Ephreli

April 1
April 2
April 3
April 4
April 5
April 6
April 7
April 8
April 9
April 10
April 11
April 12
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April 18
April 19
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April 21
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April 24
April 25
April 26
April 27
April 28
April 29
April 30

April 1. Kulolu suku ku-2018 i-United States ibanjwe usuku lwayo lweSuku Lokudla Oludliwayo. UMongameli uDonald Trump wayesungule lolu suku ngo-Ephreli 1, 2017 yi-Executive Order. I-International Edible Book Festival yasungulwa ngo-2000 kanti ibibungazwa emazweni ahlanganisa i-Australia, iBrazil, i-India, i-Italy, iJapane, iLuxembourg, iMexico, iMorocco, iNetherlands, iRussia neHong Kong. Iphinde yagubha endaweni yase-US: kusukela ngo-2004 e-Ohio, eLos Angeles ngo-2005, e-Indianapolis ngo-2006, naseFlorida njengengxenye yeViki Lezincwadi Likazwelonke. Abeluleki bakaTrump baphikisa ngokuthi uSuku Oludliwayo Lwezincwadi kwakuyithuba elihle lokunikeza umcimbi ongenamqondo injongo yokushisekela izwe. Kungaba yindawo yokugxila ekhalendeni le-War on Fake News kanye nokugubha i-American Exceptionalism. UTrump wakhuthazeka kakhulu lapho ezwa ukuthi iPerkins Library eHastings College eNebraska ibigubhe usuku oludliwayo lwezincwadi ngo-2008 njengengxenye yeSonto Lezincwadi Zokuvinjelwa. I-oda eliphezulu likaTrump libeke imithetho okufanele ilandelwe.

1. Izobanjelwa njalo ngonyaka ngo-Ephreli 1.
2. Ngeke kube yeholide lomphakathi kodwa umcimbi wezokuxhumana.
3. Izakhamizi zizojoyina ngaphambi noma ngemva komsebenzi, noma ngesikhathi sokuphumula.
4. Izakhamuzi zizobhala uhlu lwemiBhalo abakhetha ukuyidla ngalolo suku ku-Twitter.
5. I-NSA izoqoqa futhi ilandise wonke amathekisthi adalwe okwenziwe esikhathini esizayo.

Njengoba uTrump esho lapho isimemezela iSuku Likazwelonke Lwezincwadi Ezidliwayo kusukela ezinyathelweni zeLibhuku leCongress of Congress, "Lolu suku luyilo lonke usuku oluphelele kubo bonke abathengisi bezindaba ezikhohlisayo laphaya ukuze badle amazwi abo futhi bafike nehlelo bese benza i-America Great Again. "

April 2. Kulolu suku ku-1935, izinkulungwane zezingane zase-US zashayisana impi. Abafundi beKholeji phakathi nesikhathi se-1930 ngasekugcineni bakhula bezwa ukushaqeka kweWWI kulo lonke elaseFrance, eBrithani nase-United States, bekholelwa ukuthi impi ayizuzanga muntu, kodwa yesaba omunye. Ku-1934, umbhikisho wase-United States ohlanganisa abafundi be-25,000 wagcinwa ekukhunjweni usuku uSU lwangena ngayo iWWI. Ku-1935, "I-Student Strike Against the Committee Committee" yaqala e-US ukuheha inhlangano enkulu nakakhulu yabafundi be-700 baseKentucky University abajoyine i-175,000 ngaphezulu kwe-US kanye nezinkulungwane ezingaphezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Abafundi bezimakhamuzi ze-140 ezivela emazweni e-31 bashiya amakilasi abo ngalolo suku bazizwa: "Ukuphikisana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwakuzuzisa kakhulu kunehora lekilasi." Njengoba ukukhathazeka kwanda ngemisebenzi yaseJalimane, izinkinga phakathi kweJapane neSoviet Union, Italy naseTopiya, ukucindezelwa eyakhelwe abafundi ukuba bakhulume. E-KU, uKenneth Born, ilungu lethimba lempikiswano, waphendula i-$ 300 billion eyichithwa eMpini Yezwe I, ekhuluma ngokuthi "ukuhlelwa kwemicabango kungaletha isisombululo esingcono." Ngesikhathi esesikhundleni, kodwa u-Born wanxusa abafundi ukuba bahlale ngokumemezela ukuthi, "Uzobhekana nokubi kakhulu kunalokhu empini." UCharles Hackler, umfundi wezomthetho, uchaze imiboniso njengezikhumbuzo ukuthi "impi yayingenakugwemeka," kubiza i-ROTC yamanje "impi yokulwa abakwa-capitalists, abathengisi be-munitions, kanye nabanye abahlomula impi. "Njengoba abaningi balaba bafundi abaqedile ekugcineni balwa futhi bafa eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika ngesikhathi se-WWII, amazwi abo asuke ehamba phambili.

April 3. Ngalolu suku ku-1948, i-Plan Marshall yaqala ukusebenza. Ukulandela i-WWII, iZizwe Ezihlangene zaqala ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezenhlalakahle emazweni abhujisiwe aseYurophu. I-US, ebingakatholi monakalo omkhulu, yanikela ngosizo lwezezimali nolwezempi. UMongameli uTruman wabe eseqoka owayengumphathi wezempi wase-US uGeorge Marshall, owaziwa ngokuxhumana kwakhe njengoNobhala Wombuso. UMarshall nabasebenzi bakhe baqhamuka ne- “Marshall Plan,” noma i-European Recovery Plan, ukubuyisa umnotho wase-Europe. ISoviet Union yamenywa kepha yenqaba ukwesaba ukubandakanyeka kwe-US ezinqumweni zayo zezimali. Izizwe eziyishumi nesithupha zamukela, futhi zakuthokozela ukusimama komnotho okunamandla phakathi kuka-1948-1952 okuholela kuNyakatho ye-Atlantic Alliance, kwathi kamuva i-European Union. Lapho ethola uMklomelo KaNobel Wokuthula ngomsebenzi wakhe, uGeorge Marshall wabelana nomhlaba wonke ngala mazwi: “Kube nokukhulu ukuphawula ngokunikezwa kweNobel Peace Prize esosheni. Ngiyesaba ukuthi lokhu akubonakali kumangalisa kimi njengoba kubonakala kwabanye. Ngazi okukhulu nokwesabekayo nezinhlekelele zempi. Namuhla, njengosihlalo we-American Battle Monuments Commission, kungumsebenzi wami ukwengamela ukwakhiwa nokunakekelwa kwamathuna ezempi emazweni amaningi aphesheya kwezilwandle, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Izindleko zempi ezimpilweni zabantu zihlala zisatshalaliswa phambi kwami, zibhalwe kahle kuma-ledger amaningi anezinsika zamatshe amathuna. Ngithinteke kakhulu ukuthola izindlela noma indlela yokugwema enye inhlekelele yempi. Cishe nsuku zonke ngizwa ngabafazi, noma omama, noma imindeni yabawile. Usizi lwangemuva lucishe lube phambi kwami ​​njalo. ”

April 4. Ngalolu suku ku-1967, uMartin Luther King unikeze inkulumo phambi kwamaqembu e-3,000 eMfuleni we-Riverside Church eNew York City. Inkulumo ethi "Beyond Vietnam: Isikhathi Sokuthula Ukuthula," inkulumo yabonisa ushintsho endimeni yenkosi kusuka kumholi wamalungelo omphakathi kumprofethi wezindaba zenhlalo. Kuyo, akazange nje ahlele uhlelo oluphelele lokuqeda impi, kodwa, ngokulinganisa okulinganayo, okungavamile, kwaphazamisa "ukugula okujulile ngaphakathi emoyeni waseMelika" okwakuyimpi kuwo. Kumele, yena wagcizelela, "ahlaziywe ngokuguquguquka kwamanani .... Isizwe esiqhubeka njalo ngonyaka ukuchitha imali eyengeziwe ekuzivikelweni kwezempi kunezinhlelo zokuphakanyiswa kwezenhlalakahle kusondela ekufeni okungokomoya. "Ukulandela inkulumo, iNkosi yayiphakanyiswa kakhulu ngokusungulwa kweMelika. I-New York Times yacacisa ukuthi "isu lokuhlanganisa ukunyakaza kokuthula kanye namalungelo omphakathi kungase kube yingozi kakhulu kokubili izimbangela," nokugxeka okufanayo kuvela kumaphephandaba omnyama kanye ne-NAACP. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokubeka phansi kanye nokubuyiswa kwamahlanga okungenzeka, iNkosi ayizange ibuyele emuva. Waqala inkambo enkulu futhi waqala ukuhlela uMkhankaso Wabantu Abampofu, iphrojekthi yokuhlanganisa wonke amaMelika ahlanjululwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga noma ubuzwe, ngenxa yezizathu ezivamile zesithunzi somuntu. Wachaza isimo sakhe sengqondo esisha ngala mazwi: "Isiphambano singase sisho ukushona kwakho." Noma kunjalo, "Thatha isiphambano sakho bese usithwala. Yileyo ndlela enginqume ngayo ukuhamba. Yiza noma yini, akunandaba manje. "Unyaka emva kwenkulumo, ngokuqondile kuze kube usuku, wabulawa.

April 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1946, uGeneral Douglas MacArthur wakhuluma ngokuvinjelwa kwempi kufakwe njenge-Article 9 yoMthethosisekelo omusha waseJapan. I-Athikili 9 ifaka phakathi ulimi olucishe lufane nolweKellogg-Briand Pact izizwe eziningi ezihlanganyele nazo. "Yize yonke imigomo yalo mthethosisekelo ohlongozwayo ibalulekile, futhi ihola ngazodwana futhi ngokuhlanganyela ekufinyeleleni esiphethweni esifunekayo njengoba kuveziwe ePotsdam," esho, "ngifisa ikakhulukazi ukusho lokho kuhlinzekwa okuphathelene nokulahlwa kwempi. Ukulahlwa okunjalo, ngenkathi ngandlela thile ukulandelana okunengqondo ekubhujisweni kwamandla eJapane okwenza izimpi, kuyaqhubeka nokunikela kwelungelo lobukhosi lokusebenzisa izikhali emkhakheni wamazwe omhlaba. IJapane ngaleyo ndlela imemezela ukholo lwayo emphakathini wezizwe ngemithetho enobulungiswa, ebekezelelayo nenempumelelo yokuziphatha kwezenhlalo nakwezombusazwe futhi inika ubuqotho bayo ezweni. Umgxeki angabheka isenzo esinjalo njengokukhombisa kodwa ukukholwa okufana nengane kumqondo onombono, kepha umuntu ongokoqobo uzobona kuso ukubaluleka okujule kakhulu. Uzoqonda ukuthi ekuguqukeni komphakathi kwadingeka ukuthi umuntu anikele ngamalungelo athile. . . . Isiphakamiso. . . kepha ibona esinye isinyathelo ekuguqukeni kwesintu. . . . kuncike ebuholini bomhlaba obungenaso isibindi sokuziphatha ukwenza intando yabantu abaningi abenyanya impi. . . . Ngakho-ke ngiyasincoma isiphakamiso saseJapan sokulahla impi ekucabangeni okucabangayo kwabo bonke abantu emhlabeni. Ikhomba indlela - ukuphela kwendlela. ”

April 6. Ngalolu suku ku-1994, abaongameli baseRwanda naseBurundi babulawa. Ubufakazi bubonisa umenzi wezempi oqeqeshiwe wase-US kanye no-US uPaul Kagame - owayengumongameli waseRwanda kamuva - njengenhlangano enecala. Lolu usuku oluhle lokukhumbula ukuthi ngenkathi izimpi zingenakuvimbela ukubulawa kobulili, zingabangela. UNobhala Jikelele we-UN uBoutros Boutros-Ghali uthe "ukubulawa kobuhlanga eRwanda kwakungamaphesenti ayishumi umthwalo wabantu baseMelika!" Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi i-United States yaxhasa ukuhlasela kukaRwanda ngo-Okthoba 1, 1990, ibutho lase-Uganda eliholwa yi-US eqeqeshwe ababulali, futhi basekela ukuhlasela kwabo eRwanda iminyaka emithathu nengxenye. Uhulumeni waseRwanda, ekuphenduleni, akazange alandele isibonelo se-US yokuhlala eJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Futhi akuzange kuvezwe umbono wabathengi phakathi kwawo, ngoba empeleni amabutho ahlasela ayenamaseli asebenzayo e-36 eRwanda. Kodwa uhulumeni waseRwanda wabamba abantu base-8,000 futhi wabamba izinsuku ezimbalwa kuya ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Abantu babaleka abahlaseli, bakha inkinga enkulu yababaleki, bachitha ezolimo, bahlaselwa umnotho, futhi bahlakaza umphakathi. I-United States ne-West bahlomile izifudumala futhi basebenzisa ingcindezi eyengeziwe nge-World Bank, IMF, nase-USAID. Phakathi kwemiphumela kwakukhona ubutha phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi. Ekugcineni uhulumeni wayezogubha. Okokuqala kwakuzofika ukubulawa okukhulu okubizwa ngokuthi i-Rwanda Genocide. Futhi ngaphambi kwalokho kwakuzofika ukubulawa kwamengameli ababili. Ukubulawa kwabantu abahlala eRwanda kuye kwaqhubeka kusukela lapho, nakuba kubulawe kakhulu eCongo, lapho uhulumeni kaKhongolose ethatha khona impi - ngosizo lwe-US nezikhali namabutho.

April 7. Ngalolu suku emongameli we-2014 e-Ecuador uRafael Correa utshele amasosha ase-US ukuthi ashiye izwe lakhe. UCorrea wayekhathazekile "ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu" lezikhulu zamasosha aseMelika ezigxambukela ezindabeni zase-Ecuador. Bonke abasebenzi basezempi baseMelika abangama-20, ngaphandle kokuxhunywa kwamasosha aseMelika, bathintekile. Lesi bekuyisinyathelo sakamuva kuze kube manje emizameni ye-Ecuador yokuphinda ithole ubukhosi obuvela e-US kuphela ekuphathweni kwezokuphepha kwayo kwangaphakathi. Isinyathelo sokuqala sathathwa ngo-2008 ngenkathi uCorrea ehlanza umbutho wakhe wezempi okwakuthiwa amabutho akhe ayengene ngaphakathi futhi ethonywe yi-CIA. Kwathi ngo-2009 i-Ecuador yaxosha amasosha ase-US ayemi lapho lapho yenqaba ukuvuselela isivumelwano seminyaka eyi-10 sokuqasha mahhala esiteshini samasosha ase-US edolobheni laseManta ogwini lwasePacific lwase-Ecuador. Umbutho wezindiza waseMelika ubhekise kulesi sisekelo njengabaphethe indawo eseningizimu kunazo zonke "Indawo Eqhubekela Phambili Yokusebenza" okucatshangwa ukuthi kuhloswe ngayo ukumisa ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa eColombia. Ngaphambi kokuvalwa, uCorrea wenze isithembiso sokugcina isisekelo sivuliwe. "Sizovuselela isisekelo ngombandela owodwa," esho, "ukuthi basivumele sibeke isisekelo eMiami - isikhungo sase-Ecuadorean." Vele, i-United States yayingenandaba naleso siphakamiso. Ubuzenzisi besikhundla sase-US bufingqwe yilungu le-Ecuadorean National Assembly Ilungu uMaria Augusta Calle lowo New York Times kubikwe ukuthi bathi “Yindaba yesithunzi nobukhosi. Zingaki izizinda zangaphandle e-US? ” Impela siyayazi impendulo. Kepha embuzweni wokuthi izisekelo zase-US emazweni abanye abantu zingavalwa yini, indaba yase-Ecuador inikeza impendulo eyodwa ekhuthazayo.

April 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1898, uPaul Robeson wazalwa. Ubaba kaPaul waphunyuka ebugqilini ngaphambi kokuhlala ePrinceton, futhi waphumelela eYunivesithi yaseLincoln. Naphezu kokubandlulula ezweni lonke, uPaul wathola isifundo sezemfundo e-Rutgers University lapho ephothula khona njengeValedictorian ngaphambi kokuba aqhubekele e-Columbia Law School. Ukubandlulula ubuhlanga kwakunciphisa umsebenzi wakhe, ngakho wathola enye emibonweni yokugqugquzela umlando kanye namasiko ase-Afrika-America. UPaul waziwa ngemisebenzi yokuwina imiklomelo emidlalweni enjengokuthi Othello, Emperor Jones, Futhi Zonke izilwane zikaNkulunkulu zinezintambo, kanye nokusebenza kwakhe okumangalisayo Old Man River in I-showboat. Ukudlala kwakhe emhlabeni wonke kushiye izethameli zithanda izinto eziningi. URobeson wafunda ulimi, futhi wenza izingoma ezikhuluma ngokuthula nobulungiswa emazweni angama-25. Lokhu kuholele ebunganeni nomholi wase-Afrika uJomo Kenyatta, uJawaharlal Nehru wase-India, WEB Du Bois, Emma Goldman, James Joyce, no-Ernest Hemingway. Ngo-1933, uRobeson wanikela ngemali etholakele kweyakhe Yonke iChillun kaNkulunkulu kubabaleki abangamaJuda. Ngo-1945, wacela uMongameli uTruman ukuthi aphasise umthetho olwa nokubulawa kwabantu, wabuza iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, wabuza nokuthi kungani abase-Afrika baseMelika kufanele balwele izwe elinobandlululo olwandile. UPaul Robeson wabe esebizwa ngamaKhomanisi yiKomidi Lezinto Ezingezona EzaseMelika, wamisa umsebenzi wakhe ngempumelelo. Amakhonsathi akhe angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili akhanseliwe, kwathi amabili ahlaselwa ngesikhathi kubuka amaphoyisa ombuso. URobeson uphendule wathi: “Ngizocula nomaphi lapho abantu bafuna ngicule khona… futhi ngeke ngithuke ngenxa yeziphambano ezisha ePeekskill noma kwenye indawo.” I-US yahoxisa ipasipoti kaRobeson iminyaka engu-8. URobeson wabhala umlando wokuphila kwakhe Lapha Ngimi ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, okubonakala sengathi sekulandele i-drugging kanye ne-electro-shocking ezandleni ze-CIA.

April 9. Kulolu suku ku-1947, uhambo lokuqala lokukhululeka, "Uhambo Lokubuyisana," luxhaswe yi-CORE ne-FOR. Ukulandela i-WWII, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States inqume ukuthi ukubandlululwa kwezitimela kanye namabhasi angaphandle kwakungavumelani noMthethosisekelo. Njengoba lesi sigwebo sasinakwa eNingizimu, iBellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), kanye neqembu labama-8 base-Afrika-baseMelika nabamhlophe abayisishiyagalolunye beCongress for Racial Equality (CORE), kuhlanganise nabaholi beqembu uBayard Rustin noGeorge House, baqala ukugibela amabhasi futhi ehlezi ndawonye. Bagibela amabhasi amabili aseGreyhound naseRescarways eWashington DC, eya ePetersburg lapho iGreyhound ehamba khona eya eRaleigh, neResways for Durham. Umshayeli weGreyhound wabiza amaphoyisa ngesikhathi befika e-Oxford ngesikhathi uRustin enqaba ukuhamba phambi kwebhasi. Amaphoyisa akwenzi lutho njengoba umshayeli uRustin ephikisana nemizuzu ye-45. Zombili amabhasi azenze eSukole Hill ngosuku olulandelayo, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ashiye i-Greensboro ngo-Ephreli 13, abagibeli abane (ababili base-Afrika nabamhlophe ababili) baphoqelelwa esiteshini samaphoyisa esiseduze, baboshwa futhi banikezela isibopho se-$ 50 ngasinye. Lesi sigameko sagxila abaningi kule ndawo kuhlanganise nabashayeli bamatekisi abaningana. Omunye wabo ugibele umgibeli omhlophe uJacob Peck ekhanda njengoba ehlawula izibopho. UMartin Watkins, umshayeli wezempi okhubazekile omhlophe, washaywa ngamshayeli wetekisi ngokukhuluma nomama wase-Afrika-waseMelika esitobhini sebhasi. Wonke amacala abhekene nabahlaseli abamhlophe ahlaselwa njengoba izisulu zikhokhiswa ngokugqugquzela ubudlova. Umsebenzi wokuphulukisa umhlaba walaba bavikeli bamalungelo omphakathi ekugcineni waholela e-Freedom Rides ye-1960 ne-1961.

April 10. Ngalolu suku ku-1998, isivumelwano seLwesihlanu Esihle sisayinwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland, siphethe ukuphela Iminyaka engu-30 yezingxabano zamasonto e-Northern Ireland ebizwa ngokuthi "Izinkinga." Ukungqubuzana okuxazululwe yisivumelwano kwaqala maphakathi nawo-1960s, lapho amaProthestani eNyakatho ye-Ireland athola inani labantu elalibavumela ukuthi balawule izikhungo zombuso ngezindlela ezazihlukumeza idlanzana lamaRoma Katolika esifundeni. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu eyayisebenza egameni lamaKhatholika yaholela ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu, ukubulawa kwabantu kanye nodlame phakathi kwamaKhatholika, amaProthestani, namaphoyisa namasosha aseBrithani aqhubeka nokuqala kwawo-1990. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1998, amathemba okuthula eNyakatho ye-Ireland ahlala emancane. I-Ulster Unionist Party yomlando wamaProthestani (abameli benyunyana neBrithani) isenqabile ukuxoxisana noSinn Fein, uphiko lwezepolitiki lwamaKhatholika nolwe-republican ikakhulukazi e-Irish Republican Army (IRA); ne-IRA uqobo lwayo yahlala ingathandi ukubeka phansi izingalo zayo. Kodwa-ke, izingxoxo eziqhubekayo zamaqembu amaningi, ezaqala ngo-1996, ezazibandakanya abamele i-Ireland, amaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukahlukene aseNyakatho ye-Ireland, kanye nohulumeni waseBrithani, zagcina zithele izithelo. Kwafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni esasidinga ukuthi kube nomhlangano okhethiwe waseNyakatho ye-Ireland obhekele izindaba eziningi zasendaweni, ukubambisana phakathi kwemingcele phakathi kohulumeni base-Ireland neNyakatho ye-Ireland, nokuqhubeka kokubonisana phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland. NgoMeyi 1998, isivumelwano savunywa ngokumangazayo kunhlolovo eyayibanjelwe ngokuhlanganyela e-Ireland naseNyakatho ye-Ireland. Futhi ngoDisemba 2, 1999, iRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland yasusa izimangalo zayo zomthethosisekelo kuso sonke isiqhingi sase-Ireland, kwathi i-United Kingdom yakhipha isinqumo esiqondile seNyakatho ye-Ireland.

April 11. Kulolu suku ku-1996, iSivumelwano SasePelindaba sisayinwe eCairo, eGibhithe. Uma kusetshenziswe, iSivumelwano senza lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika libe yindawo yezikhali zenuzi; futhi kuzohlanganisa uchungechunge lwezingxenye ezine ezinjalo ezihlanganisa wonke amazwe aseningizimu. Izizwe ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili zase-Afrika zasayina lesi sivumelwano, okudinga ukuthi iqembu ngalinye lingabi "ukucwaninga, ukuthuthukisa, ukukhiqiza, ukubeka impahla noma ukutholakala, ukuthola noma ukulawula noma iyiphi idivayisi yokuqhuma yezikhali nganoma iyiphi indlela noma kuphi." Isivumelwano sivinjelwa nokuhlolwa amadivaysi aphikisayo; kudinga ukudilizwa kwanoma yikuphi amadivaysi anjalo okwakhiwe kakade kanye nokuguqulwa noma ukubhujiswa kwanoma yiziphi izakhiwo ezenzelwe ukuzenza; futhi uyakuvimbela ukulahlwa kwezinto ezivuthayo emzimbeni endaweni ehlanganiswe nesivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe zenuzi ziyalwe ukuba "zingasebenzisi noma zisongele ukusebenzisa" izikhali zenuzi ngokumelene nanoma yikuphi izwe ezindaweni ezingenazo izikhali zenuzi. Ukukhishwa kwezindaba ezikhishwe yi-UN Security Council ngosuku olulandelayo, ngo-Ephreli 12, 1996, kufingqa ukubaluleka kweSivumelwano SasePelindaba, ekugcineni kwaqala ukusebenza eminyakeni engu-13 kamuva, ngoJulayi 15, 2009, lapho kuqinisekiswa Kudingeka i-28^th Izwe lase-Afrika. Yize uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wawunethemba lokuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi Sivumelwano sizofezekiswa ngokushesha, saqaphela ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwawo ngokomthetho emazweni angaphezu kwama-40 ase-Afrika, futhi cishe nazo zonke izifundazwe ezinezikhali zenuzi, kwaba “neqhaza elibalulekile ... ukuphepha. ” Ukukhishwa kwawo emaphephandabeni kuphethe ngokuthi: "UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uthathe lo mcimbi ukukhuthaza imizamo enjalo yesifunda… ezingeni lomhlaba kanye nelesifunda elihlose ukufeza ukutholakala kombuso wenuzi ongasabalalisi umhlaba wonke."

April 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1935, abanye abafundi be-175,000 ekolishi laseMelika bahlanganyela emigumbini yokufundela kanye nemiboniso enokuthula lapho bafunga khona ukuthi ngeke bahlanganyele empini. Ama-mobilization e-anti-war efana nalawa ase-1935 nawo agcinwa e-US ku-1934 no-1936, ekhuphuka ngezinombolo kusuka ku-25,000 ku-1934 kuya ku-500,000 ku-1936. Ngenxa yokuthi abafundi abaningi basekolishi babheka ukushaywa kwempi eyabangelwa i-fascism eYurophu njengoba bevela emiphakathini eyakhiwe yiMpi Yezwe I, imidwebo ngayinye yaqhutshwa ngo-Ephreli ukuyobeka inyanga i-US engena eMpini Yezwe I. Ukukholelwa ukuthi ibhizinisi elikhulu kuphela izithakazelo zezinkampani ziye zazuza kulowo mpi, abafundi bazonda lokho abakubonayo njengokubulala okungenangqondo kwezigidi futhi bafuna ukucacisa ukungathandi kwabo ukuba bahlanganyele eminye impi engenangqondo ngaphandle. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuphikiswa kwabo ngokuqinile empini kwakungeke kusekelwe emibonweni yezobupolitiki emelene ne-imperialist noma yama-isolationist, kodwa ngokuyinhloko kwi-pacifism engokomoya eyayiyintando yomuntu noma eyabelwe ubulungu enhlanganweni eyayikhuthaza. I-anecdote eyodwa ibonakala ikhanyisa kahle lokhu. Ku-1932, uRichard Moore, umfundi eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley, wayezibandakanya emisebenzini yokulwa nempi. Wachaza kamuva wathi: "Isikhundla sami, angikholelwa ekubulaweni, futhi amabili: Angizange ngifune ukuzithoba kunombuso ophakeme, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguNkulunkulu noma i-United States of America." Ubuqiniso bungabuye buchaze ukuthi kungani izinkulungwane zamadoda ezinsizwa zaleso sikhathi zazikholelwa ukuthi impi ingasuswa uma bonke abasha abancane benqaba nje ukulwa.

April 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1917, uMongameli Woodrow Wilson wamisa iKomidi Lolwazi Lomphakathi (CPI) ngokuhleleka okuphezulu. I-brainchild kaGeorge Creel, umlobi wezindaba othakazelisayo ngaleso sikhathi owaqokwa njengosihlalo wawo, i-CPI ihlose ukuhola umkhankaso wokuqhubekisela phambili wezentengiselwano wokwakha kokubili ukwesekwa kwasemakhaya nangamazwe ngamazwe ukungenelela kweMelika eMpini Yezwe I nje ngesonto elidlule. Ukufeza umgomo wayo, i-CPI yahlanganiswa namasu okukhangisa anamuhla ngokuqonda okunembile kwengqondo yomuntu. Kulokho okwakusondelene ngokucacile, kuqalise "iziqondiso zokuzithandela" ukulawula imibiko yemidiya mayelana nempi, kanye neziteshi zamasiko ezikhukhulayo ngempahla ye-pro-war. I-CPI Division of News yasakaza ukukhishwa kwezindaba ze-6,000 ukuthi isonto ngalinye ligcwalise ngaphezu kwamakholomu wephephandaba le-20,000. I-Division yayo yezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe yaqasha abahleli bezindaba, abanoveli, nabalobi bezindaba ezincane ukuthi badlulisele umgogodla osemthethweni kahulumeni ngendlela elula kalula kubantu abayizigidi eziyishumi nambili inyanga ngayinye. I-Division of Pictorial Publicity yafaka ama-posters anamandla, ngemibala yokuthanda izwe, kuma-billboards ezweni lonke. Izazi zaqashwa ukuba zifakwe emaphepheni afana nalawo Izenzo Zempi YaseJalimane futhi Ukunqoba ne-Kultur. Futhi iCandelo lamaFilimu lakhiqiza ama-movie anezihloko ezinjengalezi The Kaiser: The Beast of Berlin. Lapho kudalwa i-CPI, i-US yaba yisizwe sokuqala sosuku lokusakaza i-propaganda ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokwenza kanjalo, lanikeza isifundo esibalulekile: Uma ngabe uhulumeni ohloniphekile, ongabamba iqhaza, uzimisele ukuya empini, angase afune ukuhlanganisa isizwe esihlukanisiwe ngemuva kwalo mkhankaso ophelele futhi owedlule wezinkohliso zobuqili .

April 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1988, iPhalamende laseDenmark laphakamisa isinqumo sokuthi uhulumeni wakhe ukwazisa yonke imikhosi yempi yangaphandle efuna ukungena emachwebeni aseDenmark okumele akhulume ngokuqinisekisile ngaphambi kokwenza noma ngabe enza noma ayithwali izikhali zenuzi. Naphezu kwenqubomgomo yaseDenmark eneminyaka engu-30 yokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi ezindaweni ezikuyo, kuhlanganise namaphakethe ayo, le nqubomgomo yayilokhu ivinjelwa yiDenmark ukwamukela uhlelo oluqashwe yi-United States namanye ama-NATO. Eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-NCND, "ayiqinisekisi noma ayiphikisi," le nqubomgomo yavumela imikhumbi ye-NATO ukuba ithwale izikhali zenuzi zibe yizikhumulo zaseDenmark ngokuthanda. Okusha, okuvimbelayo, isinqumo, noma kunjalo, inikeze izinkinga. Ngaphambi kokuhamba kwayo, isithunywa saseMelika eDenmark satshele abezombusazwe baseDenmark ukuthi isinqumo singasenza yonke imikhumbi yezempi ye-NATO ingahambeli eDenmark, ngaleyo ndlela iphele ukuvivinya umzimba okuvamile nolwandle. Njengoba ngaphezu kwama-60 amaphesenti akwaDanes afuna izwe lawo e-NATO, izinsongo zithathwa ngokungathí sina uhulumeni waseDenmark ophakathi nendawo. Yabiza ukhetho ngoMeyi 10, okwakubangelwa ukugcina abagciniwe amandla. NgoJulayi 2, lapho umkhumbi wempi waseMelika usondela echwebeni laseDenmark wenqaba ukuveza ukuthi impi yemikhumbi yayibhalwe kanjani, incwadi ephonswe emkhunjini eyayixwayisa ngenqubomgomo entsha yaseDenmark yayiphonswa ngokungenakubuyela emuva ogwini. Ngo-June 8, iDenmark yafinyelela isivumelwano esisha ne-US ukuthi izophinde ivumele imikhumbi ye-NATO ukungena kumachwebeni aseDenmark ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa noma ukuphika ukuthi babephethe izikhali zenuzi. Ukuze kusize ukubeka izintatheli ezincane ekhaya, iDenmark kanyekanye kwazisa ohulumeni baseNATO ukuthi banqatshelwe isikhathi eside izikhali zenuzi ensimini yabo ngesikhathi sokuthula.

April 15. Kulolu suku ku-1967 enkulu kakhuluImpi yaseVietnam imiboniso emlandweni wase-US, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwenzeka eNew York, eSan Francisco, naseminye imizi eminingi e-United States. ENew York, umbhikisho uqale eCentral Park waphelela ekomkhulu leNhlangano Yezizwe. Bangaphezu kuka-125,000 abantu ababambe iqhaza, okubalwa kubo uDkt Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, noDkt Benjamin Spock. Kwashiswa amakhadi okusalungiswa angaphezu kuka-150. Abanye abangu-100,000 26 bamashe besuka ku-Second and Market Street enkabeni yedolobha iSan Francisco baya eKezar Stadium eGolden Gate Park, lapho umlingisi uRobert Vaughn kanye noCoretta King bakhulume khona ngokumelene nokubandakanyeka kweMelika empini yaseVietnam. Womabili la mashi abeyingxenye Yentuthuko Yentwasahlobo Yokuqeda Impi YaseVietnam. Iqembu eligqugquzela iSpring Mobilization lahlangana okokuqala ngoNovemba 1966, XNUMX. Laliphethwe usihlalo wesishoshovu somakadebona u-AJ Muste futhi lifaka uDavid Dellinger, umhleli we Ukukhululeka; U-Edward Keating, umshicileli Ama-Ramparts; USidney Peck, we-Case Western Reserve University; noRobert Greenblatt, waseCornell University. NgoJanuwari 1967, baqamba uMfundisi uJames Luther Bevel, osebenza naye osondelene noMartin Luther King, Jr., njengomqondisi weSocial Mobilization. Ekupheleni kwemashi yaseNew York, uBevel umemezele ukuthi indawo elandelayo ezoba seWashington DC NgoMeyi 20–21, 1967, izishoshovu zempi ezingama-700 zahlangana lapho kwiNgqungquthela Yokugqugquzela Intwasahlobo. Inhloso yabo bekuwukuhlola imiboniso ka-Ephreli nokuhlela inkambo yesikhathi esizayo yenhlangano yempi. Baphinde bakha ikomidi lezokuphatha - iKomidi Likazwelonke Lokugqugquzela Ukuqeda Impi eVietnam - ukuhlela imicimbi ezayo.

April 16. Ngalolu suku ku-1862, uMengameli u-Abraham Lincoln wasayina inkokhelo egcina isigqila eWashington, DC Lolu suku lwe-Emancipation eWashington, DC Ukuqeda ubugqila eWashington, DC, akubanga nampi. Ngenkathi ubugqila kwenye indawo e-United States buqedwa ngokwakhiwa kwemithetho emisha ngemuva kokubulala abantu abathathu kwabayisithupha emikhakheni eminingi emikhulu, ubugqila eWashington, DC, kwaqedwa ngendlela okwaphela ngayo emazweni omhlaba wonke, okungukuthi ngokweqa phambili ngokumane udale imithetho emisha. Umthetho ophelisa ubugqila eDC wasebenzisa ukukhululwa kwenkululeko. Akuzange kunxephezele abantu ababegqilaziwe, kepha kunalokho abantu ababebagqilazile. Ubugqila nobugqili kwakusemhlabeni wonke futhi kwaqedwa kakhulu kungakapheli ikhulu leminyaka, kaningi kakhulu ngenkululeko ekhululiwe kunangempi, kufaka phakathi amakoloni aseBrithani, eDenmark, eFrance, naseNetherlands, kanye naseNingizimu Melika naseCaribbean. Ekubuyiseleni emuva kubukeka kunenzuzo ukuqeda ukungabi nabulungisa ngaphandle kokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokubhujiswa, okungaphezu kobubi babo obukhona futhi okuye kwehluleke ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi kuvame ukudala inzondo ehlala njalo nodlame. NgoJuni 20, 2013, i- I-Atlantic Magazine washicilela isihloko esithi "Cha, uLincoln Wayengeke Akwazi 'Ukuthenga Amakhoboka'." Kungani? Yebo, abanikazi bezinceku babengafuni ukuthengisa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokuphelele. Abazange, hhayi nhlobo. Kodwa The Atlantic sigxile kwenye ingxabano, okungukuthi ngabe ngabe kubiza kakhulu, kubiza okungenani $ 3 billion (ku-1860s imali). Noma kunjalo, uma ufunda ngokucophelela, umbhali uyavuma ukuthi impi ibiza okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili lelo nani.

April 17. Kulolu suku ku-1965, umashi wokuqala eWashington ukulwa nempi yaseVietnam. IZitshudeni zeDemocratic Society (SDS) ziqale imashi edonsa abafundi abayi-15,000-25,000 abavela ezweni lonke, iWomen Strike for Peace, iKomidi Lezokuxhumanisa Labafundi, uBob Moses weMississippi Freedom Summer, kanye nabahlabeleli uJoan Baez noPhil Ochs. Imibuzo ephakanyiswe ngaleso sikhathi ngumongameli we-SDS uPaul Potter isasebenza nanamuhla: “Luhlobo luni lohlelo olwenza ukuthi i-United States noma izwe elithile lithathe ikusasa labantu baseVietnam futhi libasebenzise ngokunganaki ngenhloso yalo? Luhlobo luni lohlelo oludambisa abantu amalungelo eningizimu, lushiya izigidi ngezigidi zabantu ezweni lonke behlwempu futhi bekhishwa inyumbazane nesethembiso somphakathi waseMelika, esidala iziphathimandla ezingenathemba nezesabekayo futhi ezenza lezo ndawo lapho abantu bechitha khona izimpilo zabo futhi benze umsebenzi wabo, obeka ngokungaguquguquki amanani wezinto ezibonakalayo kunamagugu esintu-futhi usaqhubeka nokuzibiza ngokuthi ukhululekile futhi usaphikelela ekutholeni ukuthi ukulungele ukuphatha izwe? Iyiphi indawo ekhona yamadoda ajwayelekile kuleso simiso nokuthi kufanele ayilawule kanjani… Kumele sisho lelo hlelo. Kumele siyiqambe igama, siyichaze, siyicubungule, siyiqonde futhi siyishintshe. Ngoba kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho lolo hlelo luguqulwa futhi lwalawulwa lapho kungaba khona noma yiliphi ithemba lokumisa amandla adala impi eVietnam namuhla noma ukubulala eNingizimu kusasa noma zonke izenzo ezingenakubalwa, ezingenakubalwa ezicashile ezisetshenziswayo abantu kuyo yonke indawo — ngaso sonke isikhathi. ”

April 18. Ngalolu suku ku-1997, isenzo esithi "Khetha Ukulima" senzeke embonini yezikhali zaseBofors eKarlskoga, eSweden. Igama elithi “amageja” libhekisela embhalweni womprofethi u-Isaya owathi izikhali zizoshaywa zibe ngamageja. Izenzo zamageja zaziwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho izishoshovu eziningana zilimaza izigaxa zamakhanda enuzi yenyukliya. UBofors wayengumthengisi wezikhali e-Indonesia. Njengoba kulandiswa yisishoshovu u-Art Laffin, izishoshovu ezimbili zaseSweden zokuthula, uCecelia Redner, umpristi esontweni laseSweden, noMarja Fischer, umfundi, bangena embonini yeBofors Arms eKariskoga, eSweden, batshala isihlahla se-apula bazama ukuphuca impi yasolwandle ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi ohlwini lwezincwadi kukhishwa e-Indonesia UCecilia uthweswe icala lokuzama ukwenza umonakalo onobungozi noMarija ngokusiza. Bobabili baphinde bathweswa icala lokwephula umthetho ovikela izindawo “ezibalulekile emphakathini.” Bobabili laba besifazane balahlwa yicala ngoFebhuwari 25, 1998. Baphikisana nokuphikisana okuphindaphindiwe yijaji, ukuthi, ngamazwi kaRedner, “Lapho izwe lami lihloma umashiqela angivumelekile ukuba ngithobele futhi ngilalele, ngoba lokho kungenza ngibe necala ebulelesi bokuqothulwa kohlanga e-East Timor. Ngiyazi ukuthi kwenzekani futhi angikwazi ukusola ubushiqela base-Indonesia noma uhulumeni wami kuphela. Ukwenza kwethu amakhuba kwakuyindlela yokuthi sithathe umthwalo wemfanelo futhi senze ngokubambisana nabantu base-East Timor. ” UFischer wengeze, "Sizamile ukuvimbela ubugebengu, futhi lokho kuyisibopho ngokomthetho wethu." URedner ugwetshwe inhlawulo neminyaka engama-23 yokufundiswa ngezimilo. UFischer ugwetshwe inhlawulo kwathi iminyaka emibili walengiswa. Akukho sigwebo esabekwa ejele.

April 19. Ngalolu suku ku-1775, ukuguquka kwe-US kwaphenduka ubudlova nezimpi eLexington naseCordord. Leli thuba lilandele ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwamasu angenabudlova avame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zakamuva, kufaka phakathi imibhikisho emikhulu, ukuduba, ukukhuthazwa kokukhiqizwa kwendawo nokuzimela, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakomidi ezincwadi, nokuthathwa kwamandla wendawo ezindaweni eziningi ezisemaphandleni eMassachusetts. Impi enobudlova yokuzibusa ngaphandle kweBrithani yayiqhutshwa ikakhulukazi ngabanini bomhlaba abacebile kakhulu abamhlophe emakoloni. Ngenkathi umphumela wawuhlanganisa lokho okwakungokwesikhathi uMthethosisekelo osabekayo kanye neBill of Rights, uguquko lwaluyingxenye yempi enkulu phakathi kwamaFrance nabaseBrithani, babengeke banqotshwe ngaphandle kwamaFulentshi, babedlulisa amandla besuka komunye umuntu beya komunye, kwakhiwa asikho isenzo esithandwayo sokulinganisa, sabona ukuvukela kwabalimi abampofu kanye nabantu abagqilazwayo kaningi njengakuqala, futhi babona abantu bephunyuka ebugqilini bezokweseka uhlangothi lwaseBrithani. Esinye isisusa sempi kwaba ukugcinwa kobugqila, kulandela ukukhula kwenhlangano yokuqedwa kweBrithani kanye nesinqumo senkantolo yaseBrithani esakhulula indoda egama linguJames Sommerset. UPatrick Henry “nginike inkululeko noma unginikeze ukufa” akubhalwanga nje emashumini eminyaka ngemuva kokushona kukaHenry, kodwa wayenabantu njengezigqila futhi wayengekho engcupheni yokuba yinye. Isisusa sempi kwakuyisifiso sokwanda sisentshonalanga, sihlaba futhi siphange abantu bomdabu. Njengezimpi eziningi zase-US kusukela, eyokuqala kwakuyimpi yokwanda. Ukuzenzisa kokuthi impi ibingenakugwemeka noma ifiseleka kuyasizwa ngokunganaki iqiniso lokuthi iCanada, i-Australia, i-India nezinye izindawo azizidingi izimpi.

April 20. Kulolu suku ku-1999, abafundi ababili e-Columbine High School eLittleton, Colorado, bahlasele abantu, babulala abantu abangu-13 futhi balimaza abanye kune-20 ngaphambi kokuzibulala futhi bazibulale. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu kwaba ukudubula esikoleni esiphakeme kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US futhi kwasungula ingxabano kazwelonke ngokulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukuphepha esikoleni, kanye namandla ahambisa laba bantu ababili, u-Eric Harris, i-18 noDylan Klebold, i-17. Ekhuluma ne-control-control control, i-National Rifle Association yenze umkhankaso wokukhangisa owawubonakala wamukeleka njengokungathi ukwandiswa kokuhlolwa kwangasese okuvele kusadingeka ekuthengiseni izibhamu kanye nezitolo zepayipi kuze kuboniswe izibhamu, lapho izikhali zababulali zithengwa ngenkohliso umngane. Nokho, ngemuva kwezigcawu, i-NRA yenza umzamo we-$ 1.5-million wokubamba iqhaza owaphumelela ekubulaleni umthethosivivinywa ngokuyimfuneko enjalo ngokulindeleke ku-Congress. Kwakwenziwe imizamo yokwenza ukuphepha kwesikole kusetshenziswe ngokusetshenziswa kwamakhamera okuphepha, izimboni zensimbi nabalindi bezokuphepha ezengeziwe, kodwa kwabonakala kungasebenzi ekuqedeni ubudlova. Phakathi kwemizamo eminingi yokuqonda i-psychopathology yababulali, ifilimu ye-documentary kaMichael Moore Bowling for eColumbine waqhakambisa kakhulu ukuxhumana kwamasiko phakathi kwezenzo zababulali kanye ne-America's penchant yempi-ekhonjiswa kokubili yizigcawu zempi kanye nobukhona obuseduze bukaCherheed Martin, umkhiqizi omkhulu wezikhali. Omunye umbuyekezi wefilimu kaMoore ubonisa ukuthi lezi zithombe, nokunye okubonisa imiphumela yobumpofu ekuqedeni ukuhlanganiswa komndeni, okukhomba ngokucacile kokubili imithombo eyimbangela yobuphekula emphakathini wase-US kanye nendlela kuphela yokuqedwa ngempumelelo.

April 21. Ngalolu suku ku-1989, abanye abafundi baseYunivesithi base-100,000 yaseShayina babuthana eBeijing I-Tiananmen Square ukugubha ukufa kukaHu Yaobang, umholi oguqukile oguqula isimo se-Chinese Communist Party, futhi ukukhuluma ukunganeliseki kwabo nohulumeni waseChina obumbene. Ngosuku olulandelayo, enkonzweni yesikhumbuzo esemthethweni eyayiqhutshelwa uHu eHormen Great's of the People, uhulumeni wanqabela isidingo sabafundi ukuhlangana noNdunankulu u-Li Peng. Lokho kwaholela ekubeni umfundi aqoqe amanyuvesi aseShayina, izingcingo eziningi zokuguqulwa kwentando yeningi, futhi, naphezu kwezixwayiso zikahulumeni, umjikelezi womfundi waya eTiananmen Square. Emasontweni alandelayo, abasebenzi, abahlakaniphile, nezinceku zikahulumeni bajoyina imiboniso yabafundi, futhi phakathi no-May amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabhikishi bahlangana nezigcawu zaseBeijing. NgoMeyi 20, uhulumeni wabiza umthetho wezempi edolobheni, ebiza amasosha namathangi ukuba ahlakaze izixuku. NgoJuni 3, amabutho, ngokuyalela ngokucacile ukuthi i-Tiananmen Square nemigwaqo yaseBeijing, babulala amakhulu wabonisi futhi baboshwa izinkulungwane. Kodwa-ke, ababhikishi 'isidingo sokuthula sezinguquko zentando yeningi lapho bebhekene nokucindezelwa kobudlova kukhishwe kokubili ukuzwelana nokucasuka emphakathini womhlaba wonke. Isibindi sabo empeleni senziwa okwenziwa yizindaba ngo-Juni 5^th esithombeni esinobuciko manje esibonisa umuntu oyedwa oyedwa omhlophe, obizwa ngokuthi "i-Tank Man," egxile ekugxotsheni phambi kwekholomu yamathangi asezempi ahlakaza abantu. Ngemva kwamasonto amathathu, ama-United States namanye amazwe abeka izigwegwe zomnotho eChina. Yize izigwebo zibuyiselwe umnotho wezwe, ukuhwebelana ngamazwe kwaqala kabusha ngasekupheleni kwe-1990, ngenxa yokuthi ngokuyinhloko ukukhululwa kweChina kwamakhulu angamakhulu abaphikile ababoshiwe.

April 22. Lolu suku lweMhlaba, kanye nokuzalwa kuka-Immanuel Kant. J. Sterling Morton, intatheli yaseNebraska eyakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezihlahla ezigodini zombuso ngo-1872, ichaza u-Ephreli 10 njengosuku lokuqala "lwe-Arbor Day". Usuku lwe-Arbor lwaba yiholidi elisemthethweni eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, lwayiswa ngo-Ephreli 22 ukuhlonipha usuku lokuzalwa lukaMorton. Lolu suku lugujwe kuzwelonke njengoba "isikhathi sokugawulwa kwemithi" silethwe ukwanda kwe-US phakathi kuka-1890 no-1930 kugawulwa amahlathi. Ngo-1970, ukunyakaza okwakukhona emazingeni aphansi ukuvikela imvelo ekungcolisweni kwasekelwa uMbusi waseWisconsin uGaylord Nelson nesishoshovu saseSan Francisco uJohn McConnell. Imashi yokuqala "yoSuku Lomhlaba" yenzeka e-Spring Equinox ngalowo nyaka, Mashi 21, 1970. Imicimbi yosuku loMhlaba iyaqhubeka ukubanjelwa e-US ngazo zombili uMashi 21 no-Ephreli 22. U-Immanuel Kant, usosayensi nesazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, naye wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 22, ngo-1724. UKant wenza izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zesayensi, kodwa waziwa kakhulu ngamagalelo akhe kwifilosofi. Ifilosofi yakhe igxile ekutheni sizakhela kanjani ngokwethu imihlaba yethu. Ngokusho kwezenzo zikaKant kufanele zibanjelwe emithethweni yokuziphatha. Isiphetho sikaKant mayelana nalokho okudingeka ngempela ukuthi ngamunye wethu abhekane nezwe elingcono ukulwela okuhle kakhulu kubo bonke. Le micabango ihambisana nalabo abasekela ukulondolozwa koMhlaba, kanye nalabo abasebenzela ukuthula. Ngamazwi kaKant, "Ukuze ukuthula kubuse Emhlabeni, abantu kumele baphenduke izidalwa ezintsha ezifunde ukubona konke kuqala."

April 23. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, abafundi baseColumbia University bathathe izakhiwo bebhikisha ucwaningo lwempi nokucekelwa phansi kwezakhiwo eHarlem ngenhloso yokuzivocavoca umzimba. Amanyuvesi aphesheya e-United States aphikisana nabafundi bebuza iqhaza lemfundo emkhakheni okhuthaza ukuphazamiseka kwempi, ukulungiswa okungahleliwe, ukucwasa ubuhlanga nobulili. Ukutholakala komfundi kwamaphepha abonisa ukubandakanyeka kuka-Columbia noMnyango Wezokuvikela I-Institute for Defense Analysis okwenza ucwaningo lwempi eVietnam, kanye nezibopho zalo ku-ROTC, kwaholela ekukhonjisweni kwabaFundi beDemocratic Society (SDS). Bahlanganiswa abaningi, kuhlanganise noMfundi we-Afro-American Society (SOS) owayephikisana nokuzivocavoca okwakhiwe yiColombia e-Morningside Park ehambisa amakhulu angama-Afrika aseMelika asehlala eHarlem. Iphoyisa elisebenzayo liholele esitelekeni se-faculty-student esivimbela iColombia phansi kwesinye semester. Ngesikhathi izimbhikisho zaseColombia zaholela ekushayweni nasekuboshiwe abafundi be-1,100, okungaphezu kweminye imiboniso ye-100 eyayibanjwe e-US ku-1968. Lona kwabafundi bonyaka babona ukubulawa kukaMartin Luther King noRobert F. Kennedy, futhi abaningana abaphikisana nabamelene nempi babethwa, bahlaselwa, bavalelwa ngamaphoyisa eDemocratic National Convention eChicago. Ekugcineni, imibhikisho yabo yaphefumulela kakhulu ushintsho oludingekayo. Ukucwaninga kwempi okwehlukanisiwe kwakungasenziwa eColombia, iROTC eyashiya i-campus kanye nezempi kanye nabakwaCIA abaqashi, umqondo wokuzivocavoca wawushiywe, inhlangano yama-feminist kanye nezifundo zobuhlanga zaziswa. Futhi ekugcineni, impi yaseVietnam, kanye ne-draft, yaphela.

April 24. Ngalolu suku ku-1915, abahlakaniphile abaningi base-Armenia babuthwe, baboshwa futhi bathunjwa emzini omkhulu waseTurkey, uConstantinople (manje u-Istanbul), waya esifundeni sase-Ankara, lapho iningi lazo labulawa khona. Elandelwa iqembu lama-reformers okuthiwa "amaTurkey aseNtshonalanga," ayebusa e-1908, uhulumeni wamaSulumane woMbuso Wase-Ottoman wabheka ukuthi amaKristu angewona amaTurkey ayisongelo ekuvikelekeni kombuso. Ngakho-ke, izazi-mlando eziningi zenza "Ukuguqula," noma ukuhlanza ngokobuzwe, ubukhali bokuqothula noma ukubulala abantu bayo abangamaKristu ase-Armenia. Ku-1914, amaTurkey angena eMpini Yezwe I ngaphesheya kweJalimane noMbuso wase-Austro-Hungarian, futhi yamemezela impi engcwele kuwo wonke amaKristu angahlangene. Lapho ama-Armenia ehlela amabutho amavolontiya okusiza amabutho aseRussia alwe namaTurkey esifundeni saseCaucasus, abaseTurkey baxoshwa ngokususwa kwabantu abaningi base-Armenia emiphakathini ye-Eastern Front. Ama-Armenia ajwayelekile athunyelwe emanzini okushona ngaphandle kokudla noma amanzi, kanti amashumi ezinkulungwane abulawa ngamacala okubulala. Nge-1922, ngaphansi kwe-400,000 ye-Armenian yezigidi ezimbili zangempela ehlala eMbusweni wase-Ottoman. Kusukela ekuzinikeleni kwayo eMpini Yezwe I, uhulumeni waseTurkey uye wagomela ngokuqinile ukuthi awuzange uhlasele ama-Armenia, kodwa izenzo ezidingekayo zokulwa nabantu ezazibheka njengezitha. E-2010, nokho, iqembu le-US Congressional ekugcineni labona ukubulawa kwabantu ngokubulawa kohlanga. Isenzo sasiza ukugxila ekutheni ukungazethembi kalula noma ukwesaba okunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi noma kwamanye amazwe, kungase kuqhubekele ekuphindiseni okuzondayo okudlula yonke imingcele yokuziphatha.

April 25. Kulolu suku ku-1974 i-Revolution Carnation yaxosha uhulumeni wasePortugal, umbuso wobushiqela obusemthethweni owawukhona kusukela ku-1933 - umbuso owedlula isikhathi eside ophephile ohulumeni baseYurophu. Lokho okwaqala njengombuso wamasosha, owawuhlelwe yi-Armed Forces Movement (iqembu lamaphoyisa ezempi owawuphikisana nombuso), ngokushesha kwaba ngumbhikisho odumile ongenagazi lapho abantu bengasinaki isicelo sokuhlala emakhaya abo. ICarnation Revolution ilithola egameni lokuqothulwa okubomvu - bekuyisikhathi sonyaka - kufakwa emilonyeni yezibhamu zamasosha ngabantu ababajoyine emigwaqweni. Ukuvukela umbuso kwacasulwa wumbuso wokugcizelela ukugcina amakoloni awo, lapho ayekade elwa khona nabavukeli kusukela ngo-1961. Lezi zimpi zazingathandwa ngabantu noma ngabaningi ababezempi. Intsha yayithutha ukuze igweme ukubuthelwa empini. U-40% wesabelomali sePortugal wasetshenziswa yizimpi e-Afrika. Ngokushesha okukhulu ngemuva kokuba inkululeko yokuvukela umbuso inikezwe amakoloni ayengaphambilini amaPutukezi eGuinea Bisau, eCape Verde, eMozambique, eSão Tomé nasePríncipe, e-Angola nase-East Timor. I-United States yadlala indima edidayo ku-Carnation Revolution. UHenry Kissinger wayemelene nokuyixhasa, ngaphandle kwesincomo esinamandla esivela kwinxusa laseMelika. Ugcizelele ukuthi kwaba ukuvukela umbuso kwamakhomanisi. Kwakungemva kokuvakashela ePortugal nguTeddy Kennedy kanye nezincomo zakhe ezinamandla zokuxhasa inguquko lapho i-US yanquma ukwenza kanjalo. EPortugal, ukugubha lo mcimbi, u-Ephreli 25 manje sekuyiholidi likazwelonke, elaziwa njengoSuku lweNkululeko. ICarnation Revolution ikhombisa ukuthi awudingi ukusebenzisa udlame nolaka ukufeza ukuthula.

April 26. Kulolu suku ku-1986, ingozi yenyukliya eyimbi kunazo zonke eyenzeka eChernobyl isitshalo samandla enyukliya eduze nePypyat, e-Ukraine, eSoviet Union. Ingozi yenzeke ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ukubona ukuthi lesi sitshalo sizosebenza kanjani uma ilahlekelwa amandla. Abaqhubi bezitshalo benza amaphutha amaningana ngenkathi kwenziwa inqubo, okwakhiwa kwemvelo engazinzile emshini we-No. 4 owaholela emlilweni nasezikhungweni ezintathu ezazisusa phezulu kwe-1,000-ton steel top. Njengoba i-reactor iqubukile phansi, amalangabi adubula izinyawo ze-1,000 esibhakabhakeni izinsuku ezimbili, ahlambalaza ama-radioactive material asakaza ngaphezu kweSoviet Union naseYurophu. Abaningi abahlali be-70,000 kule ndawo babhekene nobuthakathaka obunzima bokushisa ama-radiation, lapho izinkulungwane zafa khona, njengabasebenzi abacatshangelwa ukuthi bahlanza i-4,000 endaweni yeScottobyl. Imiphumela eyengeziwe ihlanganisa ukuthunyiswa okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi ze-150,000 endaweni engama-18-mile ngaseChernobyl, ukwanda okukhulu kwezifo zokuzalwa endaweni, kanye nesigameko esiphezulu se-cancer yomdlavuza kulo lonke elase-Ukraine. Kusukela enhlekeleleni yeChernobyl, ochwepheshe baye babonisa imibono ehlukene kakhulu ekuboneni amandla enuzi njengomthombo wamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, I-New York Times kubikwa ngokushesha ngemva kwenhlekelele yenukliya yaseMarch 2011 eJapane yeFukushima Daiichi esitshalweni sokuthi "amaJapane asevele athathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela ingozi ukuba ibe enye iChernobyl, ngisho noma kukhishwa imishanguzo eyengeziwe." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHelen Caldicott, umsunguli Odokotela bokuzibophezela komphakathi, okushiwo ngo-Ephreli 2011 Times u-"ukuthi ayikho into enjenge-dose ephephile yemisebe" futhi, ngakho-ke, amandla okukhipha amandla enyukliya akufanele asetshenziswe.

April 27. Ngalolu suku ku-1973, uhulumeni waseBrithani wagcwalisa ukuxoshwa kwabaningi bomdabu waseG Diego Garcia nezinye iziqhingi ze-Chagos Archipelago enkabeni ye-Indian Ocean. Kusukela ku-1967, izikhulu eziyisikhombisa eziyisiqhingi zasemaphandleni, ezaziwa ngokuthi "amaCriossia," zathunyelwa emkhunjini wemikhumbi ye-squalid ephethe i-Mauritius, eyayiyibutho laseBrithani elawula ukuzibusa e-Indian Ocean elithile ngamakhilomitha angu-1,000 kude nogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga we-Afrika. Ukuxoshwa kwakubekwe esivumelwaneni se-1966 lapho i-United Kingdom yaqashisa khona iziqhingi, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBritish Indian Ocean Territory, eya e-US ukuze isetshenziswe njengesisekelo sezempi sezempi. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, abaseBrithani bathola ukuphumula kwezindleko kwizinto zase-US ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo lwe-Polaris ICBM lwalo lwamanzi olwandle. Nakuba lesi sivumelwano sasizuzisa emazweni womabili, abaxoshwa eChaosos Islanders eMauritius balwela ngamandla ukuze baphile. Banikezwe isinxephezelo semali se-650,000 yaseBrithani ku-1977, kodwa labo abazoba khona ilungelo lokubuyela ku-Diego Garcia bahlala bengcwatshwe ngaphansi kwezikhalazo kanye nezigwegwe. Ekugcineni, ngoNovemba 2016, uhulumeni waseBrithani wakhipha umyalo ochotshozayo. Echaza "izintandokazi, ukuzivikela nokuvikeleka, kanye nezindleko kumkhokhi wentela waseBrithani," uhulumeni umemezele ukuthi abantu abaxoshwa emakhaya abo cishe eminyakeni engama-50 ngaphambili babengavunyelwe ukubuyela. Esikhundleni salokho, kwandiswa iminyaka engu-20 eyengeziwe ukuqashiswa kwe-US yeNdawo Yase-Indian Ocean ukuba isetshenziswe njengesisekelo sezempi, futhi wathembisa amaCriossia amanye ama-40-million amaphilisi enxephezelo. I-UK Chagos Support Association, ngokuyinhloko, yabhala ukuthi iBrithani isho "isinqumo esingenangqondo nesingenangqondo esihlambalaza isizwe."

April 28. Ngalolu suku ku-1915, i-International Congress of Women, ehlanganisa ezinye izihambeli ze-1,200 ezivela emazweni e-12, zihlangene eHague, eNetherlands, ukuthuthukisa amasu okusiza ekuqedeni impi bese ehlasela eYurophu futhi isungulwe uhlelo lokuvimbela izimpi ezizayo ukutadisha nokuhlongoza izindlela zokuqeda izimbangela zabo. Ukuze bathuthukise umgomo wabo wokuqala, izihambeli zomhlangano zanikeza izinqumo futhi zathumela abameleli bezizwe eziningi ezinamandla eMpini Yezwe I, bakholelwa ukuthi, njengabesifazane, isenzo sabo sokuthula sibe nomphumela omuhle wokuziphatha. Kodwa, ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokutadisha nokuqeda izimbangela zempi, bakha inhlangano entsha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Women's International League yokuthula nenkululeko (WILPF). Umongameli wokuqala wezwe, uJane Addams, wathola uMongameli uThomas Wilson eWashington, owamukelwa amaPhoyisa ayisishiyagalolunye ayisishiyagalolunye okukhulumisana ngawo ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I ngemibono eyakhishwa yi-WILPF. Ezindaweni zaseGeneva, eSwitzerland, iLigi isebenza namuhla emazingeni omhlaba wonke, kazwelonke, nakwasekhaya, futhi ngezigaba zomhlaba wonke emhlabeni, ukuhlela imihlangano nezinkomfa ezifunda nokubhekana nezinkinga ezibalulekile zosuku. Phakathi kwabo, ohlangothini olufuywayo, kukhona amalungelo agcwele abesifazane kanye nobulungiswa bezobuhlanga nezomnotho. Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, inhlangano isebenza ukuthuthukisa ukuthula nenkululeko, ukuthumela imisebenzi emazweni aphikisanayo, futhi, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke nohulumeni, ukuletha ukuxazulula ukuthula kwezimpikiswano. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo kulezi zenzo, abaholi ababili beLigi bazuze uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel: UJane Addams ku-1931 futhi, ku-1946, uNobhala Wezwe Wokuqala WILPF, u-Emily Greene Balch.

April 29. Kulolu suku ku-1975, njengoba iVietnam yaseNingizimu Vietnam yayizowela emaqenjini amaKhomanisi, abangaphezu kwe-1,000 baseMelika kanye ne-5,000 Vietnamese baxoshwa yi-helicopter kusuka enhloko-dolobha, eSaigon, baya emikhumbi yase-US eNingizimu China Sea. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindiza zezindiza kwakunqotshwe ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eSanigon eTan Son Nhut ekuqaleni kosuku. Nakuba yayinamandla kakhulu, ukuhlinzwa okwamanje kwakunqotshwe indiza engenakuqondiswa komunye umuntu we-65,000 South Vietnamese, lapho ebhaselini, izikebhe, ama-rafts okuzenzela, kanye namasampula, benethemba lokukwenza emikhumbi yezempi ye-40 US. Ukukhishwa okulandelwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2 isivumelwano sokuthula esisayinwe ngoJanuwari 1973 ngabameleli base-US, iNingizimu Vietnam, iV Vietcong, neNorth Vietnam. Ludinga ukuqedwa kulo lonke elaseVietnam, ukuhoxiswa kwamabutho ase-US, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zempi, nokuhlanganiswa kweNyakatho neNingizimu Vietnam ngendlela yokuthula. Nakuba wonke amabutho ase-US ashiye iVietnam ngo-March 1973, abanye abasebenzi base-7,000 bezokuVikela bezokuVikela bagcinwa ngemuva ukuze basize amabutho aseSweden aphindaphindiwe ekuphulukiseni ukwephulwa komlilo yiNyakatho yeVietnam neVietnam kangangokuthi ngokushesha kwaphinde kwaqhubeka impi. Lapho impi iphelile ngokuwa kukaSaigon ngo-Ephreli 30, i-1975, iColonel Bui Tin yaseNyakatho yeVietnam yathi eNingizimu yeVietnam yaseNingizimu Meyi: "Awunaso ukwesaba. Phakathi kweVietnam azikho abahlukumezi futhi akukho ukunqotshwa. AbaseMelika kuphela banqotshwe. "Nokho, kwakuyizindleko zokufa kwe-58,000 American kanye nempilo yabasosha abayizigidi ezine baseVietnam kanye nezizwe.

April 30. Kulolu suku ku-1977, abantu base-1,415 baboshwa ngokubhikisha okuphawulekayo kwesitshalo samandla enyukliya okwakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi eSeabrook, eNew Hampshire. Ngokubangela omunye waboshwa ngobukhulu emlandweni wase-US, i-standpoff yaseSeabrook yasize idale ukuguquka kwezwe ngokumelene namandla enyukliya futhi yadlala indima ebalulekile ekunqandeni izifiso zamandla enyukliya aseMelika kanye nabakhiqizi bezinhlaka zombuso ukwakha amakhulu ama-reactors ezweni lonke. Ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukuthi izigameko ezimbili zize ku-intanethi yi-1981 ngezindleko ezingaphansi kuka-$ 1 billion, ukufakwa kwe-Seabrook ekugcineni kwanciphisa ibe isenzo esisodwa esabiza u-$ 6.2 billion kanti asizange sifike nge-intanethi ku-intanethi kuze kube yi-1990. Eminyakeni edlule, isitshalo seSeabrook sigcine irekhodi eliphakeme lokuphepha. Kuye kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni isimo saseMassachusetts sithobele ukuchithwa okugunyaziwe ekukhishwe kwekhabhoni. Noma kunjalo, abaphikisi bamandla ase-anti-nyukliya basho izizathu eziningi zokuqhubeka nomkhuba wokuvala izigameko zenuzi, kunokuba bakhiwe ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindleko zokwakha nezindleko eziphezulu kakhulu; isikhalazo esikhulayo sezinye izindlela zokuvuselela amandla ezihlanzekile ezihlanzekile; imiphumela embi yomsakazo ophuthumayo we-reactor-down; isidingo sokuqinisekisa amasu okuphuthumayo okusebenzayo; futhi, mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, inkinga eqhubekayo yokulahlwa okuphephile kwenkunkuma yenuzi. Ukukhathazeka okunjalo, okwenziwe ukuqwashiswa komphakathi njengengxenye yemibhikisho yaseSeabrook, kuye kwehlisa kakhulu izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ekukhiqizeni kwamandla ase-US. Nge-2015, inani eliphakeme le-reactors ye-112 e-US kuma-1990 ayinqunywe ku-99. Okunye okuyisishiyagalolunye kwakuhlelwe ukuvala phansi kule minyaka eyishumi elandelayo.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

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Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.