March

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March 1. Usuku Lwe-Pacific Lwamahhala Namahhala, i-aka Bikini Day. Lolu suku lubonisa usuku lokukhishwa kwesibhamu se-United States sika-thermal nuclear hydrogen bomb 'Bravo' e-Bikini Atoll eMicronesia e-1954. Ku-1946, isikhulu sezempi esimele uhulumeni wase-US sabuza abantu baseBikini uma bezimisele ukushiya i-atoll yabo "okwesikhashana" ukuze iUnited States iqale ukuhlola amabhomu e-athomu "ngokuhle kwesintu nokuqeda zonke izimpi zezwe. "Abantu baye bavinjelwa ukuba babuyele ekhaya labo kusukela ngezinga lokungcoliswa kwemisipha ehlala njalo. Ukuqhuma kwe-1954 kwavula isikhala esingaphezu kwamamitha angu-200 ejulile futhi ubude bemihilomitha, kuqubhisa amakhorali amaningi ayenyuka emkhathini kanye namanzi amaningi asolwandle. Amazinga emisakazo ema-atolls akhiwe aRongerik, Ujelang, noLiepep avuka ngendlela ephawulekayo. I-US Navy ayizange ithumele imikhumbi ukuphuma kubantu baseRongelap no-Utirik kuze kube yizinsuku ezintathu emva kokuqhuma. Abantu baseMarshall Islands nasezindaweni eziseduze zasePacific babesetshenziselwa kakhulu njengezingulube zomuntu emzamweni ongathandeki we-United States wokuphishekela ukuphakama kwezikhali zenuzi. Usuku lwe-Nuclear Free futhi oluzimele iPacific lungusuku lokukhumbula ukuthi isimo sengqondo sekolonialist esivumelekile, futhi ngezindlela eziningi sikhuthazekile, ukuhlushwa okukhulunywe ngaye kusalokhu kukhona namuhla, njengoba iPacific ihlala ingekho nuclear noma ayizimele. Lolu usuku oluhle lokuphikisa izikhali zenuzi.

March 2. Ngalolu suku ku-1955, izinyanga ngaphambi kweRosa Parks, insizwa uClaudette Colvin waboshwa eMontgomery, Alabama, ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuyeka isikhundla sakhe sebhasi kumuntu omhlophe. UColvin uyiphayona leMelika Civil Rights Movement. Ngo-March 2^nd, 1955, uColvin wayegibela ekhaya ngebhasi ledolobha ngesikhathi umshayeli webhasi emtshela ukuthi anikeze isihlalo sakhe kumgibeli omhlophe. UColvin wenqaba ukwenza lokho, wathi, “Kuyilungelo lami ngokomthethosisekelo ukuhlala lapha njengaleyo ntokazi. Ngikhokhile imali yokugibela, kuyilungelo lami elikumthethosisekelo. ” Wazizwa ephoqelekile ukuthi ame aqine. “Ngizwe sengathi umfokazi iSihambeli uQiniso ucindezela phansi ehlombe elilodwa kanti uHarriet Tubman ubedudula omunye — ethi, 'Hlala phansi ntombazane!' Nganginamathiselwe esihlalweni sami, ”esho Newsweek. UColvin waboshwa ngamacala amaningi, okubalwa kuwo nokwephula imithetho yobandlululo yedolobha. INational Association for the Advancement of Colors People kafushane yacabanga ukusebenzisa udaba lukaColvin ukuphonsela inselelo imithetho yobandlululo, kepha banquma ukuyiphikisa ngenxa yeminyaka yakhe. Okuningi okubhalwe emlandweni wamalungelo abantu eMontgomery kugxile ekuboshweni kweRosa Parks, omunye wesifazane owenqabile ukunikela ngesihlalo sakhe ebhasini, ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye uColvin. Ngenkathi amaPaki emenyezelwe njengeqhawekazi lamalungelo omphakathi, indaba kaClaudette Colvin ayitholanga saziso. Ngenkathi iqhaza lakhe empini yokuqeda ubandlululo eMontgomery lingahle lingaziwa kabanzi, uColvin wasiza ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imizamo yamalungelo omphakathi edolobheni.

March 3. Kulolu suku ku-1863, umthetho wokuqala we-US wabhaliswa udlulisiwe. Iqukethe isigatshana esinikeza ukukhishwa kwesibambiso ngokushintshanisa i-$ 300. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, i-US Congress yadlulisela isenzo sokubhalisa okwakhiqiza izakhamizi zaseMelika zokuqala zempi emlandweni waseMelika. Isenzo sifune ukubhaliswa kwabo bonke abesilisa phakathi kweminyaka eyi-20 ne-45, kufaka phakathi 'abafokazi' abanenhloso yokuba izakhamuzi, ngo-Ephreli 1st. Izimpendulo ezisuka kubhaliso zingathengwa nge-$ 300 noma ngokuthola i-draftee engena esikhundleni. Lesi sigatshana sasiholela ekuhlukunyezweni kwegazi eNew York City, lapho ababhikishi bebecasulile ukuthi ukukhululwa kwakunikezwe kuphela izakhamuzi zaseSouth America ezicebile kakhulu, ngoba akekho ohluphekayo owayengakwazi ukuthenga lokhu kukhululwa. Nakuba iMpi Yombango yabona ukuthi izakhamizi zase-US zokuqala zisebenza ngenkonzo yezempi, isenzo se-1792 seCongress sidinga ukuba zonke izakhamizi eziphathekayo zithenge isibhamu futhi zijoyine izimboni zomphakathi zendawo. Kubekho isijeziso sokungahambisani nalesi senzo. I-Congress nayo yadlulisela ukubhalisa ngesikhathi seMpi ye-1812, kodwa impi yaphela ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kukhishwe. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, uhulumeni we-Confederate States of America naye wenza isimiso sokuphoqelelwa kwezempi. I-US yasungula ibutho lempi elahlelwa futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, ku-1940 ukwenza i-US ilungele ukubandakanyeka kwayo eMpini Yezwe II, nangesikhathi sempi yaseKorea. Ukugcina kwesibhamu sase-US kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi YeVietnam.

March 4. Ngalolu suku ku-1969, i-Union of Concerned Scientists (noma i-UCS) yasungulwa. I-UCS iyiqembu lokukhuthaza isayensi elingenzi nzuzo elasungulwa ososayensi nabafundi eMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngalowo nyaka, iMpi yaseVietnam yayisencane futhi uMfula iC Cleveland ongcolile kakhulu wawushise ngomlilo. Emangazwe indlela uhulumeni wase-US ayisebenzisa ngayo kabi isayensi kokubili impi nokucekela phansi imvelo, abasunguli be-UCS babhala isitatimende sokuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi lususwe kubuchwepheshe bezempi kanye nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo zemvelo nezenhlalo. Incwadi eyasungula le nhlangano ithi yayakhelwe “ukuqala ukuhlolwa okubucayi nokuqhubekayo kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho isayensi nobuchwepheshe zibaluleke kakhulu noma zingabaluleka” kanye “nokusungula izindlela zokuguqula izicelo zocwaningo kude nokugcizelelwa kwamanje kwezobuchwepheshe bezempi ikhambi lezinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo nezenhlalo. ” Inhlangano iqashe ososayensi, abezomnotho, nonjiniyela ababambe iqhaza ezindabeni zemvelo nezokuphepha, kanye nabaphathi nabasekeli. Ngokwengeziwe, i-UCS igxile emandleni ahlanzekile nasemikhubeni yokulima ephephile futhi engayilimazi imvelo. Le nhlangano izinikele kakhulu ekwehliseni izikhali zenuzi. I-UCS isize ukududula iSenate yaseMelika ukuthi ivume iSivumelwano Sokunciphisa Izikhali Esisha (i-New START) ukunciphisa inqwaba yezikhali zenuzi zase-US naseRussia. Lokhu kuncishiswa kunciphise izinqolobane zenuzi ezisetshenziswe emazweni womabili. Izinhlangano eziningi ezengeziwe zijoyine lo msebenzi, futhi kuningi okusamele kwenziwe.

March 5. Kulolu suku ku-1970, isivumelwano sombuso we-nyukliya esingenabuqili sasebenza ngemuva kokuba amazwe e-43 ayifake. Isivumelwano ngokungahambisani kwezikhali zenuzi, esaziwa kakhulu nge-Non-Proliferation Treaty noma i-NPT, yisivumelwano samazwe omhlaba ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezikhali zenuzi nobuchwepheshe bezikhali, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana ekusetshenzisweni kokuthula kwamandla enuzi. Ngokwengeziwe, lesi sivumelwano sihlose ukuqhubekisela phambili umgomo wokugcina wokuthola izikhali zenuzi kanye nokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali. Lesi Sivumelwano saqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngonyaka we-1970. NgoMeyi 11, 1995, lesi sivumelwano sandiswa isikhathi esingapheli. Amazwe amaningi abambelele kwi-NPT kunanoma yisiphi esinye isivumelwano sokuncishiswa kwezikhali nokulwa nezikhali, okuyisivumelwano sokubaluleka kwesivumelwano. Ziyi-191 izifundazwe esezijoyine lesi sivumelwano. I-India, Israel, Pakistan, neSouth Sudan, amazwe amane angamalungu eZizwe Ezihlangene, awakaze ajoyine i-NPT. Lesi sivumelwano sibheka iMelika, iRussia, i-UK, iFrance neChina njengezizwe ezinhlanu zezikhali zenuzi. Ezinye izifundazwe ezine ziyaziwa ukuthi zinezikhali zenuzi: i-India, iNorth Korea, nePakistan, ezivumile, ne-Israel, enqabayo ukukhuluma ngayo. Amaqembu enuzi akulesi sivumelwano kudingeka ukuthi aqhubeke "nezingxoxo ngokuthembeka ngezinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezimayelana nokumiswa komjaho wezikhali zenuzi zisencane kanye nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi." Ukwehluleka kwabo ukwenza lokho sekuholele ekutheni amazwe angewona amandla enuzi enze isivumelwano esisha sokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi. Isithiyo esikhulu uma kusungulwa lesi sivumelwano esisha sizobe sinxenxa amazwe enuzi ukuthi asigunyaze.

March 6. Kulolu suku ku-1967, u-Muhammad Ali wayala yiNkonzo Yezokukhethwa ukuba ihanjiswe eNingizimu YaseMelika. Wenqaba, wathi izinkolelo zakhe zenkolo zamvimbela ukuba abulale. Ngemva kokuguqula amaSulumane ku-1964, uCassius Marcellus Clay, uJr. waguqula igama lakhe ku-Muhammad Ali. Uzoqhubeka nokuba ngumdlali wezwe lomhlaba oneminyaka emithathu ebhokisini. Phakathi nempi yase-US eVietnam e-1967, u-Ali wenqaba ukungena empi. Ngenxa yokwenqaba kwakhe, u-Muhammad Ali wasolwa ngokugwema ukukhishwa kwesigwebo futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Wabuye wahlawuliswa ngamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi futhi wavinjelwa ebhokisini iminyaka emithathu. U-Ali wakwazi ukugwema isikhathi sejele, kodwa akazange abuyele emgqeni webhokisi kuze kube ngu-Okthoba we-1970. Phakathi naleso sikhathi u-Ali wayevinjelwe ebhokisini, waqhubeka ephikisana nempi yaseVietnam ngesikhathi esisodwa elungiselela ukubuyela kwakhe emdlalweni we-1970. Wabhekana nokugxeka okukhulu emphakathini ngokuphikisa impi kangaka, kodwa waqhubeka eqinisile ezinkolelweni zakhe ukuthi kwakungalungile ukuhlasela abantu baseVietnam ngenkathi ama-Afrika aseMelika asezweni lakubo ephathwa kabi kakhulu nsuku zonke. Nakuba u-Ali eyaziwa ngamandla akhe nethalente ehlobene nokulwa emgqeni webhokisi, wayengengumsekeli ongacabangi wodlame. Wathatha isinqumo sokuthula esikhathini lapho kwakuyingozi futhi kugxiliwe ukwenza kanjalo.

March 7. Kulolu suku ku-1988, kubikwa ukuthi i- I-Atlanta Division we Inkantolo yesifunda sase-United States wabusa ukuthi iqembu lokuthula kufanele libe nokufinyelela okufanayo kwabafundi esikoleni esiphakeme sokusebenza njengabaqashi bezempi. Isibambiso, esakhishwe ngo-March 4, 1988, siphendule icala elilethwe yi-Atlanta Peace Alliance (APA) ngokusho ukuthi i-Atlanta Board of Education yephule amalungelo okuQala nokuThuthukiswa okweshumi nanye ngokuphika amalungu e-APA imvume yokunikeza ulwazi ngemfundo nemisebenzi amathuba ahlobene nokuthula kubafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi zase-Atlanta. I-APA yayifuna ithuba elifanayo njengabaqashi bezempi ukubeka izincwadi zayo ezikoleni zamabhodi ezigciniwe, emahhovisi okuqondisa esikoleni, nokubamba iqhaza ezinsukwini zokuKhathalela izinsuku nezinsuku. Ngo-Agasti 13, i-1986, iNkantolo yanquma ngokuvumelana ne-APA futhi yayala iBhodi ukuthi inikeze i-APA ngamathuba afanayo anikezwe abaqashi bezempi. Noma kunjalo, iBhodi yafaka isikhalazo, esinikezwe ngo-Ephreli 17, i-1987. Icala lalingwa ngo-Okthoba 1987. Inkantolo iphetha ngokuthi i-APA inelungelo lokwelashwa okulinganayo futhi yayala iBhodi Lezemfundo ukuba linikeze ithuba elilinganayo lokunikeza abafundi e-Atlanta izikole zomphakathi zomphakathi ngolwazi ngabasebenzi ekusebenzeni ngokuthula nangomsebenzi wezempi ngokubeka izincwadi ezikoleni zamabhodi nezikole amahhovisi okuqondisa. Kubuye futhi ukuthi i-APA inelungelo lokubamba iqhaza kwizinsuku zokusebenzela nokuthi izinqubomgomo nemithetho evimbela ukugxekwa kwamanye amathuba emisebenzi nokuthi angabandakanyi izikhulumi ezigxile ekugxileni ukubamba iqhaza emkhakheni othize azikho ngoba ziphula amalungelo okuHlela okuQala.

Mashi 8. Kulolu suku ku-1965, e-United States v. Seeger, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yandisa le isizathu sokukhululeka empini ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Leli cala belilethwe ngabantu abathathu abathi banqatshelwe ukwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza ngoba bengeyona ingxenye yenkolo eyaziwayo. Ukwenqatshwa kwakususelwa emithethweni etholakala ku-Universal Military Training and Service Act. Le mithetho ithi abantu bangakhululwa enkonzweni yezempi uma "izinkolelo zabo noma ukuqeqeshwa kwabo kubenza bangafuni ukuya empini noma ukuya empini." Inkolelo engokwenkolo yahunyushwa ngokuthi isho ukukholelwa “kuMuntu Ophakeme.” Ngakho-ke ukuchazwa kwezinkolelo zenkolo kwakuxhomeke encazelweni yokuthi “Umuntu Ophakeme.” Esikhundleni sokushintsha imithetho, iNkantolo ikhethe ukwandisa inhlonipho yokuthi “Umuntu Ophakeme.” Inkantolo yathi "uMuntu Ophakeme Kakhulu" kufanele ahunyushwe ngokuthi "umqondo wamandla noma isidalwa, noma inkolo, konke okunye okungaphansi kwayo noma konke okunye okuxhomeke kukho ekugcineni." Ngakho-ke iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi “isimo sokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza ngeke sigcinelwe kuphela labo abathi bahambisana nemiyalo yokuziphatha komuntu ophakeme, kodwa futhi nalabo abanemibono ngempi etholakala enkolelweni ezwakalayo neqotho esebenza empilweni iphethe indawo ehambisana naleyo egcwaliswe uNkulunkulu walabo ”ababekhululwa njalo. Incazelo enwetshiwe yaleli gama iphinde yasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izinkolelo zenkolo nezenkolo, ezepolitiki, noma ezefilosofi, ezingakavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezinqumo zokwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza.

Mashi 9. Ngalolu suku ku-1945, i-United States yavutha umlilo eTokyo. Amabhomu ase-napalm babulala izakhamuzi zaseJapan ezingu-100,000, balimaza izigidi, bachitha imizi, babangela ngisho nemifula ukuba ibilise eTokyo. Lokhu kubhekwa njengokuhlaselwa okubulalayo emlandweni wempi. Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eTokyo kwalandelwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-athomu kwabhubhisa uHiroshima noNagasaki, futhi bacabangela ukuphindisela ngokuhlasela kweJapan esikhungweni sezempi ePearl Harbor. Abalando-mlando bathola kamuva ukuthi ama-US awazanga nje kuphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor, kodwa wavusa. Ngemva kokuba i-US ithi iHawaii ku-1893, ukwakha isisekelo samanzi ase-US ePearl Harbor kwaqala. I-US yakha umcebo wayo ngokunikeza izikhali ezizweni eziningi ezilandela i-WWI, nangokwakha izisekelo ezinengi zazo. Nge-1941, i-US yayiqeqesha i-Chinese Air Force ngesikhathi ibanikeza ngezikhali, ukulwa nokuqhuma amabhomu. Ukusika izikhali zezikhali eJapane ngenkathi ukwakha amasosha aseChina kwakuyingxenye yeqhinga elathukuthelisa iJapane. Isongo sokungenelela kwe-US ePacific saqina kuze kube yilapho i-ambassador yase-Japan eJapane izwa ngokuhlasela okungenzeka kuPearl Harbor, futhi yazisa uhulumeni wakhe ukuthi kungenzeka izinyanga eziyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweJapane. I-Militarism yathola ukuthandwa e-US njengoba ikhula futhi ihlinzeka imisebenzi kubantu baseMelika ngokuthola nokuxhasa izimpi. Amasosha ase-405,000 ase-US afa, futhi ngaphezu kwe-607,000 balimala ngesikhathi se-WWII, ingxenyana yezigidi ezingu-60 noma ngaphezulu kokufa kwabantu abaningi. Naphezu kwalezi zibalo, uMnyango weMpi wakhula, futhi wabizwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela ku-1948.

March 10. On ngalolu suku ku-1987 iZizwe Ezihlangene zavuma ukungavumi ngenxa kanembeza njengelungelo lomuntu. Ukwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza kuchazwa njengokwenqaba izizathu zokuziphatha noma zenkolo ukuphatha izikhali empini yezempi noma ukuya empini. Lokhu kwaziwa kusungule leli lungelo njengengxenye yenkululeko yomuntu wonke yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo. IKhomishani ye-UN Yamalungelo Abantu yabuye yancoma emazweni anezinqubomgomo zokubandakanyeka kwezempi okuphoqelekile ukuthi “bacabangele ukwethula izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza eminye imisebenzi yalabo abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza ezihambisana nezizathu zokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza, kukhunjulwe okwenzeka kwamanye amazwe kulokhu , nokuthi bayakugwema ukufaka abantu abanjalo ejele. ” Ukuqashelwa kokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza, ngombono, kuvumela labo ababona ukuthi impi ayilungile futhi ayinasimilo ukuba benqabe ukuhlanganyela kuyo. Ukubona leli lungelo kuhlala kungumsebenzi oqhubekayo. E-United States ilungu lezempi eliba yisenqaba ngenxa kanembeza kumele linxenxe umbutho wezempi ukuba uvume. Futhi ukuphikisana nempi ethile akuvunyelwe neze; umuntu angaphikisana nazo zonke izimpi. Kepha ukuqaphela nokwazisa ngokubaluleka kwelungelo kuyakhula, ngamatshe ezikhumbuzo emhlabeni wonke akhelwe ukuhlonipha abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza kanye neholide elisungulwe ngoMeyi 15. UMongameli wase-United States uJohn F. Kennedy wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwalokhu lapho ebhalela la mazwi kumngane wakhe: “Impi isazobakhona kuze kube yilolo suku olukude lapho umuntu onqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza ejabulela idumela nodumo olufana nalolo iqhawe elinalo namuhla.”

March 11. Kulolu suku ku-2004, abantu abangu-191 babulawa amabhomu e-Al-Qaeda eMadrid, eSpain. Kusasa ngoMashi 11^th, I-2004, iSpain yathola ubuphekula obubulalayo noma ukuhlasela okungewona impi emlandweni wayo wamuva. Abantu abangu-191 babulawa futhi abangaphezu kwe-1,800 balimala lapho amabhomu angaba ngu-10 aqhuma emotweni yezitimela ezine nasezitimela ezintathu eziteshini zaseMadrid. Ukuqhuma kwakubangelwa ezenziwe ngesandla, amadivaysi aqhumayo aqhutshiwe. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amabhomu awumsebenzi we-ETA, iqembu lamaBasque separatist elithathwa njengeqembu lamaphekula yi-United States ne-European Union. Leli qembu liphikisana nenkohlakalo ngokuqhuma kwamabhomu. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuqhuma, iqembu lamaqembu amaphekula i-Al-Qaeda lithwesa umthwalo wokuhlaselwa ngomyalezo oqoshwe ngevidiyo. Abaningi eSpain kanye namazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke babona ukuhlaselwa njengokuziphindiselela kokuhlanganyela eSpain empini e-Iraq. Lokhu kuhlasela kwenzeke ezinsukwini ezimbili nje ngaphambi kokhetho olukhulu lwaseSpain lapho i-Socialist anti-war, eholwa nguNdunankulu uJoseph Rodriguez, yaqala ukusebenza. U-Rodriguez waqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amabutho aseSpain azosuswa e-Iraq, kanti ekugcineni kwawo kuzoshiya ngoMeyi ka-2004. Ukuze sikhumbule izisulu zalokhu kuhlaselwa okulimazayo, ihlathini lesikhumbuzo latshalwe e-El Retiro Park eMadrid, esiteshini esisodwa esiteshini sasitimela kwakukhona ukuqhuma kokuqala okwenzeka. Lolu usuku oluhle lapho uzama khona ukuphula umjikelezo wobudlova.

March 12. Kulolu suku ku-1930 Gandhi waqala ngo-Salt Mashi. Umthetho woLwayiBrithani waseBrithani wawuvimbela amaNdiya ukuba aqoqe noma athengise usawoti, isitsha samaminerali esasiyisisekelo sokudla kwabo kwansuku zonke. Izakhamizi zaseNdiya kwakudingeka zithenge usawoti ngokuqondile eBrithani okungewona kuphela okwakhiwa umshini wosawoti kuphela kodwa futhi wawukhokhisa intela enzima. Umholi we-Independence u-Mohandas Gandhi wabona ukuhlukumeza ukwesaba usawoti njengendlela yamaNdiya yokwephula umthetho waseBrithani ngendlela engeyena enobudlova. Ngo-March 12^th, UGandhi wasuka eSabarmati nabalandeli be-78 futhi wahamba waya edolobheni laseDandi elwandle lwase-Arabia, lapho iqembu lizozenzela khona usawoti emanzini olwandle. Le makethe yayingamamitha angu-241 ubude, futhi endleleni uGandhi yazuza izinkulungwane zabalandeli. Ukungahloniphi komphakathi kwaqhamuka yonke indawo e-India, futhi kwabanjwa amanye amaNdiya ase-60,000, kuhlanganise noGandhi ngokwakhe ngoMeyi 21st. Ukulalela ukungalaleli kwabantu kwaqhubeka. NgoJanuwari ngo-1931, uGandhi wakhululwa ejele. Wahlangana noVicoyoy waseNdiya, iNkosi Irwin, futhi wavuma ukuvala izenzo ukuze athole indima yokuxoxisana enkomfeni yaseLondon ngekusasa laseNdiya. Umhlangano awunawo umphumela uGandhi ayewuthile, kodwa abaholi baseBrithani baqaphela ithonya elinamandla le ndoda eyayinabo phakathi kwabantu baseNdiya nokuthi ayengeke ahluleke kalula. Eqinisweni, ukunyakaza okungekho emthethweni ukukhishwa kweNdiya kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho iBrithani ivuma futhi iNdiya ikhululiwe emsebenzini wabo ku-1947.

March 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, amafu wegesi lesishukela aphuma ngaphandle kwe-Army's Dugway Proving Grounds e-Utah, enobuthi we-6,400 e-Skull Valley eseduze. IDugway Proving Grounds yasungulwa ngawo-1940 ngenhloso yokunikeza amasosha indawo ekude ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kwezikhali. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwalesi sigameko, i-Army yayigibelise indiza egcwele igesi yezinzwa phezu koGwadule lwase-Utah. Inhloso yendiza kwakuwukufafaza igesi engxenyeni eqhelile yoGwadule i-Utah, isivivinyo esasiyingxenye encane yocwaningo oluqhubekayo lwezikhali zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane eDugway. Igesi lezinzwa elalihlolwa laziwa njenge-VX, into ephindwe kathathu njengobuthi njengoSarin. Eqinisweni, iconsi elilodwa le-VX lingabulala umuntu cishe emizuzwini eyi-10. Ngosuku lokuhlolwa, kwaphuka umlomo owawusetshenziswa ukufafaza igesi yezinzwa, ngakho-ke ngenkathi indiza isuka umbhobho uqhubeka nokudedela i-VX. Imimoya enamandla yathutha igesi yaya eSkull Valley lapho izinkulungwane zezimvu zazidlisa khona. Izikhulu zikahulumeni azivumelani ngenani eliqondile lezimvu ezifile, kodwa ziphakathi kuka-3,500 6,400 no-XNUMX XNUMX. Ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, umbutho uqinisekise umphakathi ukuthi ukufa kwezimvu eziningi kangaka bekungeke kudalwe ngamaconsi ambalwa we-VX afuthwe kude kangaka. Lesi sigameko sathukuthelisa abantu abaningi baseMelika ababekhungathekile kakhulu ngebutho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo budedengu kwezikhali zokubhubhisa abantu abaningi.

March 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1879 Albert Einstein wazalwa. U-Einstein, omunye wezingqondo zokudala emlandweni wesintu, wazalwa eWürttemberg, eJalimane. Uqedile imfundo yakhe eSwitzerland, lapho aqeqeshwa khona njengothisha we-physics kanye nezibalo. Lapho ethola idiploma yakhe e-1901, akakwazanga ukuthola indawo yokufundisa futhi wamukela isikhundla njengomsizi wezobuchwepheshe e-Swiss Patent Office. Wenza umsebenzi wakhe odumile ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, u-Einstein wadlala indima enkulu eMnyangweni KaHulumeni Wezwe. Wanikezwa uMengameli we-State of Israel, kodwa waphenduka lokho. Imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kunazo zonke Ithiyori ekhethekile yobudlelwane, ubudlelwane, i-Generalory Theory of Relativity, Kungani Impi ?, futhi Ifilosofi yami. Nakuba iminikelo yesayensi ye-Einstein yasiza abanye ososayensi bakha ibhomu le-athomu, yena ngokwakhe wayengenalo ingxenye ekwakheni amabhomu e-athomu awela eJapane, futhi kamuva waxosha ukusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izikhali ze-athomu. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwezinkolelo zakhe zokuphila okuqhubekayo, wabhalela uMengameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt egameni lezosayensi ezazikhathazekile ukungabi nento kweMelika endaweni yokucwaninga kwezikhali ze-athomu, besaba ukuthengwa kweJalimane kwesikhali esinjalo. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, u-Einstein wabiza ukusungulwa kohulumeni wezwe ozolawula ubuchwepheshe be nyukliya futhi avimbele ukungqubuzana okuzayo. Wabuye wakhuthaza ukuba wenqabe ukuhlanganyela kulo lonke impi. Wafa ePrinceton, eNew Jersey ku-1955.

March 15. Kulolu suku ku-1970, ababhikishi be-78 baboshwa ngesikhathi kwenziwa umzamo wezishoshovu zaseMelika zaseMelika ukuba zithathe iFort Lawton, zifuna ukuthi idolobha laseSeattle linikeze impahla engasetshenzisiwe kubantu baseMelika. Ukunyakaza kwaqalwa yiqembu lama-United ama-All of Tribes, elihlelwe ngokuyinhloko nguBernie Whitebear. Izishoshovu ezihlasela i-Fort Lawton, okuthunyelwe kwebutho le-1,100-acre eSttle's Magnolia, zenza lokhu ngokuphendula isimo sokunciphisa ukubhuka kwamaMelika aseMelika kanye nokuphikisana nezinselelo ezazibhekene nenani labantu baseMelika "elihlala emadolobheni" elikhula. Ku-1950, uhulumeni wase-US wayemise izinhlelo zokuthutha izindawo ezihambisa izinkulungwane zamaNdiya emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, ezithembise amathuba omsebenzi namathuba angcono okufundisa. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, idolobha laseSeattle laliyazi kahle "inkinga" yamaNdiya asezindaweni zasemadolobheni, nokho amaMelika aseMelika ayengamangalelwa kakhulu ezombusazwe zaseTaptle futhi ecasulwa ukungafuni ukuxoxisana komuzi. Okumhlophe, okuphefumulelwe ukunyakaza okunjenge-Black Power, kunqume ukuhlela ukuhlaselwa ku-Fort Lawton. Lapha izishoshovu zibhekene ne-392^nd Inkampani Yamasosha Yezempi eyayinezikhali zokuxhaphaza. AmaNdiya akhona "ayehlomile" ngamaswidi, izikhwama zokulala, nezinto zokupheka. Abantu baseMelika baseMelika bahlasela isisekelo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kodwa ukuphikisana okukhulu kwenzeke eduze komngcele wesisekelo lapho i-40-i-platoon isosha khona futhi yaqala ukuhudula abantu baya ejele. E-1973 ibutho lempi lanikeza iningi lezwe, hhayi kumaMelika aseMelika, kodwa edolobheni ukuze libe yi-Discovery Park.

March 16. Kulolu suku ku-1921, i-War Resisters International yasungulwa. Le nhlangano i-antimilitarist neqembu le-pacifist elinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni wonke ngamaqembu angaphezu kwe-80 ahlangene emazweni we-40. Abasunguli abaningi bale nhlangano bahilelekile ekuphikisweni kweMpi Yezwe yokuqala, njengobhala we-WRI wokuqala, u-Herbert Brown, owakhonza isigwebo sejele iminyaka emibili nesigamu eBrithani ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Inhlangano yaziwa njenge-War Resisters League, noma i-WRL, e-United States lapho yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ku-1923. U-WRI, ogama lakhe eliseLondon, ukholelwa ukuthi empini impi isenzo esibugebengu ngokumelene nesintu nokuthi zonke izimpi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlose kangakanani, zikhonza kuphela izithakazelo zezombangazwe nezomnotho zikahulumeni. Ukwengeza, zonke izimpi ziholela ekubhujisweni okukhulu kwemvelo, ukuhlupheka nokufa kwabantu, futhi ekugcineni izinhlaka ezintsha zamandla okuqhubeka nokulawula nokulawula. Leli qembu lizama ukuqeda impi, liqalise imikhankaso engaphephile ehlanganisa amaqembu wendawo nabantu ngabanye ekuqedeni impi. I-WRI isebenzisa izinhlelo ezintathu ezinkulu zokufeza imigomo yayo: Uhlelo lokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi, olugqugquzela amasu afana nokuphikisana okusebenzayo nokungahlanganyeli, ilungelo lokunqabela ukubulala uhlelo, olusekela abanqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza nokuqashelwa, futhi ekugcineni, ukuphikisana uMbutho Wezinhlelo Zentsha, ozama ukukhomba nokuphikisana nezindlela izingane ezisemhlabeni ezikhuthazwayo zokwamukela izindinganiso zempi nezokuziphatha njengenkazimulo, ehloniphekile, evamile noma engenakugwemeka.

March 17. Kulolu suku ku-1968 emgodini omkhulu kunazo zonke waseVietnam olwabaseBrithani kuze kube manje, abantu be-25,000 bazama ukuhlasela iSouth African Embassy eGrosvenor Square eLondon. Lesi senzakalo sase siqale ngendlela enokuthula futhi ehleliwe, kanti abantu abangaba ngu-80,000 babuthana ukuphikisa isenzo sezempi sase-United States eVietnam naseBrithani ukusekela ukubandakanyeka kweMelika empini. I-embassy yase-United States yayizungezwe ngamakhulu emaphoyisa. U-actress nomshushisi wezempi u-Vanessa Redgrave kanye nabasekeli bakhe abathathu bavunyelwe ukungena embassy ukuletha umbhikisho obhaliwe. Ngaphandle, isixuku sasihlehliselwa ukungena enxusa, kodwa banqabile ukuma phansi, ukuphonsa ngamatshe, ukushaya umlilo, nokubhema amabhomu emaphoyiseni. Abanye abafakazi bokuzibonela bathi labo ababhikishi basebenzisa ubudlova ngemuva kokuthi "izikhumba" ziqale ukuhlabelela izilogi zokulwa nempi. Cishe ngemva kwamahora amane, cishe abantu abangu-300 baboshwe futhi abantu base-75 baboshwa esibhedlela, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa ase-25. Umculi ohamba phambili kanye nomsunguli weqembu eliyingqayizivele lamadwala The Rolling Stones UMick Jagger wayengomunye wababhikishi eGrosvenor Square ngalolu suku, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izenzakalo zaphefumulela ukuba abhale izingoma Street Ukulwa Nomuntu futhi Uzwela ngoDeveli. Kwakukhona impi eminingi yaseVietnam emibhikisho eminyakeni eyalandela, kodwa akukho eLondon yayinkulu njengaleyo eyenzeka ngoMashi 17^th . Imibhikisho emikhulu ilandelwe e-United States, futhi amabutho asekugcineni e-US ekugcineni ashiya iVietnam e-1973.

March 18. Kulolu suku ku-1644, impi yesithathu yase-Anglo-Powhatan yaqala. Izimpi zase-Anglo- Powhatan zaziyizimpondo ezintathu ezilwa phakathi kwamaNdiya asePowhatan Confederacy kanye nabahlali baseNgilandi baseVirginia. Kwaphela iminyaka engaba yishumi nambili emva kokuphela kwempi yesibili, kwakukhona isikhathi sokuthula phakathi kwamaMelika aseMelika naboloni. Nokho, ngo-March 18^th I-1644, amaqhawe asePowhatan enza umzamo wokugcina wokukhipha indawo yabo abahlali baseNgisi kanye nhlobo. AbakwaMelika baseMelika baholwa yi-Chief Opechancanough, umholi wabo nomfowabo omncane kuKhomishana uPowhatan owahlela iPowhatan Confederacy. Amakholonti e-500 abulawa ekuhlaselweni kokuqala, kodwa le nombolo yayincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlasela ku-1622 okwakususwe cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bamakholoni. Ezinyangeni emva kwalokhu kuhlaselwa, iNgisi yathatha i-Opechancanough, eyayiphakathi kwe-90 neminyaka engu-100 ngaleso sikhathi, yamyisa eJamestown. Lapha, wadutshulwa ngemuva isosha elizimisele ukuthatha izinto ezandleni zakhe. Izivumelwano zenziwa kamuva phakathi kwe-Necotowance oyi-English ne-Opechancanough. Lezi zinhlelo zivimbela kakhulu insimu yabantu basePowhatan, zibafaka ezinqabeni ezincane kakhulu ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho yoMfula iYork. Izivumelwano zazihloswe futhi zenze isibonelo sokususa amaMelika aseMelika ukuba angangeni emakolononi aseYurophu ukuze athathe umhlaba wawo futhi awulungise ngaphambi kokukhulisa nokuwahambisa.

March 19. Kulolu suku ku-2003, i-United States, kanye namabutho ahlangene ahlasela i-Iraq. UMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush uthe enkulumweni yakhe ebhekiswe kuthelevishini, wathi le mpi "izobulala i-Iraq, ikhulule abantu bayo, futhi ivikele umhlaba engcupheni enkulu." UBush kanye nabalingani bakhe beRiphabhulikhi kanye neDemocratic bebehlala bethethelela impi yase-Iraq ngokumanga ngamanga ukuthi i-Iraq inezikhali zenuzi, zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane, nokuthi i-Iraq ihlangene ne-al Qaeda - isimangalo esaqinisekisa iningi lomphakathi wase-US ukuthi i-Iraq ixhunyiwe emacaleni kaSepthemba 11, 2001. Ngezinyathelo ezihlonishwa kakhulu ngokwesayensi ezikhona, impi yabulala ama-Iraq ayizigidi eziyi-1.4, yabona abantu abangu-4.2 million belimala, kwathi abantu abayizigidi ezingama-4.5 baba ngababaleki. Abangu-1.4 million abashonile kwakungu-5% wabantu. Lokhu kuhlasela kuhlanganisa neziteleka zasemoyeni ezingama-29,200, kwalandelwa ezingama-3,900 XNUMX eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili eyalandela. Amasosha aseMelika akhombe izakhamizi, izintatheli, izibhedlela kanye nama-ambulensi. Isebenzise amabhomu eqoqo, i-phosphorus emhlophe, i-uranium ephelile, nohlobo olusha lwe-napalm ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, amazinga omdlavuza, nokufa kwezinsana kwanda. Impahla yamanzi, izindawo zokuhlanza indle, izibhedlela, amabhuloho nogesi kwacekelwa phansi, futhi akuzange kulungiswe. Sekuyiminyaka, le mikhosi ibikhuthaza ukwehlukana ngokobuhlanga nangamahlelo kanye nodlame, okuholele ezweni elihlukanisiwe kanye nokucindezelwa kwamalungelo ama-Iraq ayewajabulele ngisho nangaphansi kombuso wamaphoyisa ononya kaSaddam Hussein. Amaqembu amaphekula, kufaka phakathi elinye elabiza igama elithi ISIS, lavela futhi lachuma. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kwemali kubantu base-Iraq.

March 20. Kulolu suku ku-1983, abantu abangu-150,000, cishe i-1% yabantu base-Australia, bahlanganyele emibuthanweni yamandla enyukliya. Ukunyakaza kwesibhamu seNyukliya kwaqala kuma-1980s e-Australia, futhi yaqala ukungalingani ezweni lonke. Inhlangano ethi People for Nuclear Disarmament yasungulwa ku-1981, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kwandisa ubuholi bentuthuko, ikakhulukazi eVictoria, lapho iqembu lasekelwa khona. Leli qembu laliyinhlanganisela yabantu abazimele nabafundisayo abaqala ukuhamba ngenhlangano yezifundo zokuthula. Abantu beNuclear Disarmament bafuna ukuvalwa kwama-US ase-Australia, futhi yamukela inqubomgomo yokuphikisa umbuso we-Australia ne-United States. Ezinye izinhlangano zombuso kamuva zavela ngezakhiwo ezifanayo ku-PND. I-Australia inomlando omude wokulwa nempi. Phakathi neMpi YeVietnam e-1970, cishe abantu abangu-70,000 bahamba eMelbourne nase-20,000 eSydney bephikisana nempi. Ku-80, ama-Australia azama ukuqeda noma yikuphi ukunikezwa kwesizwe e-US amandla okulwa nampi enyukliya. I-March 20^th umhlangano we-1983, okwenzeka ngeSonto ngaphambi kwePhasika, waziwa ngokuthi yi-"yokuqala ngeSonto lePhalamende," futhi wakhulisa ukukhathazeka okuvamile kanye nezidakamizwa zezikhali zenuzi ezenziwe yizakhamizi zase-Australia. Le mihlangano yamasonto ePalm yaqhubeka e-Australia kuyo yonke i-1980s. Ngenxa yokuphikiswa okuqhubekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe nyukliya okwakubonakala kulezi zibonakaliso, ukukhuliswa kwenqubo yenukliya yase-Australia kwaqedwa

March 21. Ngalolu suku ku-1966, Usuku Lwamanye amazwe Lokuqothulwa kobandlululo lokucwaswa kohlanga lwaqokwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene. Lolu suku lugcinwa emhlabeni wonke ngezingqikithi zezenzakalo nemisebenzi ehlose ukudweba abantu emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu neyingozi yokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga. Ukwengeza, lolo suku luyisikhumbuzo kubo bonke abantu abanesibopho sabo sokuzama ukulwa nokucwaswa ngokohlanga ngokobuhlanga kuzo zonke izici zokuphila njengezakhamuzi zomphakathi womhlaba wonke oyinkimbinkimbi futhi onamandla oxhomeke ekubekezelelweni nasekutholeni ezinye izinhlanga ngokuphila kwethu okuqhubekayo. Lolu suku luhloselwe ukusiza abantu abasha emhlabeni wonke ukuba baveze imibono yabo futhi bakhuthaze izindlela zokuthula zokulwa nokubandlulula futhi bakhuthaze ukubekezelelana emiphakathini yabo, njengoba i-UN ivuma ukuthi ukugxilisa lezi zindinganiso zokubekezelelana nokwamukela ngaphakathi kwentsha yanamuhla kungaba enye yezinsuku eziningi izindlela eziwusizo futhi eziphumelelayo zokulwa nokungahambisani nokucwasana ngokobuhlanga esikhathini esizayo. Lolu suku lwasungulwa eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kwalokho okuyaziwa ngokuthi iSicapeville Massacre. Phakathi nalesi sigameko esibuhlungu, amaphoyisa avule umlilo futhi abulala abantu be-69 ngombhikisho onokuthula ngokumelene nemithetho yobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. I-UN icele umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukuqinisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukuqeda zonke izinhlobo zokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga ngenkathi umemezela ngalolu suku ekugcineni ukubulawa kwabantu ku-1966. I-UN iyaqhubeka isebenza ukulwa nazo zonke izinhlobo zokungahambisani nokucwasana ngokobuhlanga nokuhlukunyezwa kwezombusazwe ezihlobene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokohlanga.

March 22. Kulolu suku ku-1980, abantu abangu-30,000 bahambele e-Washington, DC, ngokumelene nokubhaliswa kokubhaliswa okudingekayo. Ngesikhathi sokuphikisana, izinkinga ze Ukuphikisa Izindaba, eyakhiwe yiKomiti Yokuphikisana Kazwelonke, yasakazwa kubonisi nabahlanganyeli. I-NRC yasungulwa ku-1980 ukuphikisa ukubhaliswa kwirejista, futhi inhlangano yayisebenza kuma-1990 okuqala. Amapheshana Ukuphikisa Izindaba zahlakazeka ezixukwini ezichazwe ngesimo se-NRC eyayikuthi inhlangano yayivulekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokumelana nokumiswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukucabanga ukuphikisa kwakusekelwe enkulumweni, enkolelweni, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izizathu umuntu angase abe nazo ngokungakholelwa ukuthi kufanele ukuthi ufake ukungena. Ukubhaliswa okubhaliwe e-United States kwabuyiselwa ngaphansi kukaMongameli uCarter ku-1980 njengengxenye "yokulungiselela" i-US ukuthi ingenele e-Afghanistan. Phakathi nemibhikisho ezweni lonke ngalolu suku nakulo lonke i-1980, izimpawu ezinjengokuthi "Ukuhluleka Ukubhalisa" noma "Ngeke ngibhalise" zibonwe kuzo zonke izixuku zezinkulungwane ezazikholelwa ukuthi yililungelo labo njengabantu ukuba benqabe ukubhaliswa kokubhaliswa. Lolu usuku olungcono lokusiza amafomu okubhalisa okubhalwe kabusha ebhodini lokuvuselela futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokunqaba ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni ebudlova noyingozi kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo kubo bonke abantu, njengoba kungekho muntu okufanele aphoqeleke ukuba ahileleke esimweni esinjalo esiyingozi njengoba impi.

March 23. Kulolu suku ku-1980 Umbhishobhi omkhulu u-Óscar Romero wase-El Salvador wanikeza intshumayelo yakhe edumile yokuthula. Ucele amasosha aseSalvador kanye nohulumeni wase-El Salvador ukuthi balalele umthetho ophakeme kaNkulunkulu, futhi bayeke ukwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo abantu nokwenza izenzo zokucindezela nokubulala. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRomero wajoyina umbuthano wanyanga zonke wabapristi ukuzindla ngobupristi. Ngalobo busuku, wagubha iMisa ethempelini elincane e-Divine Providence Hospital. Uthe angaqeda intshumayelo yakhe, kwavela imoto ebomvu yama emgwaqeni phambi kwendlu yesonto. Oshayasibhamu baphume, baya emnyango wendlu yesonto, badubula. URomero washaywa inhliziyo. Isuke ngejubane imoto. Ngo-Mashi 30, abangaphezu kuka-250,000 abalilayo abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba baya emngcwabeni wakhe. Ngesikhathi somcimbi kuqhume amabhomu entuthu emigwaqweni eseduze kwethempeli elikhulu kwaqhuma izibhamu eziqhamuka ezakhiweni eziseduze. Abantu abaphakathi kuka-30 no-50 babulawa ukuqhuma kwezibhamu nasenkingeni eyalandela. OFakazi bathi abezokuphepha bakahulumeni baphonsa amabhomu esixukwini, kwathi abashayeli bamasosha, begqoke okwabantu, badubula kuvulandi noma ophahleni lweNdlu Kazwelonke. Ngenkathi kuqhuma isibhamu, isidumbu sikaRomero sangcwatshwa e-crypt ngaphansi kwendlu engcwele. Izwe laseMelika, ngesikhathi sobubili besikhundla sikaJimmy Carter noRonald Reagan, laba nomthelela kule mpi ngokunikeza izikhali nokuqeqesha amasosha kahulumeni wase-El Salvador. Ngo-2010, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke WeZizwe Ezihlangene wamemezela uMashi 24th ngokuthi “Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lelungelo Leqiniso Ngokuphathelene Nokwephulwa Komthetho Wamalungelo Abantu kanye Nesithunzi Sezisulu.”

March 24. Kulolu suku ku-1999, i-United States ne-NATO yaqala izinsuku ze-78 zokuqhuma amabhomu e-Yugoslavia. Izwe laseMelika likholelwa ukuthi, ngokungafani necala lakamuva laseCrimea, iKosovo yayinelungelo lokuzihlukanisa. Kepha i-United States ibingafuni ukuthi yenziwe, njengeCrimea, ngaphandle kokubulawa kwabantu. Kumagazini i-The Nation kaJuni 14, 1999, uGeorge Kenney, owayeyisikhulu soMnyango Wombuso Yugoslavia, wabika: “Umthombo wezindaba ongatholakali ohamba njalo noNobhala Wombuso uMadeleine Albright utshele lo [mbhali] ukuthi, efungisa izintatheli ngokujulile ukugcinwa okuyimfihlo ezinkulumweni zaseRambouillet, isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezwe sasiqhoshe ngokuthi i-United States 'yabeka ngamabomu umugqa ophakeme kakhulu kunalokho okwakungamukelwa abaseSerbia' ”ukuze kugwenywe ukuthula. IZizwe Ezihlangene azizange zigunyaze i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo be-NATO ukuba bahlasele iSerbia ngebhomu ngo-1999. Izwe laseMelika lahlanganyela emkhankasweni omkhulu wokuqhuma kwamabhomu owabulala inqwaba yabantu, walimaza abanye abaningi, wacekela phansi ingqalasizinda yomphakathi, izibhedlela nezindawo zabezindaba, nokwadala inkinga yababaleki. Lokhu kubhujiswa kufezwe ngamanga, ngamanga, nangehaba mayelana nesihluku, bese kulungisiswa ngokwe-anachronistically njengempendulo ebudloveni obusizile ukubudala. Ngonyaka owedlule ngaphambi kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu abantu abangaba ngu-2,000 XNUMX babulawa, iningi labo labulawa ngabashokobezi baseKosovo Liberation Army, ababesekelwa yi-CIA, ababefuna ukugqugquzela impendulo yaseSerbia eyayizonxenxa amasosha aseNtshonalanga. Umkhankaso wenkulumo-ze wahlanganisa izenzo zonya ezeqisayo nezenganekwane ekuqothulweni kwabantu ngamaNazi. Kwakunesihluku ngempela, kepha iningi lazo lwenzeka ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, hhayi ngaphambi kwalo. Iningi lokubika kwaseNtshonalanga likuguqula lokho kubalwa kwezikhathi.

March 25. Lusuku Lwamanye amazwe Lokukhunjulwa Kwezisulu Zobugqila kanye ne-Transatlantic Slave Trade. Kulolu suku, sithatha isikhathi sokukhumbula amadoda angu-15 wezigidi, abesifazane, nezingane ezibe yizisulu zezohwebo ze-transatlantic zenceku eminyakeni engaphezulu kwe-400. Lobugebengu obuhlukumezayo buzocatshangwa ngaso sonke isikhathi njengeziqephu ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Ukuthengiswa kwezigqila ze-transatlantic kwakuwukufuduka okukhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni, njengoba izigidi zabantu base-Afrika baseMelika base besuswa emakhaya abo e-Afrika futhi zathuthela kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, zifika emikhumbi yezinceku ezincane eNingizimu neMelika naseCaribbean Islands. Kusukela ku-1501-1830, ama-Afrika amane awela i-Atlantic kuwo wonke ama-European. Lokhu kuthutha kusabonakala namuhla, nabantu abaningi kakhulu bezinhlanga zase-Afrika ezihlala kulo lonke elaseMelika. Siyahlonipha futhi sikhumbule namuhla labo abahluphekile nalabo abafa ngenxa yesimiso esibucayi nesigqila sobugqila. Ubugqila buqothulwa ngokomthetho e-United States ngoFebhuwari ka-1865, kodwa ubugqila be-defacto nokubandlululwa kwezomthetho kuqhubeka phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, kanti ukuhlukana kwe-defacto nokucwasa ubuhlanga kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla. Izenzakalo ezehlukene zenziwa emhlabeni jikelele ngalolu suku kuhlanganise nezinsizakalo zezikhumbuzo kanye namagalelo alabo abafa. Lolu suku luyisikhathi esihle sokufundisa umphakathi, ikakhulukazi abasha, mayelana nemiphumela yokucwasa ubuhlanga, ubugqila, kanye nokuhweba kwezisebenzi ze-transatlantic. Imicimbi yezemfundo iqhutshwa kuzo zonke izikole, amakolishi kanye namanyuvesi. Ku-2015, isikhumbuzo sakhiwe eNhloko Yezizwe Ezihlangene eNew York City.

March 26. Ngalolu suku ku-1979, isivumelwano se-Israel-saseGibhithe Sokuthula sasayinwe.  Ngomkhosi owawuseWhite House, uMongameli waseGibhithe u-Anwar Sadat noNdunankulu wase-Israel uMenachem Begin basayina isivumelwano soMbuso we-Israel-Egypt owawuyisivumelwano sokuqala sokuthula phakathi kuka-Israyeli nezwe lama-Arabhu. Phakathi nomkhosi, bobabili abaholi kanye noMengameli we-US uJimmy Carter bathandazela ukuthi lesi sivumelwano sizoletha ukuthula kwangempela eMiddle East futhi kuphelise ubudlova nokulwa okuqhubekayo kusukela ekupheleni kwe-1940s. I-Israel ne-Egypt bebehileleke ekuxabaneni kusukela e-Arab-Israel War, eyaqala ngokuqondile emva kuka-Israyeli yasungulwa. Isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kuka-Israyeli neGibhithe sasiwumphumela wezinyanga ezinzima zokuxoxisana. Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, zombili lezi zizwe zavuma ukuqeda ubudlova kanye nokuphikisana nokuqala ubudlelwane bomhlaba. IGibhithe yavuma ukuqaphela u-Israyeli njengezwe futhi u-Israyeli wavuma ukuphuma eSenineni iSinayi ayeyithathile eGibhithe phakathi nempi yeminyaka eyisithupha e-1967. Ngenxa yokufeza kwabo ngokusayina lesi sivumelwano, uSadat noBegin babanjwe ngokuhlanganyela i-1978 Nobel Peace Prize. Abaningi ezweni lase-Arabhu bathukuthele ngesivumelwano sokuthula njengoba bekubheka njengokungathengiswa, kanti u-Eygpt wamiswa e-Arab League. Ngo-Okthoba we-1981, abaqede amaSulumane babulala uSadat. Imizamo yokuthula phakathi kwezizwe yaqhubeka ngaphandle kweSadat, kodwa naphezu kwesivumelwano, ukucindezeleka kuqhubeka nokuphakama phakathi kwamazwe amabili aseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

March 27. Kulolu suku ku-1958, uNicita Sergeyevich Khrushchev waba uNdunankulu waseSoviet Union. Ngosuku olungaphambi kokhetho lwakhe, uKrushchev uphakamise inqubomgomo entsha yezangaphandle. Isiphakamiso sakhe sokuthi amandla enuzi acabangele ukuphathwa kwezikhali futhi ayeke ukukhiqiza izikhali zenuzi samukelwa kahle. Ngemuva kwale nkulumo, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle u-Andrei A. Gromyko uvumile ukuthi "ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye ne-thermonuclear" bekuyingxenye yohlelo lweSoviet. UMarshal Voroshilov, usihlalo weHhovisi likaHulumeni weSupreme Soviet, uphinde wathi uhulumeni omusha "ubambe iqhaza," nokuthi abantu bomhlaba babemazi uMnu. Khrushchev "njengompetha oqinile, ongakhathali wokuthula." Ngenkathi ehlongoza ubudlelwano obunokuthula namazwe ongxiwankulu, u-Khrushchev wayehlala eyikholwa eliqinile kubukhomanisi. Futhi-ke, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaqhubeka ngaphansi kokuphatha kwakhe njengoba imibhikisho yaseHungary yayicindezelwe ngodlame, kwakhiwa udonga lwaseBerlin, kwahlaselwa nendiza yezinhloli yase-US eyayindiza phezu kweRussia kwathathwa nomshayeli wayo wendiza. I-US yabe isithola imicibisholo yenuzi esikhungweni saseRussia eCuba. U-Khrushchev ugcine evumile ukususa imicibisholo lapho uMongameli wase-US uJohn F. Kennedy ethembisa ukuthi i-US ngeke ihlasele i-Cuba, futhi ngasese, izosusa zonke izikhali zenuzi esikhungweni sase-US eTurkey. UKrushchev umangaze umhlaba kaningi ngokwethula isathelayithi yokuqala, ne-astronaut yokuqala emkhathini. Ukwehluleka kwakhe ukukholisa umholi wamaKhomanisi ayekanye naye, uMao Zedong waseChina, ukuthi abheke ukuphucwa izikhali kwaholela ekugcineni ekungasekelweni kwakhe eSoviet Union. Ngo-1964, u-Khrushchev waphoqeleka ukuthi ashiye phansi isikhundla sakhe, kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokuxoxisana ngokuvinjelwa okuyingxenye kokuhlolwa kwenuzi ne-US kanye ne-United Kingdom.

March 28. Ngalolu suku ku-1979, ingozi yamandla enyukliya yenzeka e-Three Mile Island ePennsylvania. Ingxenye yengqikithi incibilike kusiphenduli sesibili sesitshalo. Ezinyangeni ezilandela ingozi, umphakathi wase-US wabamba imibhikisho eminingi yokulwa nenuzi ezweni lonke. Umphakathi wase-US utshelwe amanga amaningi, abhalwe yisishoshovu esilwa nenuzi uHarvey Wasserman. Okokuqala, umphakathi waqinisekiswa ukuthi akukho ukukhishwa kwemisebe. Lokho ngokushesha kwabonakala kungamanga. Umphakathi ube usutshelwa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwakulawulwa futhi kwenziwa ngamabomu ukunciphisa ingcindezi engxenyeni enkulu. Kokubili lokho kugomela kwakungamanga. Umphakathi utshelwe ukuthi ukukhishwa "akubalulekile." Kepha ama-stack monitors ayegcwele futhi engasetshenziswanga, futhi iKhomishini Yezokulawulwa Kwenuzi kamuva yatshela iCongress ukuthi ayazi ukuthi imisebe engakanani eyakhishwa eThree Mile Island, noma yayaphi. Izilinganiso ezisemthethweni zithi umthamo ofanayo kubo bonke abantu esifundeni ulingana ne-x-ray yesifuba esisodwa. Kepha abesifazane abakhulelwe abasasetshenziswanga i-x-ray ngoba kudala kwaziwa ukuthi umthamo owodwa ungenza umonakalo omkhulu kumbungu noma umbungu esibelethweni. Umphakathi utshelwe ukuthi asikho isidingo sokukhipha noma ngubani endaweni. Kepha uMbusi wasePennsylvania uRichard Thornburgh wabe esekhipha abesifazane abakhulelwe nezingane ezincane. Ngeshwa, abaningi bathunyelwa eHershey eseduze, eyaniselwa ukuwa. Izinga lokufa kwezinsana liphindwe kathathu eHarrisburg. Ucwaningo lwendlu ngendlu esifundeni luthole ukwanda okukhulu komdlavuza, i-leukemia, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukulahleka kwezinwele, ukuqubuka, izilonda nokunye.

March 29. Kulolu suku ku-1987 eNicaragua, i-Vietnam Veterans for Peace yavela eJinotega naseWicuili. Omakadebona ababebandakanyeke kule mashi babekade beqaphe imizamo ye-United States yokuletha ukuthula ezweni laseNicaragua ngokunikeza usizo kubashokobezi iContras. Inhlangano iVeterans for Peace yasungulwa ngo-1985 ngamasosha ayishumi aseMelika ephendula umjaho wezikhali zenuzi zomhlaba wonke kanye nokungenelela kwamasosha aseMelika emazweni ahlukahlukene aseMelika Ephakathi. Inhlangano yakhula yaba namalungu angaphezu kwama-8,000 ngesikhathi i-United States ihlasela i-Iraq ngo-2003. Ngenkathi kuqala ukwakhiwa kwamaVeterans for Peace, yayakhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-US Military Veterans ayesebenza eMpini Yezwe II, iMpi yaseKorea, impi yaseVietnam, kanye neMpi yeGulf. Futhi kwakhiwa omakadebona besikhathi sokuthula nabangewona omakadebona, kepha sekukhulele phesheya kwezilwandle eminyakeni edlule futhi kunamalungu amaningi asebenzayo kulo lonke elase-United Kingdom. IVeterans for Peace Organisation isebenza kanzima ukukhuthaza ezinye izindlela ngaphandle kwempi nodlame. Inhlangano iphikisile futhi iyaqhubeka nokuphikisana nezinqubomgomo eziningi zempi zase-US, i-NATO, kanye ne-Israel, kubandakanya nezenzo zamasosha nokusabisa iRussia, i-Iran, i-Iraq, iLibya, iSyria, njll. Namuhla, amalungu ale nhlangano ahlala ematasa imikhankaso yokusiza ukuletha ukuqonda kwezindleko ezesabekayo zempi, futhi iningi lomsebenzi wabo wamanje ligxile empini ebukeka ingapheli. Inhlangano idala amaphrojekthi wokuxhasa omakadebona ababuyayo, abaphikisana nempi yedrone, kanye nemizamo yokuqasha amasosha ezikoleni.

March 30. Kulolu suku ku-2003, abantu be-100,000 bahamba ngeJakarta, inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia, ukuze babonise ngokumelene nempi e-Iraq, eyaqala ngokusemthethweni ngoMashi 19, 2003. Kwakungumbuthano omkhulu wokulwa nempi owake wenzeka esizweni esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni samaSulumane. Ngalolu suku kuphinde kwaba nombukiso wokuqala ovunyelwe ngokusemthethweni wokulwa nempi eChina. Iqembu labafundi bakwamanye amazwe abangama-200 livunyelwe ukumasha lidlule inxusa laseMelika eBeijing licula iziqubulo ezilwa nempi. EJalimane abantu abangama-40,000 bakha uchungechunge lomuntu olungamamayela angama-35 phakathi kwedolobha laseMunster ne-Osnabrueck. EBerlin abangu-23,000 babamba iqhaza emhlanganweni eTiergarten Park. Imashi nemihlangano nayo yenzeke eSantiago, eMexico City, eMontevideo, eBuenos Aires, eCaracas, eParis, eMoscow, eBudapest, eWarsaw naseDublin, eNdiya nasePakistan. Ngokusho kwesifundiswa saseFrance uDominique Reynié, phakathi kukaJanuwari 3 no-Ephreli 12, 2003, abantu abayizigidi ezingama-36 emhlabeni wonke babamba iqhaza emibhikishweni engu-3,000 2 yokulwa nempi yase-Iraq. Imibhikisho emikhulu ngalesi sikhathi ibiseYurophu. IRoma libalwe ku-Guinness Book of Records njengelibambe umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke eyake yalwa nempi: abantu abayizigidi ezintathu. Eminye imibuthano emikhulu yenzeka eLondon (abagqugquzeli babeka lesi sibalo ezigidini ezi-375,000); ENew York City (60); kanye namadolobha nemizi engama-300,000 phesheya kweFrance (2003). Ukuvota kukaMashi 5 kweGallup okwenziwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zempi kukhombisile ukuthi ama-XNUMX% abantu baseMelika babambe iqhaza emibhikishweni yokulwa nempi noma ngezinye izindlela bazwakalisa ukuyiphikisa impi. Umbhali weNew York Times uPatrick Tyler uthe lemihlangano emikhulu “ikhombise ukuthi kwakunamandla amakhulu amabili emhlabeni, i-United States kanye nombono womphakathi emhlabeni wonke”.

Mashi 31. Ngalolu suku ku I-1972, isixuku sabuthana nezikhali zenuzi eTrafalgar Square eLondon. Abantu abangaphezu kwe-500 bahlangana esigcawini ngalolo suku ukuveza imizwa yokwesaba nokukhungatheka ekuhloleni okuqhubekayo kwezikhali zenuzi kanye ne-athomu okuqhutshwa uhulumeni waseBrithani. Ibhanna yasekuqaleni emnyama esetshenziselwa uMkhankaso weNuclear Armed Back in 1958 yalethwa esigcawini ngaphambi kokuba iqale umjikelezo wePhasika we-56 ukusuka eLondon kuya e-Aldermaston, eBerkshire. Umshayeli wezinsuku ezine, ngokusho kukaDick Nettleton, unobhala weMkhankaso, uhlelwe ukukwazisa abantu abaye bakholelwa ukuthi i-atomic unit unit yokucwaninga izikhali bevalelwe ukuthi esikhundleni salokho badluliselwe e-Aldermaston. Ukuthutha kwakungenxa yokudluliswa okusemthethweni kwezikhali zokucwaninga izikhali ezivela e-Atomic Energy Commission kuya eMnyango Wezokuvikela. U-Nettleton waphawula ukuthi i-81% yomsebenzi kaKhomishane ihilele ukuthuthukiswa kokubili kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nebhomu laseBrithani. Uphinde wanezela ukuthi ososayensi bamtshele ukuthi bakhathazeke ngezimo zabo zokusebenza njengoba i-push for ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezi zikhali ziqhubekile. Ababhikishi baqala ukuhamba beya edolobheni laseChiswick, benethemba lokuthola usizo lomakhelwane endleleni njengoba beqhubeka nendawo yenukliya. Babelindele ukuphazanyiswa ngamaphoyisa ngesikhathi befika e-Aldermaston, kodwa bathola nabasekeli abayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Bonke, babeka amakhopho amnyama angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa emasangweni, eyodwa ngonyaka ngamunye kusukela amabhomu ase-US aseJapan. Baphinde bashiya umkhankaso we-Nuclear Disarmament uphawu ohlotshiswe ngama-daffodils, uphawu lwethemba.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga okubhaliwe, noma PDF.

Iya kumafayela wokulalelwayo.

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Iya kwihluzo.

Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.