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May 1. UMay Day wusuku lwendabuko lokugubha ukuzalwa kabusha eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, futhi - kusukela esigamekweni sango-1886 saseHaymarket eChicago - usuku emhlabeni jikelele ukugubha amalungelo abasebenzi nokuhlela.

Futhi kulolu suku ku-1954 izakhamuzi zalokho okwakuke kube khona ipharadesi lavusa ama-suns amabili nokugula okungapheli kwemisebe ngenxa yabo kanye nenzalo ngoba uhulumeni wase-US ihlolwe ibhomu le-hydrogen.

Futhi ngalolu suku ku-1971 kwenziwa imibhikisho emikhulu ngokumelene neMpi yaseMelika eVietnam. Futhi ngalolu suku ngo-2003 uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wamemezela ngokumangazayo ukuthi “umsebenzi ufezekile!” bemi ngubo yendiza othwala izindiza eSan Diego Harbour njengoba kuqhubeka ukubhujiswa kwe-Iraq.

Ngalolo suku ngalolo suku ku-2003 i-US Navy yasekugcineni yazinikela emibhikisho yomphakathi futhi yayeka ukuqhuma ibhomu ngesiqhingi saseVièques.

Futhi ngalolu suku ku-2005, the Sunday Times yaseLondon yashicilela Amaminithi we-Downing Street okuveze okuqukethwe kwe-July 23, 2002, umhlangano wekhabhinethi kahulumeni waseBrithani ku-10 Downing Street. Baveze ukuthi ama-US ahlela ukulwa ne-Iraq futhi aqambe amanga ngezizathu zokuthi kungani. Lolu usuku oluhle lokufundisa umhlaba mayelana impi ilele.

Kwangathi 2. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, abahambeli babelindeleke ukuba bafike eWashington DC ukuze baqalise uMkhankaso Wabantu Abampofu, ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi wokugcina okubhekiswe nguMartin Luther King Jr. ekuphishekeleni izinguquko ezingezona ubudlova ezingokwenhlalo eMelika. INkosi ngokwakhe ayizange iphile ukuze ibone ukuthi umkhankaso ukhona; ubebulewe ngaphansi kwenyanga edlule. Noma kunjalo, inkomfa yakhe ye-Southern Christian Leadership, kanye nabaholi abasha kanye ne-ajenda enkulu kunanoma yiliphi iNkosi uqobo eyake yazilandela, waqala inhlangano ayifunayo ngokulibaziseka kwamasonto amabili kuphela. Kusukela ngo-May 15 kuya kuJune 24, 1968, abanye abantu abahluphekile be-2,700 nabashushisi bokulwa nobuphofu, abamele abase-Afrika-American, ama-Asian-American, namaSpanishi nabamaMelika basezweni lonke, bahlala e-Washington's National Mall ematendeni ethuneni eyaziwa ngokuthi uvuko Idolobha. Indima yabo kwakuwukukhombisa ukusekelwa kwemigomo emihlanu yomkhankaso womkhankaso. Lezi zibandakanya iziqiniseko zombuso womsebenzi onenzuzo kumholo ophilayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi eziqashiwe, futhi imali engenayo ephephile kubantu abangakwazi ukuthola imisebenzi noma ukusebenza nhlobo. Akukho mithetho esekelwe kulezi zidingo okwakusungulwa, kepha amasonto ayisithupha emiboniso e-Resurrection City ayengaphumelelanga. Ngaphezu kokubheka umphakathi ukuthi izinkinga zabampofu zibhekene nezinkinga zabantu, ababonisi babenesikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto ayisithupha ukuze babelane ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kobumpofu nabalandeli kwezinye izizwe. Lezo zinguquko zisize ukuletha amaqembu aqokelele futhi aqondiswe ndawonye ngokubambisana njengeqembu elilodwa elisekelwe ngokugcwele. Eminyakeni yamuva lemodeli yenhlangano iye yamukelwa yi-Occupy Wall Street, i-Black Lives Matter, i-2017 Women's March, kanye noMkhankaso Ophuthumayo Wabantu We-2018.

Kwangathi 3. Ngalolu suku ku-1919, uPete Seeger wazalelwa eNew York City. Ubaba kaPete wafundisa umculo e-University of California, eBerkeley ngenkathi umama wakhe efundisa i-violin eJuilliard School. Umfowabo kaPete, uMike, waba yilungu leNew Lost City Ramblers, nodadewabo, uPeggy, umculi womculo odlala no-Ewan McColl. UPete wakhetha ukushisekela ezepolitiki okuvezwe ngomculo wesintu. Ngo-1940, izingoma zikaPete zokubhala nokwenza amakhono kwamholela ekubeni ajoyine iqembu lezishoshovu ezilwa nempi i-The Almanac Singers noWoodie Guthrie. UPete ubhale ingoma engajwayelekile enesihloko esithi "Mnumzane Mongameli Othandekayo," ekhuluma ngesidingo sokumisa uHitler, owaba yingoma ye-Almanac Singers Album. Ngemuva kwalokho, wakhonza ngesikhathi seWWII, ebuyela ekuvuseleleni umculo wesintu waseMelika ngokujoyina iThe Weavers, owagqugquzela iKingston Trio, iLimelighters, iClancy Brothers, kanye nokuthandwa kwesimo sabantu phakathi nawo-1950-60s. Abakhiqizi bagcina bevinjelwe iCongress, kwathi uPete wakhonjwa indlela yiKomidi Lezinto Ezingezona EzaseMelika. UPete wenqabile ukuphendula kulawa macala, ecaphuna amalungelo okuchibiyela okuqala: “Ngeke ngiphendule noma imiphi imibuzo ngokuqondene nenhlangano yami, izinkolelo zami zefilosofi noma ezenkolo noma izinkolelo zami zezepolitiki, noma ukuthi ngivote kanjani kunoma yiluphi ukhetho, noma yiluphi lwamalungelo izindaba. Ngicabanga ukuthi lena yimibuzo engafanelekile kunoma imuphi umMelika ongabuzwa, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kokuphoqelelwa njengalokhu. ” UPete wabe eselahlwa yicala lokwedelela okwathi, ngemuva konyaka, kwaguqulwa. UPete uqhubeke nokugcina ubushoshovu buphila ngokubhala izingoma ezinjengethi “Ziyephi Zonke Izimbali” nokuthi “Uma Ngibe Nesando.”

May 4. Ngalolo suku ku-1970 i-Ohio National Guard yaxoshelwa isixuku sase-Kent State University ababhikishi abayisishiyagalolunye nababulala abane. UMengameli uRichard Nixon ukhethwe ngokuyinhloko esithembisweni sakhe sokuqeda iMpi YeVietnam. Ngo-Ephreli 30th, umemezela ukuthi ukwandisa impi eya eCambodia. Amaphikisho aqhuma emakolishi amaningi. E-Kent State kwakukhona inhlangano enkulu yokulwa nempi elandelwa ukuphanga edolobheni. I-Ohio National Guard yayiyalwe eKit. Ngaphambi kokuba bafike, abafundi bashisa isakhiwo se-ROTC. Ngo-May 4th abafundi be-2,000 bajoyina ikolishi. Amalungu angama-70 alindile asebenzisa i-tear gas kanye nama-bayonet awamqothula eminyangweni nasemagqumeni. Omunye umfundi, uTerry Norman, naye wayenomsiki wegesi futhi wayehlomile nge-38 revolver. Wayebhekisela ekuthunjweni amabutho alindile. Kodwa abafundi abaningana baqaphela ukuthi wayephethe izithombe zabaphikisi. Ngemuva kwe-scuffle, waxoshwa. Kuqhutshelwa ukudubula kwamapulisi. Njengoba uTerry egijimela kwelinye iqembu labaqaphi eROTC, i-chaser yakhe yabiza, "Myeke. Unesibhamu ". U-Terry unikeze isibhamu sakhe emaphoyiseni e-campus owayesemqashile. Amalungu e-WKYC TV crew azwile umsolwa athi, "Nkulunkulu wami. Kuye kwaxoshwa izikhathi ezine! "Phakathi naleso sikhathi amabutho ayethole phezulu kwegquma ayezwile ukudubula kwamapulisi. Uma becabanga ukuthi baxoshwa, baxosha i-volley esixukwini. Ukushona kwabafundi abane kuholele imibhikisho emikhulu evala amakolishi e-450 kuwo wonke ama-US. Ukuthunjwa kwe-Kent kwakuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuqeda iMpi YeVietnam.

May 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1494, uChristopher Columbus, ekuhambeni kwakhe kwesibili ukuya emazweni aseMelika, wafika e-West Indies isiqhingi saseJamaica. Ngaleso sikhathi, lesi siqhingi sasihlala ama-Arawaks, abantu base-Indiya abalula futhi abanokuthula, bebabiza nge-60,000, ababehlala ekulimeni okuncane nokudoba. UColumbus ngokwakhe wabona lesi siqhingi njengendawo yokubamba impahla futhi akhiqize izitshalo nemfuyo ngenkathi yena namadoda akhe befuna izindawo zaseSpain emazweni aseMelika. Noma kunjalo, isayithi futhi lakhanga abahlali baseSpain, futhi ku-1509 kwakungumbuso ngaphansi kombusi waseSpain. Lokhu kuchaza inhlekelele kuma-Arawaks. Ephoqelelwe emisebenzini eqinile ekudingeni ukwakha inhloko-dolobha entsha yaseSpain, futhi evezwe ezifweni zaseYurophu abangenakukuphikisa, kwakuzoqedwa phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Njengoba abantu base-Arawak baqala ukuwohloka, abaseSpain bangenisa izigqila ezivela eNtshonalanga Afrika ukuze zigcine abasebenzi bazo. Khona-ke, maphakathi no-17^th ikhulu leminyaka, isiNgisi sahlaselwa, sidalwe yimbiko yemithombo yemvelo ebalulekile yaseJamaica. AbaseSpain bazinikela ngokushesha, futhi ngemva kokukhulula izigqila zabo, ezaziwa ngokuthi "amaMaroons," babaleka eCuba. Ama-Maroons aqala ukungqubuzana nemikholoni aseNgilandi, ngaphambi kokuba akhululwe ngokugcwele noMthetho wase-British Emancipation Act we-1833. Ku-1865, ngemuva kokuvukela abampofu abampofu phakathi kwamakholoni aseNgilandi, iJamaica yaba iBritish Crown Colony futhi yathatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile zenhlalo, ezomthethosisekelo nezomnotho ebukhosini. Lesi siqhingi sanikezwa ukuzimela ngaphandle kweBrithani ngo-Agasti 6, 1962, futhi manje silawulwa njengombuso wentando yeningi yentando yeningi.

May 6. ONalolu suku ku-1944, Mahatma Gandhi, iminyaka engu-73, ekulahlekelweni kwempilo, futhi edinga ukuhlinzwa, wakhululwa ejele lakhe lesikhombisa futhi lokugcina ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwe njengomholi womkhankaso ongeyena udlame wokuzibusa kweNdiya kusuka ekubuseni kwaseBrithani. Uboshwe ngo-Agasti 9, 1942, ngemuva kokuvunyelwa yi-Indian National Congress Party ye-"Quit India" isinqumo, esasungula I-Satyagraha umkhankaso womphakathi wokungalaleli ukusekela isidingo sawo sokuzimela ngokushesha. Lapho ukuboshwa kukaGandhi kunomthelela ovuthayo phakathi kwabalandeli bakhe, kwaxosha iBrithani yaseBrithani ukuba iqine ukulawula kwayo okuqinile futhi izame ukuphazamisa uGandhi ngama-smear ezombusazwe. Ekukhululweni kwakhe ekuboshiwe cishe eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uGandhi ngokwakhe wabhekana nomqondo wamaSulumane okhulayo wokuhlukanisa amazwe angamaSulumane namaHindu, umqondo owawushiya ngokuqinile. Ezinye izingxabano zezombangazwe zaqhubeka. Kodwa ekugcineni, kokubili umphumela kanye nemigomo yomzabalazo waseNdiya wokuzimela kwazinqunywa yiBrithani ngokwabo. Ekugcineni bekwamukela ukungaxolisi kwezimangalo zaseNdiya, bazinikela ngokuzithandela eNdiya ukuzimela ngokuthatha isenzo sePhalamende ngoJuni 15, 1947. Ngokuphambene nethemba lakaGandhi lokubambisana, iNdiya Independence Act, yahlukanisa leli zwe ngaphansi kwamakhosi amabili, eNdiya nasePakistan, futhi yacela ukuba ngamunye anikezwe ukuzimela ngokusemthethweni ngo-Agasti 15. Umbono omkhulu kaGandhi waqashelwa emashumini eminyaka kamuva, noma kunjalo, lapho ehlanganiswa ne-TIME sika "Umuntu we-Century". Ephawula ngomsebenzi wakhe ohlangene nomoya, lo magazini uthi "wawuvusa i-20^th ngekhulu leminyaka kuya emibonweni ekhonza njengobunjiniyela bokuziphatha kuwo wonke ama-epochs. "

May 7. Kulolu suku ku-1915, IJalimane yagwedla eLusitania - isenzo esiyingozi sokubulala abantu abaningi. The I-Lusitania bebephethe izikhali namabutho aseBrithani - esinye isenzo esesabekayo sokubulala abantu abaningi. Iningi elimazayo, noma kunjalo, kwakungamanga amanga ngakho konke. I-Germany yashicilele izixwayiso eNew York amaphephandaba namaphephandaba azungeze i-United States. Lezi zixwayiso zase zinyatheliswe eduze kwezikhangiso zokuhamba ngomkhumbi I-Lusitania futhi isayinwe yi-embassy yaseJalimane. Amaphephandaba ayebhala izihloko mayelana nezixwayiso. Inkampani yaseCunard yayibuzwe mayelana nezixwayiso. Lowo owayengumphathi we-the I-Lusitania base bevele beyeka - kubikwa ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngalokho uJalimane ayekusho emphakathini endaweni yempi. Okwamanje uWinston Churchill ucashunwe njengoba ethi "Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuheha ukuthutha okungahambisani naso emagcekeni ethu ethemba ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa i-United States neJalimane." Kwakuyi-oda yakhe ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezempi yaseBrithani okungavamile kwakunganikezwa I-Lusitania, naphezu kokuba uCunard esho ukuthi kwakubala kulokhu kuvikelwa. UNobhala Wombuso wase-United States uWilliam Jennings Bryan ushiye ukuhluleka kwe-US ukuhlala engathathi hlangothi. Ukuthi I-Lusitania bephethe izikhali namasosha ukusiza abaseBrithani empini ngokumelene neJalimane kwaqinisekiswa yiJalimane nabanye ababukeli, futhi beyiqiniso. Kodwa-ke uhulumeni wase-United States uthe, futhi izincwadi ze-US zithi manje, ukuthi abangenacala I-Lusitania wahlaselwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, isenzo esicelwa ukuthi sivumele ukufaka impi. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-United States yajoyina ngokusemthethweni ubuhlanya beMpi Yezwe I.

Usuku lomama igujwa ngezinsuku ezahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ezindaweni eziningi yiSonto lesibili ngoMeyi. Lolu usuku oluhle lokufunda i- Usuku Lomama Wamemezelo futhi avuselele usuku lokuthula.

May 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1945, eyaphinde yaqeda iMpi Yezwe II eYurophu, u-Oskar Schindler wanxusa amaJuda ayewasindise emakamu okufa amaNazi angaphinde aphindiselele kumaJalimane ajwayelekile. USchindler wayengeyona imodeli yokuziphatha noma yokuziphatha. Elandela amaNazi ePoland ngoSeptemba 1939, washesha ukuba enze abangane bakwaGestapo, ebaxhaphaza nabesifazane, imali nokuphuza. Ngesizo sabo, wathola i-enamelware factory e Krakow ukuthi angakwazi ukugijima ngemisebenzi engabizi yamaJuda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uSchindler waqala ukuzwelana namaJuda futhi wathola ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaNazi ngokumelene nawo. Ehlobo lika-1944, njengoba kuboniswe kwi-movie ye-1993 Uhlu lukaSchindler, wasindisa i-1,200 yabasebenzi bayo abangamaJuda ekufeni okuncane eduze kwamagesi asePoland ngokuwahambisa endaweni engozini enkulu egatsheni lomshini eSudetenland yeCzechoslovakia yamaNazi. Lapho ekhuluma nabo ngokulandela inkululeko yabo ngosuku lokuqala lwe-VE, wakhuthaza ngokuqinile: "Gwema zonke izenzo zokuziphindiselela nobuphekula." Izenzo namazwi kaSchindler aqhubeka nokukhuthaza ithemba lezwe elingcono. Uma, ephuthele njengoba ayeyikho, wayengathola ububele nesibindi ekungalungi okuhle, kuphakamisa ukuthi amandla ahlala kithi sonke. Namuhla, siphinde sidinga izici ezinhle uSchindler ezibonise ukulwa nesimiso sezinkampani ezinqotshwayo ezixhaswe yimishini yokubulala kazwelonke ekhonza izithakazelo ezimbalwa kuphela. Izwe lingasebenza ndawonye ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zangempela zabantu abavamile, okwenza kube lula ukusinda kwethu njengezinhlobo kanye nokugcwaliseka kwamakhono ethu eqiniso angabantu.

May 9. Kulolu suku ku-1944, umongameli we-El Salvador, uGeneral Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, ushiye isikhundla sakhe, ngemuva kwesiteleka sikazwelonke esilungele ukuqhutshwa kwezibalo esivela esontweni lokuqala likaMeyi, okwakunzima kakhulu komnotho wase-El Salvador nomphakathi. Ngemuva kokungena embusweni ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 njengomphumela wokugumbuqelwa umbuso, uMartinez wayesungule iqembu lamaphoyisa eliyimfihlo futhi waqhubeka nokunqanda iqembu lamaKhomanisi, wavala izinhlangano zabampofu, wahlola abezindaba, wafaka ejele ababecabanga ukuvukela umbuso, wabhekisa izishoshovu zabasebenzi, futhi wacabanga ngqo ukulawula amanyuvesi. Ngo-Ephreli ka-1944, abafundi baseyunivesithi kanye ne-faculty baqala ukuhlelela umbuso, benza isiteleka somsebenzi esinokuthula ezweni lonke, ngeviki lokuqala ngoMeyi, esasifaka abasebenzi nabachwepheshe abavela kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo. NgoMeyi 5, ikomiti lezingxoxo labateleki lafuna ukuthi uMengameli ehle esikhundleni ngokushesha. Esikhundleni salokho, uMartinez waya emsakazweni, enxusa izakhamizi ukuthi zibuyele emsebenzini. Lokhu kuholele ekwandisweni kombhikisho womphakathi kanye nesenzo samaphoyisa esinolaka esabulala umbonisi wabafundi. Ngemuva komngcwabo wentsha, izinkulungwane zababhikishi zikhombise esigcawini esiseduze neNdlu Kazwelonke zabe seziphuthuma zingena esigodlweni uqobo, zathola ukuthi sishiyiwe. Njengoba izinketho zakhe zancipha kakhulu, umengameli wahlangana nekomidi lezingxoxo ngoMeyi 8 futhi ekugcineni wavuma ukusula - isenzo esasamukela ngokusemthethweni ngosuku olulandelayo. Esikhundleni sikaMartinez esikhundleni sikaMengameli, isikhulu esilinganiselwe, uGeneral Andres Ignacio Menendez, owayalela ukuxolelwa kweziboshwa zepolitiki, wamemezela inkululeko yabezindaba, futhi waqala ukuhlela ukhetho lukazwelonke. I-push to democracy yabonakala isikhathi esifushane, noma kunjalo. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu nje kamuva, uMenendez uqobo lwakhe waketulwa ngumbuso.

Kwangathi 10. Kulolu suku ku-1984, iNkantolo Yomhlaba Yezobulungiswa eHague, eNetherlands, ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana nesicelo sikaNicaragua sokumiswa kokuqala okudingeka ukuba i-United States imise ngokushesha imayini yamanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi aseNicaragua eyayilimele imikhumbi okungenani eyisishiyagalombili evela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene ezinyangeni ezintathu ezandulele. I-US yamukele isinqumo ngaphandle kokuphikisana, ebonisa ukuthi isivele iphelile ukusebenza ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi ngeke ibuye iphinde ibuye. Ukumbiwa kwezimayini kwakwenziwe yinhlanganisela yama-guerrillas aseMelika aphikisana nohulumeni waseSandinista, futhi aqeqeshiwe abasebenzi baseLatin American eCIA. Ngokusho kweziphathimandla zase-US, lo msebenzi wawuyingxenye yomzamo we-CIA wokuqondisa kabusha isu lama-guerrillas, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Contras," kusukela emizamweni ehlulekayo yokubamba insimu ezweni ukuhlukunyezwa kwezomnotho nokushaya. Amadivayisi acoustic ezenziwe ngezandla ezisetshenziselwa ukumbumbuluzwa kwezimayini azisiza ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlangabezana nalolo mgomo ngokudambisa ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla eziphumayo nezingenayo. Ikhofi yaseNicaragua kanye nezinye izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eziqoqwe kuma-piers, futhi ukuthengwa kwamafutha angenisiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-CIA yaqala ukuthatha indima eqondile ekuqeqeshweni nasekuqondiseni abahlubuki be-anti-Sandinista, futhi izikhulu zokuphatha zavuma ukuthi iningi likahulumeni waseSandinista "liyizidemokhrasi" futhi alibophezele kakhulu eCuba naseSoviet Union. INkantolo Yomhlaba yakhipha isinqumo esivumelwaneni saseMelika isitatimende sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzimela kwezombangazwe eNicaragua "kufanele kuhlonishwe ngokugcwele futhi ... kungabi yingozi yimuphi umsebenzi wezempi noma wezempi." Nokho, leli lungiselelo alizange lithole ukusekelwa okungafani. Nakuba i-14 eya emgodini we-1, ijaji lase-US uStep Schwebel livote "Cha."

Kwangathi 11. Ngalolu suku ku-1999, inkomfa enkulu kunazo zonke yokuthula emhlabeni wonke owake waqhubeka eHague, Netherlands. Le ngqungquthela ibigubha ikhulu leminyaka lengqungquthela yokuqala yokuthula yamazwe omhlaba, eyabanjelwa e-The Hague ngoMeyi 1899, eyayiqale inqubo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwemiphakathi kanye nohulumeni okuhloswe ngayo ukuvimbela impi nokulawula ukweqisa kwayo. Ingqungquthela ye-Hague Appeal for Peace ye-1999, eyabanjwa ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezinhlanu, yayihanjelwe yizishoshovu ezingaphezu kuka-9,000, abamele uhulumeni, nabaholi bomphakathi abavela emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Lo mcimbi ububaluleke kakhulu, ngoba, ngokungafani nezingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke ezalandela ze-UN, bewuhlelwe ngokuphelele hhayi ohulumeni, kepha ngamalungu ezinhlangano zomphakathi, azibonakalise bekulungele ukufuna world beyond war noma ngabe ohulumeni babo babengekho. Abebehambele lo mhlangano, okubandakanya abaziwayo njengoNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan, iNdlovukazi uNoor waseJordani, kanye noMbhishobhi Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu waseNingizimu Afrika, babambe iqhaza ezingxenyeni ezingaphezu kwama-400, ama-workshops, nasezintanjeni, bexoxa futhi bephikisana ngezindlela zokuqeda impi nokwakha isiko lokuthula . Umphumela waba wuhlelo lokusebenza lwezinhlelo eziningiliziwe ezingama-50 ezibeka i-ajenda yamazwe omhlaba wonke yokuvikela izingxabano, amalungelo esintu, ukugcina ukuthula, ukuphoqa izikhali nokubhekana nezimbangela zempi. Ingqungquthela iphinde yakuchaza ngempumelelo ukuthula ukuze kungasho nje kuphela ukungabi bikho kongquzulwano phakathi nangaphakathi kwezifundazwe, kepha ukungabi khona kokungabi nabulungisa kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Lokho kunwetshwa kwemibono selokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa abezemvelo, abameli bamalungelo abantu, abathuthukisi, kanye nabanye ngokwesiko ababengazicabangi "njengezishoshovu zokuthula" ukusebenzela isiko lokuthula eliqhubekayo.

Kwangathi 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1623, amakholoni aseNgilandi eVirginia ayebizwa ngokuthi izingxoxo zokuthula namaNdiya asePowhatan, kodwa aphuza ngamabomu iwayini abanikezile, abulala i-200 yamaPowhatans ngaphambi kokudubula nokushaya abanye abangu-50. Kusukela ku-1607, lapho iJamestown, indawo yokuqala yokuhlala isiNgisi eNyakatho Melika, isungulwe emagqeni eMfula uJames eVirginia, ababhikoloni bebelokhu bephuma futhi bephuma empini ngombuso wezizwe ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Powhatan Confederation, eholwa yiyo induna ephakeme, uPowhatan. Inkinga enkulu kwakuyizindleko zokukhulisa izimbangi emazweni aseNdiya. Noma kunjalo, lapho indodakazi kaPowhatan uPoqahontas eshada nomkoloni ovelele waseNgilandi nomlimi ugwayi uJohn Rolfe e-1614, uPowhatan wavuma ngokungazelelwe ukuthi unesivumelwano esingenamkhawulo naboloni. I-Pocahontas empeleni yaba negalelo elikhulu ekusindeni kokuqala kweJamestown yokuhlala, ngokukhululeka ukulondoloza isikhulu saseNgilandi uJohn Smith ekubulaweni ku-1607 futhi emva kokuguqulwa kwakhe okuphoqelelwe ebuKristwini ku-1613, ukukhonza ngempumelelo njengesithunywa sevangeli phakathi kwabantu bakubo. Ngokufa kwakhe okungakafiki ngo-March 1617, amathuba okuqhubeka nokuthula kancane kancane. Ngemuva kokuba uPowhatan ngokwakhe efa e-1618, umfowabo omncane wathatha umyalo futhi, ngo-March 1622, wahola ukuhlasela okuphelele lapho izindawo zokuhlala nezindawo zasemapulazini zishiswa khona, kanti ingxenye yesithathu yabakhileyo, cishe i-350, yadutshulwa noma yabulawa. Kwakuyi-"Powhatan Uprising" eyayiholela ekutheni "ukuthula okuphakathi" ngoMeyi, i-1623, lapho abakholoni abahloswe khona nje kuphela impindiselo enesono. Ukuvuswa kwashiya indawo yaseJamestown ngokuhlukana okuphelele, futhi ku-1624 Virginia yenziwa ikholoni yasebukhosini. Kuzohlala kuze kube yilapho inguquko yaseMelika.

May 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1846, i-US Congress ivotele ukuvuma isicelo sikaMongameli James K. Polk sokumemezela impi eMexico. Impi yabangelwa izingxabano zomngcele ezibandakanya iTexas, okwathi ngo-1836 yazitholela ukuzimela kwayo kusuka eMexico njenge-republic republic kodwa yaba umbuso wase-US ngemuva kokudlula kweCongressional of the US / Texas Treaty of Annexation esayinwe ngoMashi 1945 owandulela uPolk, uJohn Tyler. Njengombuso wase-US, iTexas yathatha iRio Grande njengomngcele wayo oseningizimu, kanti iMexico yathi ngumngcele osemthethweni woMfula iNueces ukuya enyakatho-mpumalanga. NgoJulayi 1845, uMongameli Polk wayala amasosha angene emazweni aphikisanayo phakathi kwale mifula emibili. Lapho imizamo yokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano ihluleka, ibutho lase-US laqhubekela phambili emlonyeni weRio Grande. AbaseMexico baphendula ngo-Ephreli 1846 ngokuthumela amasosha abo ngaphesheya kweRio Grande. NgoMeyi 11, uPolk wacela iCongress ukuthi imemezele impi neMexico, esola ukuthi amabutho aseMexico "ahlasele insimu yethu futhi achitha igazi lezakhamizi zakithi enhlabathini yethu." Isicelo sikaMongameli savunywa ngokumangazayo yiCongress ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, kodwa futhi kwaveza nokusolwa kokuziphatha kanye nokuhlakanipha kwabantu abadumile kwezepolitiki namasiko aseMelika. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukungqubuzana ekugcineni kwaxazululwa ngokwemibandela engavuni ubulungiswa, kepha amandla aphezulu. Isivumelwano sokuthula esaphela impi ngoFebhuwari 1848 senza iRio Grande umngcele oseningizimu yeTexas, futhi sanikela eCalifornia naseNew Mexico e-United States. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, i-US ibizokhokhela iMexico isamba esingu- $ 15 million bese ivuma ukukhokha zonke izimangalo zezakhamizi zase-US ngokumelene neMexico.

May 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1941, lapho iMpi Yezwe II isivele iqhutshwa eYurophu, inqwaba yokuqala yezinqaba zikaNqabayokulinda zase-United States yabika ekamu lokusebenzela ePatapsco State Forest eDannyland, ilungele ukuhlinzeka ngenkonzo ehlukile enenzuzo ezweni lakubo. Kwabaningi abaphikisi, ithuba lokuphishekela lokho okunye kwakwenzeke ekuqondeni kabanzi komphakathi ukuthi inkolo ingabangela kanjani inkolelo. Ngaphambilini, cishe wonke amadoda aseMelika afanelekayo abhalisiwe ayekwazi ukuthola isimo sengqondo sokuphikisana nenkolo ngenxa yobulungu bawo emasontweni "amasonto okuthula," njengamaQuaker namaMennonites. Umthetho we-1940 Training and Service Act, Nokho, wawudlulisele ukufaneleka kwalowo mkhuba kubantu abathola izinkolelo kunoma yimuphi umlando wenkolo owabangela ukuba baphikisane nazo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi yezempi. Uma kubhalwe phansi, abantu abanjalo bangakwazi ukubekwa "umsebenzi wokubaluleka kazwelonke ngaphansi kokuqondisa umphakathi." Ikamu lasePatapsco laliyinkampani yokuqala ye-152 e-US nasePuerto Rico ukuthi, ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-Civil Service Service, landa kakhulu ukutholakala komsebenzi onjalo. I-Service inikeze izabelo zomsebenzi zabanye abaxoshwa yi-20,000 ngenxa kanembeza kusukela ku-1941 kuya ku-47, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zamahlathi, ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi, ukulwa komlilo nokulima. Inhlangano eyingqayizivele yenkambiso nayo yasiza ekunciphiseni ukucwaswa komphakathi okuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuphikisana nokubambelela ekusekeleni kwayo okuyimfihlo emisebenzini yangasese emisebenzini yomphakathi. Amakamu asungulwa futhi aqhutshwa ngamakomiti amasonto aseMennonite, Brethren, namaQuaker, futhi lonke uhlelo lubiza uhulumeni nabakhokhi bentela lutho. Imidwebo yayikhonza ngaphandle kwemholo futhi amabandla abo emasontweni kanye nemindeni babephethe ngokugcwele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo.

May 15. Ngalolu suku ku-1998, iPalestina yaqhuba usuku lokuqala lweNukoba, usuku lwezinhlekelele. Lolu suku lwasungulwa ngu-Yasser Arafat, uMongameli we-National Authority of Palestine, ukugubha ukufuduka kwamaPalestina phakathi neMpi yokuqala ye-Arab-Israel (1947 - 49). Usuku lwe-Nakba luwela ngosuku olulandelayo emva koSuku lokuzimela luka-Israyeli. NgoMeyi 14, i-1948, usuku u-Israyeli alubiza ngalo ukuzibusa, cishe amaPalestina ase-250,000 asebalekile noma axoshwa kulokho okwaba khona u-Israyeli. Kusukela ngo-May 15, i-1948 phambili, ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina kwaba umkhuba ovamile. Bonke, abangaphezu kwe-750,000 ama-Arabhu asePalestina babaleka noma baxoshwa emakhaya abo, cishe amaphesenti angu-80 wabantu base-Palestine base-Palestine. Abaningi balabo abangenele babalekela emazweni asePalestina ngaphambi kokuxoshwa. Kulabo abangenalutho, abaningi bahlala emakamu ababaleki emazweni angomakhelwane. Izizathu zokufuduka zabaningi futhi zihlanganisa ukubhujiswa kwamadolobhana ase-Arabhu (phakathi kwe-400 ne-600 yasePalestina amadolobhana ashaywa futhi iPalestina yasemadolobheni yabhujiswa); Ukuthuthukiswa kwezempi yamaJuda kanye nokwesaba omunye ukubulawa kwabantu ngamabutho aseSiyoni ngemuva kokubulala okubulawa yiDeir Yassin; imiyalo eqondile yokuxoshwa yiziphathimandla zase-Israel; ukuwa kobuholi basePalestina; nokungafuni ukuhlala ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwamaJuda. Kamuva, uchungechunge lwemithetho eyadlula uhulumeni wokuqala wase-Israyeli wavimbela amaPalestina ukuba abuyele emakhaya abo noma athi impahla yabo. Kuze kube namuhla abaningi basePalestina kanye nenzalo yabo bahlala ababaleki. Isimo sabo njengababaleki, kanye nokuthi u-Israyeli uzobanika yini ilungelo labo lokuthi babuyele emakhaya abo noma bahlawuliswe, yizimpikiswano ezibalulekile empini eqhubekayo yase-Palestine yasePalestina. Ezinye izazi-mlando ziye zachaza ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina njengokuhlanzwa kohlanga.

May 16. Kulolu suku ku-1960, ingqungquthela ebaluleke kakhulu eParis phakathi kukaMongameli waseMelika uDwight Eisenhower noNdunankulu waseSoviet uNicita Khrushchev, okwakumathemba omabili kungase kuholele ubudlelwane obuhle bomhlaba, kunalokho waqhekeka ngentukuthelo. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ngaphambili, imikhosi yaseSoviet yangaphambili yayidonsela phansi i-US high-atmospheric spy U-2 indiza phezu kwensimu yaseSoviet njengoba yayithatha izithombe eziningi zokufaka ezempi emhlabathini. Ngemuva kwezindiza ezingamashumi amabili nambili ezedlule ze-U-2, ekugcineni uKushushchev waba nobufakazi obunzima besimiso i-US eyayiphikile ngaphambili. Ngenkathi u-Eisenhower enqabe ukufunwa kwakhe ukuvinjelwa zonke izindiza ezindizayo zezindiza, uKrushchev uthukuthele washiya umhlangano, waqeda ngempumelelo umhlangano. Indiza ye-spy phezu kwezindiza yayiyi-brainchild ye-US Central Intelligence Agency (i-CIA). Kusukela ku-1953, le nhlangano yayiphethwe ngu-Allen Dulles, owathi, esimweni sokuphikisana okukhulu nobuthakathaka nokuhlukumezeka, kwakubangele uhulumeni ofihliwe ngokuziphatha. Iziphambeko zayo eziningi zilandelwa nguDavid Talbot encwadini yakhe yokuvula i-2015 I-Chessboard kaDeveli.... Kwakuyi-CIA, i-Talbot amanothi, athula "ukuguqulwa kombuso" nokuqeda nokubulala abaholi bezinye izizwe njengamathuluzi enqubomgomo yaseMelika yangaphandle. UTalbot uphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi i-CIA yakha iCuban Bay of Pigs ukuhluleka ukuze iphoqe isandla soMengameli osemusha uKennedy ukuba ahlasele isiqhingi futhi athumele eMarines. Ukukhwabanisa okunjalo nokukhwabanisa, uma kuyiqiniso, kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukushiseka kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kuhlanekezela ezombusazwe zaseMelika, kwaphazamisa izimiso zenkululeko yentando yeningi yezwe, futhi kwaqinisa isimo esimnyama sokuguqula ubugebengu bawo obungokwenyama nangokwemvelo ngaphakathi kulabo abamelana nalo.

May 17. Kulolu suku ku-1968, abantu abayisishiyagalolunye bashisa amafayili ashicilelwe eCatonsville, Maryland. Ubaba uDaniel nobaba uFiliphu Berrigan kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi wamaKatolika uDavid Darst, uJohn Hogan, uTom Lewis, uMarjorie Bradford Melville, uThomas Melville, uGeorge Mische noMary Moylan baboshwa ngokususa amarekhodi amaningi e-Selective Service eConsonsville, MD, futhi ababhubhise nge napalm ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ekuphikisweni kwe-draft kanye ne-Vietnam eqhubekayo. Ukuboshwa kwabo okwalandela kwavutha abaningi njengoba amaphephandaba axoxa indaba. Emazwi kaBawo uDaniyeli, "Siyaxolisa, bangani abathandekayo, ngenxa yokuphuka komthetho, ukushisa kwephepha esikhundleni sezingane ... asikwazanga, ngakho usisize uNkulunkulu enze okuhlukile." Njengoba icala laqala eBaltimore, " Iyisishiyagalolunye "zisekelwa amaqembu avela ezweni lonke ahambelana nomthethosisekelo. Umkhankaso wokulwa nempi wathola ukwesekwa okungaphezulu kwabefundisi, Abafundi beDemocratic Society, abafundi baseCornell kanye neBaltimore Welfare Workers Union. Izinkulungwane zihamba emigwaqweni yaseBaltimore zicela ukukhululwa kweNine, futhi sekuphelile "Ubugqila Ekhethiwe" obunqunywe yi-draft for back imperialism ebonakalayo hhayi kuphela eVietnam, kodwa eNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika nasemhlabeni jikelele. Iyisishiyagalolunye yenza kucacile ngenkathi kuvivinywa ukuthi izakhamizi azikho ukhetho ngaphandle kokungalaleli komphakathi lapho izimiso zokuziphatha, zenkolo, kanye nokuthanda izwe zingavumelani. Abayisishiyagalolunye abakaze baphikise izenzo zabo, kodwa bagxile ekuhlosweni kwabo. Le njongo iyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela labo abaphikisana nokugwetshwa kwentsha yaseMelika ezimpini ezingapheli naphezu kwezinsolo ezithweswe icala, izinkolelo, nesigwebo esinikezwe i-Nine objors.

May 18. Kulolu suku ku-1899 i-Hague Conference Conference. Le ngqungquthela iphakanyiswe yiRussia "ngenxa yezokulwa nezikhali nokuthula okuphakade emhlabeni." Izizwe ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha, kuhlanganise ne-US, zihlangane ukuze zixoxisane nezinye izindlela zokulwa nempi. Izihambeli zahlukaniswa zaba amakhomishana amathathu ukuveza imibono. Ikhomishana yokuqala yavuma ukuthi "ukulinganiselwa kwemali yezempi okucindezela umhlaba kuyadingeka kakhulu." Ikhomishana yesibili ihlongozwa ukubuyekezwa kokubili iSimemezelo saseBrussels mayelana nemithetho yempi, kanye ne-Geneva Convention yokwandisa ukuvikelwa enikezwe yi-Red Cross. Ikhomishana yesithathu icele ukuxazulula ukuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke ngokuthula, okuholela eNkantolo Yomhlaba YezokuArbitration. Abahluleli abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nambili bakhethwa njengabaphikisi abangenabulungiswa ukuphatha imithetho nezinqubo zokwenza ikhodi yomthetho. NgoMeyi 18, i-1901, inkantolo yasungulwa ngokuthi "isinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke, sobuntu bomhlaba wonke, esake sithathwe ngamandla ahlangene, njengoba kufanele ekugcineni aqede impi, futhi ngokuqhubekayo, ukuba nombono wokuthi imbangela ukuthula kuyozuza kakhulu ngokusungulwa kwendlu yenkantolo kanye nemtapo wezincwadi zeNkantolo yokuQala yokuBambisana ... "Kungakapheli iminyaka eyisikhombisa, izivumelwano ze-135 zokubambisana zasayinwa ne-12 ehilela i-US. Izizwe zavuma ukuhambisa ukungezwani kwabo kwi-Tribunal ye-Hague uma zingaphula "ukuzimela, udumo, izithakazelo ezibalulekile, noma ukusebenzisa ubukhosi bamazwe angenazivumelwano, futhi kunikeze ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola isixazululo esinokuthula ngendlela yokuxoxisana ngokuqondile kwezombusazwe noma nganoma iyiphi enye indlela yokubuyisana. "

Kwangathi 19. Ngalolu suku ku-1967, iSoviet Union yamukele isivumelwano esivimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke. Isivumelwano lesi sibuye savimba amazwe ukuthi asebenzise inyanga, amanye amaplanethi, loba yiziphi ezinye “izindikimba zamazulu” njengezindawo zangaphandle zamasotsha. Ngaphambi kokuqinisekiswa kweSoviet, "iSivumelwano Sasemkhathini Esingaphandle," njengoba isivumelwano sasibizwa kanjalo ngenkathi siqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 1967, sase sisayiniwe futhi / noma savunywa yi-United States, Great Britain, kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi. Imele impendulo yomhlaba wonke, eholwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, ekwesabeni okubanzi ukuthi i-US neSoviet Union bangenza indawo ibe umngcele olandelayo wezikhali zenuzi. AbaseSoviet ngokwabo babeqale bazibophezela ekuvumeleni ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi emkhathini, begcizelela ukuthi bangasamukela isivumelwano esinjalo kuphela uma i-US iqala isusa izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe lapho yayivele ibeke khona imicibisholo ebanga elifushane naphakathi nendawo - isidingo i-US yenqabile. AmaSoviet asiphonsa lesi sidingo, kepha, ngemuva kokusayina ku-US / Soviet Limited Test Ban Treaty ngo-Agasti 1963, eyayinqabela ukuhlolwa kwenuzi yonke indawo ngaphandle komhlaba. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, amasosha aseMelika nokho aqhubeka nokusebenzisa isikhala sokwenza izimpi futhi amelana nezinhlelo zeRussia nezinye izizwe zokuvimbela zonke izikhali zesikhala nokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi emkhathini. Ukusetshenziswa kweziphuphutheki ekubhekiseni imicibisholo, nokuqhubeka kokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zasemkhathini kuyingxenye yalokho okushiwo ngamasosha aseMelika njengenhloso “yokubusa okuphelele” - umqondo osabandakanya lokho uMongameli uRonald Reagan abhekisele kukho njenge-Star Wars noma iMissile Ukuvikela.

May 20. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, iSonto Lase-Arlington Street Unitarian Church eliqhamuka kakhulu iBoston lalingenye yezindlu zokuqala zokukhulekela ukunikezela indawo engcwele eVietnam. Kulezi zindawo ezimbili ezingcwele, uWilliam Chase, isosha elingekho ngaphandle kwekhefu, linikezwe iziphathimandla zezempi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, ngemuva kokuthola iziqinisekiso mayelana nesimo sakhe njengenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Kodwa uRobert Talmanson, umshayeli owayesehlulekile ukubhekana nenselele ekungenisweni kwakhe empini, wathathwa emapulpiti esontweni ngamabhanoyi ase-US futhi wanikezwa ngamabhikishi ngaphandle kosizo lwamaphoyisa aseBoston. Ekunikezeni indawo yayo engcwele, iSonto Lase-Arlington Street laliholele e-Yale University Chaplain uWilliam Sloane Coffin, owakhuthaza ukuvuselela isiko lasendulo njengendlela yokufanekisa ngokumelene nenkolo engalungile eVietnam. UCoffin wenze isikhalazo ngesikhathi sokukhombisa ukulwa nempi esontweni ngo-Okthoba odlule. Kulo, amadoda e-60 atshisa amakhadi abo okukhishwa emakhakheni esonto, kanti elinye i-280 lanikeza amakhadi abo abakhadi amakhadi amane, kuhlanganise noNgqongqoshe weCoffin no-Arlington Street uDkt. Jack Mendelsohn, bonke labo ababeka engozini yokukhokha izinkampani ngokubambisana nezikhulu zempi. NgeSonto elilandelayo, uDkt. Mendelsohn wanikeza amazwi aqondiswe ngqo ebandleni lakhe okushiwo ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kwalo mcimbi: "Uma ... kukhona labo," kusho yena, "lapho sebephelelwe amandla ngaphandle kwemiphumela yonke indlela evumelekile yokuphikisana nobugebengu obukhulu egameni labo nguhulumeni wabo ... futhi esikhundleni sokuthi ukhethe uGethsemene wokungalaleli kwabantu, isonto lizophendula kanjani? Uyazi ukuthi [isonto] liphendule ngoMsombuluko odlule. Kodwa impendulo eqhubekayo, leyo ebaluleke ngempela, ingeyakho. "

Kwangathi 21. Kulolu suku ku-1971, Amalungu e-American Indian Movement (AIM) ahlala esiteshini sezindiza esasishiywe e-US eMilwaukee, eWisconsin. Lo msebenzi ulandele ukuthathwa okufanayo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ezedlule ngamalungu e-AIM nezinye izinhlangano zaseNdiya kanye nezizwe zesiteshi sezindiza samanzi esiseduze esiseduze naseMinneapolis, lapho behlela khona ukusungula isikhungo sonke samaNdiya nesikhungo samasiko. Lesi senzo savunyelwa ngesisekelo se-Article 6 yeSivumelwano SaseSioux sango-1868, lapho impahla eyayingeyamaNdiya ekuqaleni kwakufanele ibuyele kubo uma uhulumeni eyilahla futhi nini. Kodwa-ke, ngoba ukuthatha kukaMeyi 21 kwesiteshi esilahliwe iMilwaukee kuphazamise ukusebenza kwempi yasolwandle, abahlali bendawo yaseMinneapolis baboshwa, baqeda izinhlelo zabo. I-AIM yasungulwa ngo-1968 ukuphishekela izinhloso ezinhlanu zokuqala zamaMelika Omdabu: ukuzimela kwezomnotho, ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko endabuko, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omthetho, ukuzimela ezindaweni zamakhosi, nokubuyiselwa kwamazwe ezizwe athathwa ngokungemthetho. Ekulandeleni lezi zinhloso, le nhlangano ibibambe iqhaza emibhikishweni eminingi ekhumbulekayo. Kubandakanya ukuhlala kwe-Alcatraz Island kusuka ngo-1969 kuya ku-1971; imashi yowe-1972 eya eWashington iyokhalaza ngokwephulwa kwezivumelwano zaseMelika; kanye nokuthathwa kwesiza ngo-1973 eWounded Knee ukukhalaza ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseNdiya. Namuhla, inhlangano, ezinze ezweni lonke, iyaqhubeka nokulandela izinhloso zayo zokusungula. Kuwebhusayithi yayo, i-AIM igomela ngokuthi isiko lamaMelika Omdabu lifanelwe "ukuziqhenya nokuzivikela" futhi inxusa bonke aboMdabu baseMelika ukuthi "bahlale beqinile ngokomoya, futhi bahlale bekhumbula ukuthi le nhlangano inkulu kunezinto ezifezwe noma amaphutha abaholi bayo."

May 22. Kulolu suku ku-1998 abavoti eNyakatho ye-Ireland naseRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland bavumile isivumelwano seNorthern Ireland sokuthula, bazi nokuthi isivumelwano seLwesihlanu esihle, siphela cishe iminyaka engu-30 yokuxabana phakathi kwe-Nationalists ne-Unionists eNyakatho Ireland. Isivumelwano esivumelwane eBelfast ngoLwesihlanu Oluhle, ngomhlaka 10 Ephreli 1998, sinezingxenye ezimbili, isivumelwano samaqembu amaningi phakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki aseNyakatho Ireland (i-DUP, iDemocratic Unionist Party, bekungukuphela kweqembu elingavumi) kanye nelezwe isivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani kanye neRepublic of Ireland. Isivumelwano sakha izikhungo eziningi ezixhumanisa iNyakatho ye-Ireland neRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland, kanye neRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland ne-United Kingdom. Lokhu kubandakanya uMkhandlu waseNyakatho ye-Ireland, izikhungo ezinqamula umngcele neRiphabhliki Yase-Ireland, kanye nomzimba oxhumanisa imihlangano ehlakazekile e-UK (eScotland, Wales naseNyakatho ye-Ireland) namaphalamende ase-United Kingdom nase-Irish Republic. Okunye obekumaphakathi kwalesi sivumelwano bekuyizivumelwano eziphathelene nobukhosi, amalungelo omphakathi namasiko, ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali, ukwehliswa kwamasosha, ubulungiswa kanye nobuphoyisa. UGerry Adams, uMongameli wenhlangano yaseNyakatho ye-Irish Nationalist uSinn Fein, uzwakalise ithemba lokuthi igebe lomlando lokwethembana phakathi kwamaNationalists kanye nama-Unionist "lizovaleka ngokwesisekelo sokulingana. Silapha sifinyelela isandla sobungani. ” Umholi we-Ulster Unionist uDavid Trimble uphendule ngokuthi wabona “ithuba elihle. . . ukuqala inqubo yokwelashwa. ” UBertie Ahern, umholi weRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland, wengeze ngokuthi unethemba lokuthi manje sekungadonswa umugqa ngaphansi "kwegazi elidlule". Isivumelwano saqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka 2 Disemba 1999.

May 23. Ngalolu suku ku-1838 baqala ukukhishwa kokugcina kwamaMelika aseMelika kusukela emazweni abo okhokho babo eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika ukuya emazweni asentshonalanga yoMfula iMississippi ayekhethwe njengezindawo zaseNdiya. Ngama-1820s, izifiki zaseYurophu eziseNingizimu-mpumalanga zazifuna umhlaba owengeziwe. Baqala ukuhlala ngokungemthetho emazweni aseNdiya futhi bacindezela uhulumeni wesifundazwe ukuthi asuse amaNdiya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngo-1830, uMongameli Andrew Jackson wakwazi ukuthi umthetho we-Indian Removal Act uphasiswe yiCongress. Lo Mthetho wagunyaza uhulumeni wesifundazwe ukuthi acime isihloko emazweni aseningizimu-mpumalanga yamaNdiya. Ukuthuthwa ngenkani, yize abanye bephikisa ngokuqinile, kubandakanya no-Congressman wase-US uDavy Crockett waseTennessee, walandela ngokushesha. Lo Mthetho uthinte amaMelika Omdabu aziwa njengezizwe ezinhlanu eziphucuzekile: iCherokee, iChickasaw, iChoctaw, iCreek, neSeminole. IChoctaw yaba ngeyokuqala ukususwa, kusukela ngo-1831. Ukususwa kwama-Seminoles, naphezu kokumelana kwabo, kwaqala ngo-1832. Ngo-1834 kwasuswa iCreek. Futhi ngo-1837 kwakunguChickasaw. Ngo-1837, ngokufuduswa kwalezi zizwe ezine, amaNdiya angama-46,000 ayesusiwe emazweni akubo, kwavulwa amahektare ayizigidi ezingama-25 ukuze kuhlaliswe abantu baseYurophu. Ngo-1838 kwasala amaCherokee kuphela. Ukufuduswa kwabo ngenkani kwenziwa ngamasosha oMbuso nawendawo, abezungeza amaCherokee bawafaka emakamu amakhulu futhi aminyene. Ukuchayeka ezintweni zezulu, ukusabalalisa ngokushesha izifo ezithathelwanayo, ukuhlukunyezwa ngabantu basemingceleni yendawo, kanye nezabelo ezinganele kwabulala abafinyelela ku-8,000 kwabangaphezu kuka-16,000 baseCherokee abaqala imashi. Ukufuduswa ngenkani kweCherokee ngo-1838 kwaziwa njengoMzila Wezinyembezi.

May 24. Ngalolu suku ngonyaka, iNsuku Yomhlaba Wonke Yabesifazane Yokuthula Nezokulwa (IWDPD) igubha emhlabeni jikelele. Isungulwe eYurophu ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, i-IWDPD ibona imizamo yomlando neyamanje yabesifazane kumaphrojekthi wamazwe omhlaba wokwakha ukuthula nokulwa nezikhali. Ngokwesimemezelo se-IWDPD kuwebhu, izishoshovu zabesifazane ihlonipha udlame njengesixazululo ezinkingeni zomhlaba futhi zisebenzele umhlaba onobulungisa futhi onokuthula ohlangabezana nezidingo zabantu - hhayi ezempi. Umzabalazo wabesifazane wokuthula unomlando omude, osukela ngaphambi konyaka we-1915, lapho abesifazane abangaba ngu-1,200 2000 abavela emazweni womabili alwayo nangathathi hlangothi bekhombisa ukulwa neMpi Yezwe I eThe Hague, eNetherlands. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, amaqembu ezishoshovu zabesifazane emhlabeni wonke ahlela izingqungquthela, imikhankaso yezemfundo, izingqungquthela, nemibhikisho ehlose ukuqeda ukuqoqwa kwezikhali, ukwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji, nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngenkathi ikhulu lamashumi amabili lisondela ekupheleni kwalo, inhlangano yabesifazane yokuthula yandisa kakhulu uhlelo lwayo. Iqhutshwa yimibono yokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zodlame lwasekhaya, kufaka phakathi udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane, zingaxhunyaniswa nodlame olwenzeka empini, nokuthi ukuthula kwasekhaya kuxhumene nenhlonipho yamasiko yabesifazane, amaqembu ezishoshovu kule nhlangano aqala ukulandela izinhloso ezimbili zokulwa nezikhali amalungelo abesifazane. Ngo-Okthoba XNUMX, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Wezizwe Ezihlangene wamukela isinqumo mayelana nabesifazane, ukuthula nokuphepha esikhuluma ngqo ngesidingo sokufaka izindlela zobulili kuzo zonke izindawo zokuxhaswa kokuthula, kufaka phakathi ukuphucwa izikhali, ukwehliswa kwezimilo kanye nokuvuselelwa. Lowo mbhalo usasebenza njengenguquko emlandweni yokwamukela ukunikela ngqo kwabesifazane odabeni lokuthula.

May 25. Ngalolo suku ku-1932, i-Bonus Army ye-World War I yase-Warrior iboniswe eWashington, DC, futhi yahlaselwa yi-Douglas MacArthur. Ama-veterans we-WWI athembiswa ibhonasi yiCongress ngokusho ukuthi kuzodingeka balinde ukukhokha kwabo kuze kube yi-1945. Nge-1932, ukucindezeleka kwakushiye ama-veteran amaningi engasebenzi futhi engenakhaya. Mayelana ne-15,000 ehlelwe njenge "Bonus Expeditionary Force," yahambela eWashington, futhi yafuna ukukhokha kwabo. Bafaka ndawonye izindawo zokukhosela imindeni yabo, base bemisa emfuleni kusukela eKapitol njengoba bekulindele impendulo evela eCongress. Ukwesaba okuvela kwabakhileyo bendawo kuholele ku-veteran ngamunye okudingeka ukuba anikeze amakhophi abo ahloniphekile. Inhloko ye-BEF, uWalter Waters, yathi: "Sifikile isikhathi eside futhi ngeke silambile. Sizozigcina singenhlangano ye-simon-pure veteran. Uma iBhonasi ikhokhwa iyokhulula kakhulu esimweni sezomnotho esidabukisayo. "NgoJuni 17^th, ibhonasi yavotelwa phansi, futhi ama-veteran aqala ukuthula "Death March" eKapitol kuze kube yilapho iCongress ihlehliswa ngoJulayi 17^th. Ngo-Julayi 28, i-Atty. U-General ucele ukukhishwa kwabo emiphakathini kahulumeni ngamaphoyisa afike abulala abavukuzi ababili. UMongameli uHoover wabe esalaya ibutho ukuthi liqede konke okuphumayo. Ngesikhathi uGeneral Douglas MacArthur kanye noMajor Dwight D. Eisenhower bethumela abamahhashi abaholwa nguMeorge George Patton kanye namathangi ayisithupha, la maqhawe ayecabanga ukuthi asekelwa. Esikhundleni salokho, baphuzwa ngegesi lezinyembezi, amakamu abo avuliwe, kanti izingane ezimbili zafa njengezibhedlela ezigcwele izilwane zasendulo.

May 26. Ngalolu suku ku-1637, amakholoni aseNgilandi ahlasele ukuhlasela ebusuku ebusuku emzaneni omkhulu wePequot eMysttic, Connecticut, uvutha futhi wabulala bonke i-600 kuya ku-700 yabakhileyo bayo. Ekuqaleni kwakuyingxenye yendawo yokuhlala yamaPuritan eMassachusetts Bay, amakholoni angamaNgisi ayesakaze eConnecticut futhi aqala ukungqubuzana nePequot. Ukuze asatshise amaNdiya, uMbusi waseMassachusetts Bay uJohn Endicott wahlela ibutho elikhulu lamasosha entwasahlobo ka-1637. Kodwa-ke uPequot, wakuphikisa lokhu kugqugquzelwa, kunalokho wathumela amaqhawe abo angama-200 ukuba ayohlasela indawo yamakoloni, abulala amadoda ayisithupha nabesifazane abathathu. . Ngokuziphindiselela, amakholoni ahlasela isigodi sasePequot eMystic kulokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi yiMystic Massacre. UKaputeni wamaKoloni uJohn Mason, ehola amasosha asekelwa amasosha acishe abe ngu-300 uMohegan, uNarragansett, namaNiantic, akhiphe umyalelo wokuthi kushiswe lo muzi futhi kuvinjwe izindawo zokuphuma ezimbili kuphela ebiyizungeze leli bhilidi. UPequot obevalelekile obezama ukukhwela phezu kothango oludongeni, badutshulwe, futhi noma yibaphi abaphumelele babulawa amasosha aseNarragansett. Ingabe lokhu kwakuwukuqothulwa kohlanga, njengoba kusho izazi-mlando eziningana? Ukaputeni wamakoloni, uJohn Underhill, owayehola amasosha angama-20 ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa, akabanga nankinga ekuthetheleleni ukubulawa kwabesifazane, izingane, asebekhulile nabagulayo. Wakhomba emBhalweni, othi “abesifazane nezingane kufanele babhubhe kanye nabazali babo…. Sasinokukhanya okwanele okuvela eZwini likaNkulunkulu enkambisweni yethu. ” Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kabili emaphandleni asePequot ngoJuni nangoJulayi 1637, iMpi yePequot yaphela futhi amaNdiya amaningi asinda athengiswa ebugqilini.

May 27. Ngalolu suku ku-1907, umlobi wemvelo ohlakaniphile kanye nomhlinzeki wezemvelo waseMelika uRaily Carson wazalelwa eSilver Spring, eMadland. Ku-1962, i-Carson yaveza ingxoxo ephakanyisiwe ngokushicilelwa Spring Spring, incwadi yakhe eyingqopha-mlando ekhuluma ngezingozi ezibangelwa izinhlelo zemvelo ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane enjenge-DDT. UCarson angakhunjulwa nangokuhlaziywa kwakhe okubanzi komphakathi wase-US. Empeleni wayeyingxenye yokuvukela okukhulu phakathi kososayensi nabacwaningi abangakwesobunxele bama-1950s kanye nama-60s avele ekuqaleni ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngemiphumela yemisebe evela ezivivinyweni zenuzi ezingaphezulu komhlaba. Ngo-1963, unyaka ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe ngumdlavuza webele, uCarson waziveza okokuqala “njengoyisazi semvelo” enkulumweni ayethula phambi kodokotela abangaba ngu-1,500 XNUMX eCalifornia. Edelela imikhuba yenhlalo edlangile esuselwe ekuhaheni, ekubuseni, nasekukholelweni budedengu kwisayensi okungavinjelwe imigomo yokuziphatha, waphikisana ngentshiseko yokuthi bonke abantu bayingxenye yenethiwekhi yokuhlangana kwemvelo kanye nokuncika okusongelayo kuphela engozini yabo . Namuhla, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu, izinsongo zenuzi, kanye nezicelo zezikhali zenuzi “ezisebenzisekayo”, abantu bomhlaba basengozini - yize mhlawumbe kuyingozi kakhulu - yimikhuba yezenhlalo uCarson afuna ukuyiguqula. Manje, kunanini ngaphambili, sekuyisikhathi sokuthi amaqembu ezemvelo ajoyine imizamo yezinhlangano ezilawula izingalo nezinhlangano ezilwa impi ezisebenzisela ukuthula ngokuthula. Njengoba kunikezwe izigidi zamalungu azibophezele, lawo maqembu angalakha ngempumelelo icala lokuthi izikhali zenuzi nempi kuyizinsongo ezinkulu emvelweni womhlaba ohlangene.

May 28. Kulolu suku ku-1961, i-Amnesty International yasungulwa. Ku-athikili evela I-Observer, "Ababoshiwe Abangalikhohlwa," ummeli waseBrithani uPeter Benenson uhlongoze ukuthi inhlangano yamalungelo abantu iyadingeka ukuphoqelela i-1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UBenenson wabhala ngokukhathazeka kwakhe mayelana nokuphulwa okwedlulele kwe-Article 18: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokukhululeka kwengqondo, unembeza nenkolo ... kanye ne-Article 19: Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokukhululwa kwemibono nokukhuluma: leli lungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokubamba imibono ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka futhi ukufuna, ukuthola nokwazisa ulwazi nemibono nganoma yisiphi isabezindaba nangaphandle kwemingcele ... "AmaDutch aqala ukusebenza noBenenson ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi e-1962, futhi i-1968 Amnesty International eNetherlands yazalwa. Umkhankaso wabo wokuqeda ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuqeda isigwebo sokufa, ukuyeka ukubulala ezombusazwe nokuqeda ukuboshwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, noma ubulili kwaholela eNgxenyeni Yamazwe Amnesty International emazweni amaningi asekelwa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7 emhlabeni jikelele. Ucwaningo lwabo olunzulu, uphenyo, kanye namadokhumenti kuholele ekugcinweni kwengqolobane egcinwe kwi-International Institute of Social History kubandakanya amateyipu okuxoxisana nama-propaganda izinto ezivela kumacala amacala aphika amalungelo omphakathi. I-Secretariat Yomhlaba Wonke iqukethe amafayela aphulwa ngamalungelo abantu njengamacala asebebanesibindi abagwetshwa amazwe asebenzisa ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni ukuze afane ne-ajenda yabo. I-Amnesty International igxeke ngenxa yokwenqaba kwayo ukuphikisa impi, yize iphikisana nezinhlekelele eziningi ezidalwe izimpi, kanye nokusiza ekuqaliseni izimpi zaseNtshonalanga ngokusekela izinsolo ezimbi ezimbi ezisetshenziselwa inkulumo-ze.

May 29. Kulolu suku ku-1968, umkhankaso we-Poor Peoples Campaign waqala. Esikhathini Senkomfa yabaPhostoli bamaKhristu aseNingizimu Afrika ngoDisemba 1967, uMartin Luther King uhlongoze umkhankaso wokuqeda ukungalingani nobubha eMelika. Umbono wakhe wukuthi abampofu bangase bahlele futhi bahlangabezane nezikhulu zikahulumeni eWashington ukubhekana nempi eqhubekayo, ukungabi namathuba emisebenzi, umholo omncane ophansi, imfundo kanye nezwi ngenani elikhulayo labadala nabantwana abaswele. Lo mkhankaso wawusekelwa amaqembu amaningi ahlukahlukene ahlanganisa amaNdiya aseMelika, amaMelika aseMexico, amaPuerto Ricans kanye nemiphakathi emhlophe empofu emhlophe. Njengoba umkhankaso uqala ukudweba izwe, iNkosi yabulawa ngo-Ephreli 4, 1968. Umfundisi uRalph Abernathy wathatha isikhundla seNkosi njengesiholi se-SCLC, waqhubeka nomkhankaso, wafika eWashington ngekhulu lamabonisi ngosuku lukaMama, ngoMeyi 12, 1968. UCoretta Scott King ufike futhi ehambisana nezinkulungwane zabesifazane abafuna isimemezelo sezomnotho samalungelo, futhi bathembisa ukuhamba ngezinsuku zokuya ezigungwini zikahulumeni ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba zokungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa. Ekupheleni kwalelo sonto, naphezu kwemvula enamandla eyenza iMall ibe yidaka, leli qembu labalinganisa i-5,000 emise amatende ngamakhamera abiza ngokuthi "Uvuko Lwedolobha." Umkami kaRobert Kennedy wayengomunye wabafika oMama, kanye nabanye emhlabeni, wabheka ngokungakholelwa ukuthi umyeni wakhe wabulawa ngoJune 5. Umkhankaso wangomngcwabo kaKennedy wawunqotshwa eMfuleni woMvuko ohambweni oluya e-Arlington National Cemetery. UMnyango Wezangaphakathi wabe esephoqelela ukuvulwa kweVuance City ekhuluma ngokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwemvume ekhishwe ekusetshenzisweni komkhankaso wepaki yomhlaba.

May 30. Ngalolu suku ku-1868, iSikhumbuzo saqala ukubona lapho abesifazane ababili eColumbus, MS, zifakwe izimbali emathuneni amabili e-Confederate ne-Union. Le ndaba mayelana nabesifazane ehlonipha izimpilo ezihlatshelwe ohlangothini ngalunye ngenxa yeMpi Yombango ngokuvakashela amathuna ngezimbali ngezandla zabo empeleni zenzeka eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, ngo-Ephreli 25, 1866. Ngokusho kwe- Isikhungo soPhiko Lwezempi Yomphakathi, kwakukhona abafazi abaningi, omama, namadodakazi amaningi asebenzisa isikhathi esithile emathuneni. Ngo-Ephreli ka-1862, umfundisi wesifundazwe waseMichigan wajoyina abanye besifazane abavela e-Arlington, VA ukuhlobisa amathuna eFredericksburg. NgoJulayi 4, 1864, owesifazane ovakashele ithuna likayise ehlangene nabaningi abalahlekelwe ngubaba, amadoda nabantwana bashiya izinsika emathuneni eBoalsburg, PA. Entwasahlobo ka-1865, udokotela ohlinzayo, owaba ngu-Surgeon General of the National Guard eWisconsin, wabona abesifazane bebeka izimbali emathuneni eduze kwaseKnoxville, TN njengoba edlula esitimeleni. "Amantombazane aseNingizimuland" enza okufanayo ngo-Ephreli 26, 1865 eJackson, MS, kanye nabesifazane baseKingston, GA, naseCharleston, SC. Ku-1866, abesifazane baseColumbus, MS bazi ukuthi usuku kufanele lunikezelwe ukukhumbula, okuholela enkondlweni ethi "The Blue and Grey" nguFrancis Miles Finch. Umfazi nendodakazi yomuntu oshonile waseColumbus, GA kanye nesinye isixuku esivela eMemphis, TN benza izikhalazo ezifanayo emiphakathini yabo, njengabanye baseCarbondale, IL, bobabili ePeterersburg naseRichmond, VA. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owokuqala ukukhulelwa ngosuku lokukhumbula abakwa-veterans, ekugcineni kwavunyelwa uhulumeni wase-US.

May 31. Kulolu suku ku-1902, iSivumelwano SaseVereeniging siphelile iMpi Ye-Boer. Ngesikhathi sezimpi zaseNapoleonic, abaseBrithani base bephethe iDutch Cape Colony ngaseNingizimu Afrika. I-Boers (i-Dutch abalimi) abahlala kule ndawo yangasogwini kusukela i-1600 ihambela enyakatho ibe yindawo ye-African Tribal (The Great Trek) eholela ekusungulweni kwamaRiphabhulikhi aseTransvaal nase-Orange Free State. Ukutholakala kwabo okwedlule kwedayimane negolide kulezi zindawo ngokushesha kwaholela ekuhlaselweni kweBrithani. Njengoba abaseBrithani bethatha imizi yabo e-1900, amaBhoars aqala ukulwa nabo. Amabutho aseBrithani asabela ngokuletha amabutho anele ukuba anqobe ama-guerilla, abhubhise amazwe awo, futhi afake omkabo nabantwana emakamu okuhlushwa lapho ngaphezulu kwe-20,000 ehlupheka ngokubulawa kwesifo ngenxa yendlala nezifo. Ngo-1902, iBoers yavuma isivumelwano seVereeniging esamukela ukubusa kweBrithani ukuze kukhululwe amabutho kaBoer nemindeni yabo, kanye nesithembiso sokubusa okuzimele. Ngo-1910, abaseBrithani basungula i-Union of South Africa, babusa iKapa yeGood Hope, iNatali, iTransvaal ne-Orange State njengamakoloni e-United Kingdom. Njengoba ukuhlukumezeka kwanda lonke elaseYurophu, uMengameli waseMelika uTheodore Roosevelt ucele inkomfa eyabangela ukusebenzisana komthetho, kanye nezinkantolo zamanye amazwe ezenqabela ukuthatha impi. Lesi simemo esenzweni sathola uMongameli Roosevelt iNkokhelo Yokuthula kaNobel, futhi kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukoloniyali eBrithani e-Afrika. I-Boers yaphinde yalawula ukuzimela ngokuzimele kwama-republics njengokukhathazeka kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nesidingo sokuziphendulela kwashintsha umbono wezwe ngokuthi "imithetho" yempi.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

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Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.