimisele ukwenza amandla abo kanye namakhono ukuze benze okuhle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abanikeli bezisebenzi zomphakathi ezikhokhelwe njengabathwali beposi, abalobi bezincwadi, nabothisha, noma abantu abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezingakhokhiwe ezinhlanganweni ezifana neminyango yomlilo wokuzithandela kanye nezidumbu ze-ambulensi, bahlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu eziyisisekelo futhi kubalulekile empilweni yomphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, Usuku Lwezinkonzo Zomphakathi luhlose futhi ukukhuthaza abantu abasha ukuba baphishekele imisebenzi emkhakheni womphakathi. Izinhlangano kanye neminyango ebambe iqhaza kulolu suku ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuhlangabezana nezinhloso zayo. Zihlanganisa ukubeka izitayela namadokodo okuzohlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nenkonzo yomphakathi; ukuhlela izinkukhu nezikhulumi zezivakashi; ukuqhuba imikhosi yangaphakathi yemiklomelo; nokwenza izimemezelo ezikhethekile zokuhlonipha izinceku zomphakathi. Umphakathi jikelele ukhuthazwa ukuba ujoyine umoya weSuku Lomsebenzi KaHulumeni ngokubonga labo abanikela ngezinsizakalo ezinokuthula nezomthetho kunokuba kubhekwe umsebenzi wokuhlanganyela empini. Sonke singazibuza: Singaba kuphi ngaphandle kwezinceku zomphakathi ezibuyisela amandla ethu emva kwesiphepho esibi, sigcine izitaladi zethu zikhululekile emanzini, futhi siqoqe udoti wethu?

Juni 24. Ngalolu suku ku-1948, uMongameli uHarry Truman wasayina umthetho umthetho we-Selective Service Act, owaba yisisekelo senqubo yesimanje yase-US yokubhalisa amadoda amasha empini. Lesi senzo sachaza ukuthi bonke abesilisa abaneminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu kwakudingeka babhalise kwaSelection Service nokuthi labo abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-19 nengama-26 bavumelekile ukuthi babhaliselwe izidingo zenkonzo izinyanga ezingama-21. Bambalwa abantu abasha baseMelika abamelene nalokhu okusalungiswa kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1960, lapho abafundi abaningi basekolishi baqala ukukuxhumanisa nokungabaza ngempi yokwanda kweMelika eVietnam. Abanye baphinde bacasulwa ukungavinjelwa okusalungiswa okususelwa ekuziphatheni okunikezwa ngamabhodi okusalungiswa endawo ngezizathu zesimo somndeni noma ukuma kwezemfundo. Ngo-1966, iCongress yaphasisa umthetho owawulinganisa uhlelo lokuhlehliswa kodwa wenza okuncane ukuvimba ukumelana kwabafundi nalokhu okusalungiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma kunjalo, kwenziwa ukulungiswa koMthetho Wokukhetha Abasebenzi owasusa amandla abo okubuthwa, futhi, namuhla, amasosha ase-US asungulwe ngokuphelele njengomzimba wokuzithandela. Abantu abaningi baseMelika abaneminyaka yobudala ngokungangabazeki bayayazisa inkululeko ebanikeza yona ukuze baqhubeke nezimpilo zabo. Akufanele kushaywe indiva, noma kunjalo, ukuthi izinsizwa eziningi ezizinikele ekusebenzeleni umshini wezempi wesizwe zikwenza lokho ngokuyinhloko ngoba ziwanikeza okuwukuphela kwento abangayenza emsebenzini, indima ehlonishwa ngamasiko emphakathini, nokuzethemba. Bambalwa phakathi kwabo abacabanga ngokugcwele ukuthi lezo zinzuzo zingafika kuphela engozini yempilo yabo kanye neyokulimala okukhulu nokungabi nabulungisa kwabanye. Isevisi ekhethiwe isalokhu isetshenziselwe okusalungiswa kwezempi okuzayo, umkhuba oqediwe emazweni amaningi.

Juni 25. Ngalolu suku ngo-1918, u-Eugene Debs, umholi we-United States 'Socialist Party kanye nomlomo ophumelele owaziwa ngokuhlasela kwakhe ngokuqinile kubaphathi bezwe, waboshelwa ukukhuluma ngokumelene nokubandakanyeka kwe-US eMpini Yezwe I. Ama-Debs ne-Socialists yakhe ayengekho yedwa ekuphikiseni kwabo, kodwa. Ukungena kwe-United States empini ku-1917 kwakusheshe kwakha ukuphikisana eCongress naphakathi kwama-civil libertarians kanye nama-pacifists enkolo. Ephendula, iCongress yadlulisa uMthetho Wezinhloli, okwenza kube mthethweni kunoma ubani ukuba avuselele ukuphikisana nempi. Ama-Debs, noma kunjalo, ayenganakwa. Enkulumweni eCanton, e-Ohio ngoJuni 18, 1918, wakhuluma amaqiniso mayelana nempi ejwayelekile ehlala edingekayo ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka kamuva. Wayememezela: "Kuwo wonke umlando wezwe, leli qembu elisezingeni eliphezulu lilokhu lisho izimpi. Isigaba esilandelayo sesilwa njalo izimpi .... Udinga ukwazi ukuthi ulungile okuthile kunokugqilazwa kwegqila kanye ne-cannon ... "Kodwa inkulumo yaseCanton izoba yinto yokugcina yeDebs ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwakhe. NgoSeptemba 12, 1918, waboshwa yinkantolo eNkantolo yeSifunda yase-United States eCleveland ngokuphula umthetho we-Espionage Act. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisikhombisa leli cala liqinisekiswe ngokudlulisela icala eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States kanti uDebs wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-10 ejele lasejele. Ukuboshwa kwakhe okulandelayo esitokisini e-Atlanta, noma kunjalo, akuzange kumvimbe ukuba angenele uMongameli ku-1920. Labo abasebenzela ukuthula namuhla bangathola isikhuthazo eqinisweni lokuthi, naphezu kokuboshwa kukaDebs, wathola amavoti angaphezu kwesigidi okhethweni okhethweni.

Juni 26. Kulolu suku unyaka we-UN woMhlaba wonke oSekela ngokuhlukunyezwa kokuhlukunyezwa kubonakala yizizwe zamalungu e-UN, amaqembu omphakathi kanye nabantu emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni wonke.. Ehlelwe ngoDisemba 1997 ngesinqumo se-UN General Assembly, ukusekelwa kwabahlukunyezwa kokuhlukunyezwa kubona i-UN Convention ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa kanye nokuphathwa okunesihluku, okungekho emthethweni noma okulimazayo okuqale ukusebenza ngoJune 1987 futhi manje sekuqinisekiswe amazwe amaningi. Inhloso yomkhosi waminyaka yonke ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kweSivumelwano Sokuhlukunyezwa, esiqaphela ukuhlukunyezwa njengecala lempi ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi livimbela ukusetshenziswa kwalo njengethuluzi lempi ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Nokho, ezimpi zanamuhla, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukunyezwa nezinye izinhlobo zokwelashwa okunonya, okuhlazolaza nokuhlambalaza kuhlale kuvamile. Ukusetshenziswa okubhalwe phansi kokuhlukunyezwa yi-United States akuhambisani nokuphikiswa futhi kungagcini. Imikhosi exhaswe yi-UN ekusekela izisulu zokuhlushwa idlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekiseni inkinga. Izinhlangano ezifana noMkhandlu Wezokuvuselela Emhlabeni Wonke Wezisulu Zokuhlukunyezwa kanye ne-Amnesty International ziye zadlala indima esebenzayo ekuhleleni izenzakalo emhlabeni wonke ukukhulisa ukuqwashiswa kwabantu ngezinkinga eziphathelene nokuhlushwa kwabantu. Izinhlangano ezinjalo zikhuthaza nokusekelwa kwezinhlelo eziphuthumayo nezikhethekile ezidingekayo ukusiza izisulu zokuhlushwa zilulame ekuhluphekeni kwazo. Ekhokhwa yizinhlaka ezifana ne-UN I Voluntary Fund yezisulu zokuhlukunyezwa, izikhungo zokuvuselela izinhlangano nezinhlangano emhlabeni jikelele ziye zabonisa ukuthi izisulu zingenza ushintsho oluvela ekudakaleni kuya ekuphulukisweni.

Juni 27. Kulolu suku ku-1869 u-Emma Goldman wazalwa. Ekhulela eLithuania, i-Goldman yasinda ku-Revolution yaseRussia kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu abaningi ukuhamba. Ngeminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, umshado ohlelwe ngaphambili nguyise wakhe oholele uGoldman, kanye nodade, ukubalekela eMelika. E-New York, izinsuku eziyishumi nesigamu sehora lesishiyagalolunye esichitha esebenza efektini yengubo yamholela ekubeni ajoyine inyunyana yabasebenzi esanda kumiswa ebiza amahora ambalwa. Njengoba eqala ukukhuluma ngamalungelo wabesifazane nabasebenzi, i-Goldman yaziwa ngokuthi i-anarchist yama-feminist eyayishukumisa ukuziphatha okukhulu. Wayejwayele ukuboshwa. Ngesikhathi uMongameli uWilliam McKinley ebulawa, uGoldman wagxekwa ezweni lonke njengenye yezinkulumo zakhe ebezikhona kulo mbulali. Nge-1906, waqala umagazini, "Umama Womhlaba," ukufundisa abafundi ngemibono yobufazi ne-anarchism. Njengoba i-US ingena e-WWI, umthetho ofana noMthetho Wokuzijabulisa wawuphetha inkulumo yamahhala, ibeka ama-pacifists njengamazwe angenasiphelo. U-Goldman waqhubeka nokukhuthaza imizamo yokulwa nempi ngokusebenzisa umagazini wakhe, futhi wahlela "i-No-Conscription League" kanye nezinye izishoshovu uLeonard Abbott, u-Alexander Berkman no-Eleanor Fitzgerald, ukuphikisa "zonke izimpi zabase-capitalist." Yena noBerkman waboshwa ngokuqamba ukubhaliswa okubhalwe phansi, athole imali engu-$ 10,000, wagwetshwa iminyaka emibili esejele. UGoldman wadluliselwa eRussia ngesikhathi ekhululwa. Lapho ekhona, wabhala Ukudumazeka Kwami eRussia, elandelwa yi-autobiography yakhe, Living My Life. Iminyaka yakhe yokugcina yayichitha ukuhamba nokufundisa abalandeli kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Wavunyelwa ukubuyela emuva kwamalanga ayisishiyagalolunye e-US ngaphambi kokuba isicelo sakhe singcwatshwe eChicago sinikezwe emva kokufa kwakhe ku-1940.

Juni 28. Kulolu suku ku-2009 ukukhishwa kwezempi, ekugcineni kusekelwe yi-United States, kwaqeda uhulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi waseHonduras. UMengameli wezwe ongakwesobunxele, uManuel Zelaya, waphoqeleka ukuba adingiselwe eCosta Rica ngemuva kokuthi amasosha angaphezu kweshumi aphuthume lapho ehlala khona ekuseni kakhulu ambopha. Lesi senzo siphethe impi ende yokubamba inhlolovo kazwelonke ebihlelelwe usuku olufanayo, lapho umongameli abenethemba lokukhombisa ukwesekwa okuthandwayo kokucabanga ngezinguquko ezingaba khona kuMthethosisekelo wezwe. Abaphikisi bezepolitiki, nokho baphikisana nokuthi inhloso yangempela kaZelaya kwakuwukuqeda umkhawulo woMthethosisekelo okhona mayelana nesikhathi sokuphatha kukaMengameli isikhathi esisodwa seminyaka emine. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa kombuso, uMengameli waseMelika uBarack Obama wathi, "Siyakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuketulwa kombuso bekungekho emthethweni nokuthi uMengameli uZelaya usengumengameli waseHonduras…" Lowo mbono, nokho, ngokushesha wasuswa yizenzo zikaNobhala Wezwe uHillary Clinton. Esikhumbuzweni sakhe sango-2014, Izinketho ezinzima, UClinton uyabhala: "Ngikhuluma nabangane bami emhlabeni jikelele .... Sihlelekile ohlelweni lokubuyisela umyalelo eHonduras futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ukhetho olukhululekile nolungalungile lwaluzoqhutshwa ngokushesha futhi olusemthethweni, oluzokwenza ukuthi umbuzo kaZelaya uphendule. "Akungalindelekile, uhulumeni wase-US owasekelwa yi-post-coup I-2010 ibuyiselwe ekunciphiseni ama-coup and loyal ministries, evula umnyango wezenkohlakalo zikahulumeni nezombuso, ubudlova, nokuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo iminyaka eminingi. Izishoshovu eziqhubekayo eHonduras zaqhubeka zihlela futhi zisebenzela kanzima esikhathini esizayo lapho uhulumeni okhethwe ngokusemthethweni angasebenzela ngobuqotho bonke, kuhlanganise nalabo abahlukunyezwayo nabampofu.

Juni 29. Ngalolu suku ku-1972, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States inqume icala likaFurman v. Georgia ukuthi isigwebo sokufa, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi esasetshenziswa yizifundazwe, sasingahambisani nomthethosisekelo. Isinqumo seNkantolo sasebenza nakwamanye amacala amabili, UJackson v. Georgia futhi Igatsha v. Texas, okuyinto yomibili eyayithinta ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo kwesigwebo sentambo ngokulahlwa yicala lokudlwengula. Amaqiniso aholela ecaleni likaFurman v. Georgia yilawa: UFurman wayegqekeza indlu yangasese lapho ilungu lomndeni limthola. Ezama ukubaleka, uFurman wakhubeka wawa, okwenza isibhamu ayesiphethe sahamba sabulala umhlali wakulo muzi. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala, uFurman ulahlwe yicala lokubulala wagwetshwa intambo. Umbuzo kuleli cala, njengakwezinye ezimbili, ukuthi ngabe isigwebo sentambo sasiwukwephula iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili esivimbela ukujeziswa okunesihluku nokungajwayelekile, noma ukuchibiyelwa kweshumi nane, okuqinisekisa bonke abantu ukuvikelwa okulinganayo komthetho. Umbono weNkantolo owawunekhasi elilodwa, owawususelwe esinqumweni sika-5-4, wawuthi ukubekwa kwesigwebo sentambo kuwo womathathu amacala kuyisijeziso esinesihluku futhi esingajwayelekile futhi kwephula uMthethosisekelo. Abahluleli uBrennan noMarshall kuphela, nokho, abakholelwa ukuthi isigwebo sentambo asishayisani noMthethosisekelo kuzo zonke izimo. Abanye abahluleli abathathu abavumelene nombono weningi bagxile ebunzimeni lapho izigwebo zokufa zazivame ukwenziwa, kuvame ukukhombisa ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga kubamangalelwa abamnyama. Isinqumo seNkantolo saphoqa amazwe kanye nesishayamthetho sikazwelonke ukuthi bacabange kabusha izimiso zabo zamacala amakhulu okufa ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi isigwebo sentambo ngeke sikhishwe ngendlela engenamqondo noma ebandlululayo.

Juni 30. Kulolu suku ku-1966, ama-GI wokuqala, i-Fort Hood Three, enqabe ukuthunyelwa e-Vietnam. UDavid Samas wangasese, u-Private Dennis Mora, no-Private First Class James Johnson bahlangana eFort Gordon, eGeorgia ngaphambi kokuba banikezwe i-142^nd Ibhethoni ye-2^nd Division Armored at Fort Hood, eTexas. Imithetho yabo yokulanda ekulindeleke ikhishwe naphezu kokuphikiswa kwabo empini ekhulayo eVietnam. Ukubhikisana okwenziwe kuwo wonke ama-US kwawaholela ekusebenziseni ikhefu le-30 ngosuku olunikezwe ngaphambi kokuba usuku lwabo lokuthunyelwa ukuthola ummeli, futhi uxhumane nezishoshovu zempi. Bakwazi ukuhlangabezana noDave Dellinger, uFred Halstead, no-AJ Muste, ama-pacifist awaziwa kahle ahlanganisa neKomidi leParade elinamandla, futhi amisa inkomfa yezindaba eNew York City. Laba abathathu bafika, basekelwe ngamakhulu wabasekeli abavela emaqenjini amalungelo omphakathi kwi-Conference Conference, lapho bamema khona amanye ama-GI ukuba bajoyine ekwenzeni kwabo ukuthunyelwa. Ukwenqaba kwabo kwakumane nje kungcingo yokucabanga: "Impi yaseVietnam kumele imiswe ... Asifuni ukuba yingxenye yempi yokuqothula. Siphikisa imfucuza yobugebengu bempilo yaseMelika nezinsiza. Senqabela ukuya eVietnam! "Amaphoyisa athunyelwa ukuba athumele iThe Three kuya ku-Fort Dix, NJ, lapho beyala khona ukuba bahambe ngokushesha eSaigon ngokuyalela i-General Hightower. Futhi, benqabe, bememezela ukuthi iMpi yaseVietnam ayikho emthethweni. Laba abathathu baboshwe, enkantolo-e-martialed ngoSepthemba, futhi bagwetshwa iminyaka emithathu eNkantolo Ephakeme ephikisana nazo zonke izikhalo. Phakathi naleyo minyaka emithathu, amakhulu amakhulu emisebenzi yenkonzo yomsebenzi kanye nama-veterans azizwa ephefumulelwe ukujoyina inhlangano yokulwa nempi.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

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Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.