February
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Februwari 1. Ngalolu suku ngo-1960, abafundi abane abamnyama baseNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University bahlala phansi etafuleni lesidlo sasemini ngaphakathi kwesitolo sakwaWoolworth ku-132 South Elm Street eGreensboro, North Carolina. U-Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, kanye noJoseph McNeil, abafundi baseNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, bahlele ukuhlala eSitolo Somnyango Sakwa-Woolworth. Laba bafundi abane kamuva baziwa ngokuthi yiGreensboro Four ngesibindi sabo nokuzinikela ekuqedeni ukucwasana. Abafundi abane bazamile uku-oda ukudla esitolo sasemini sakwaWoolworth kodwa banqatshelwa ngokobuhlanga. Naphezu kwe Brown v. Board of Education ebusa ngo-1954, ukucwasana kwakuseyinto yonke eNingizimu. IGreensboro Four yahlala endaweni yokudla kwasemini kwaze kwavalwa indawo yokudlela, naphezu kokunqatshelwa kwenkonzo. Lezi zinsizwa zabuyela esitolo sasemini sakwaWoolworth ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi zakhuthaza abanye ukuba bazijoyine. NgoFebhuwari 5, abafundi abangama-300 base bengenele ukuhlala kwaWoolworth. Izenzo zabafundi abane abamnyama zagqugquzela abanye abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ikakhulukazi abafundi basekolishi, e-Greensboro naphesheya kweJim Crow South ukuthi babambe iqhaza emibhikishweni engenalo udlame. Ekupheleni kukaMashi, inhlangano engenalo udlame yokuhlala isisabalele emadolobheni angama-55 ezifundazweni eziyi-13, futhi lezi zenzakalo zaholela ekuhlanganisweni kwezindawo zokudlela eziningi eNingizimu Afrika. Izimfundiso zikaMohandas Gandhi zakhuthaza lezi zinsizwa ukuba zihlanganyele emibonisweni engenabudlova, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nasemhlabeni wobudlova nokucindezelwa, ukunyakaza okungenabudlova kungaba nomthelela omkhulu.
Februwari 2. Ngalolu suku ngo-1779, u-Anthony Benezet wenqaba ukukhokha intela ukuze asekele iMpi Yezinguquko. Ukuze kugcinwe futhi kuxhaswe iMpi Yezinguquko, i-Continental Congress yakhipha intela yempi. U-Anthony Benezet, umQuaker onethonya, wenqaba ukukhokha intela ngoba uxhasa impi. UBenezet, kanye noMoses Brown, uSamuel Allinson, namanye amaQuaker, babemelene ngokuqinile nempi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zayo, naphezu kokusongelwa ngokuboshwa ngisho nokubulawa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukukhokha intela.
Ngalolu suku futhi ngo-1932, kwavulwa umhlangano wokuqala womhlaba wokuchithwa kwezikhali eGeneva, eSwitzerland. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, iNhlangano Yezizwe yayihlangene ukuze ilondoloze ukuthula emhlabeni, kodwa i-United States yanquma ukungayijoyini. EGeneva, iNhlangano Yezizwe ne-United States zazama ukunqanda impi esheshayo eyayenzeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Amalungu amaningi avumile ukuthi iJalimane kufanele ibe namazinga aphansi ezikhali uma iqhathaniswa namazwe ase-Europe afana neFrance ne-England; nokho, iJalimane likaHitler lahoxa ngo-1933 futhi izingxoxo zabhidlika.
Futhi ngalolu suku ngo-1990, uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uFrederik Willem de Klerk wasusa ukuvinjelwa kwamaqembu aphikisayo. I-African National Congress noma i-ANC ibe semthethweni futhi ibe yiqembu elibusa iningi eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1994 elizisholo ukuthi lisebenzela umphakathi obumbene, ongacwasi ngokwebala, futhi wentando yeningi. I-ANC kanye nelungu layo elalinethonya elikhulu uNelson Mandela baba yingxenye yokuqedwa kobandlululo, futhi ukuvumela i-ANC ukuthi ibambe iqhaza kuhulumeni kwakha iNingizimu Afrika enentando yeningi.
Februwari 3. Ngalolu suku ngo-1973, izingxabano zezikhali zeminyaka engamashumi amane eVietnam zaphela ngokusemthethweni lapho isivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa esasayinwa eParis ngenyanga edlule siqala ukusebenza. IVietnam yayibekezelele ubutha obucishe bungapheli kusukela ngo-1945, lapho kuqalwa impi yokufuna inkululeko eFrance. Impi yombango phakathi kwezifunda ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu yezwe yaqala ngemuva kokuba izwe lihlukaniswe yi-Geneva Convention ngo-1954, lapho kwafika "abacebisi" bezempi baseMelika ngo-1955. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Harvard Medical School kanye ne-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ngo-2008. IYunivesithi yaseWashington ilinganisela ukufa kwezimpi ezinobudlova eziyizigidi ezingu-3.8 ngenxa yalokho amaVietnam akubiza ngokuthi iMpi YaseMelika. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokufa kwakungezona. Izigidi ezengeziwe zafa njengoba i-United States inweba impi iye eLaos naseCambodia. Abalimele bebebaningi kakhulu, futhi uma kubhekwa amarekhodi asesibhedlela saseNingizimu Vietnam, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kwakungabesifazane kanye nekota yezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-13. Abalimele base-US bahlanganisa i-58,000 ebulewe kanye ne-153,303 yabalimele, kanye ne-2,489 elahlekile, kodwa amanani aphezulu omakadebona ayezolandela kamuva. bafe ngokuzibulala. Ngokusho kwePentagon, i-United States yachitha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-168 eMpini yaseVietnam (cishe ama- $ 1 trillion ngemali ye-2016). Leyo mali ibingase isetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa imfundo noma ukuxhasa izinhlelo zeMedicare neMedicaid ezisanda kwakhiwa. IVietnam ayizange ibe yingozi e-United States, kodwa - njengoba i-Pentagon Papers yembula - uhulumeni wase-US waqhubeka nempi, unyaka nonyaka, ikakhulukazi "ukusindisa ubuso."
Februwari 4. Ngalolu suku ngo-1913, kwazalwa iRosa Parks. U-Rosa Parks wayeyisishoshovu samalungelo abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, owasungula i-Montgomery Bus Boycott ngokwenqaba ukunikeza isihlalo sakhe kumlungu, ngenkathi egibele ibhasi. I-Rosa Parks yaziwa ngokuthi “iNkosazana Yokuqala Yamalungelo Omphakathi” futhi yazuza Indondo KaMongameli Yenkululeko ngokuzinikela kwayo ekulinganeni nasekuqedeni ukuhlukana. UParks wazalelwa eTuskegee, e-Alabama, futhi wayexhashazwa kaningi esemncane ngomakhelwane abamhlophe; Nokho, wathola idiploma yakhe yesikole samabanga aphezulu ngo-1933, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-7% kuphela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaqeda esikoleni esiphakeme ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenkathi uRosa Parks enqaba ukushiya isihlalo sakhe, wabhekana nakho kokubili ukucwasa abantu ababeseduze kwakhe kanye nemithetho engalungile kaJim Crow eyashaywa ohulumeni. Ngokomthetho, uParks kwakudingeka ashiye isihlalo sakhe, futhi wayezimisele ukuya ejele ukuze abonise ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekulinganeni. Ngemva kokuduba isikhathi eside nokunzima, abantu abamnyama baseMontgomery baqeda ukucwasana emabhasini. Lokhu bakwenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubudlova noma inzondo eyandayo. Umholi owaphuma kuleyo nhlangano yokuduba futhi waqhubeka nokuhola eminye imikhankaso eminingi kwakunguDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. Izimiso nezindlela ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa e-Montgomery zingashintshwa futhi zisetshenziswe emithethweni engalungile nasezikhungweni ezingenabulungiswa namuhla. Singathola ugqozi ku-Rosa Parks kanye nalabo abaqhubekisele phambili injongo yakhe yokuqhubekisela phambili izimbangela zokuthula nobulungiswa lapha futhi manje.
Februwari 5. Ngalolu suku ngo-1987, iGrandmothers for Peace babhikisha endaweni yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi eNevada. U-Barbara Wiedner wasungula i-Grandmothers for Peace International ngo-1982 ngemva kokuzwa ngezikhali zenuzi eziyi-150 endaweni engamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka emzini wakhe eSacramento, eCalifornia. Umgomo oshiwo wale nhlangano uwukuqeda ukusetshenziswa nobunikazi bezikhali zenuzi ngokusebenzisa imibhikisho nemibhikisho. Izigele zaseMelika eziyisithupha, okuhlanganisa uLeon Panetta noBarbara Boxer, babambe iqhaza kulo mbukiso, kanye nabalingisi uMartin Sheen, uKris Kristofferson, noRobert Blake. Umbhikisho ongenalo udlame endaweni yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi yase-Nevada ulethe ukunaka okuningi kwabezindaba kulokho obekuwukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okungekho emthethweni. Ukuhlola izikhali zenuzi e-Nevada kwephule umthetho futhi kwavutha ubudlelwano base-US neSoviet Union, kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Kulo mbukiso, ingxubevange engavamile yosopolitiki, abalingisi, izalukazi, nabanye abaningi bathumele umyalezo kuMongameli Ronald Reagan kanye nohulumeni wase-US ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi akwamukelekile, nokuthi izakhamuzi akufanele zihlale zisebumnyameni ngezenzo zikahulumeni wazo. Omunye umlayezo wathunyelwa kubantu abavamile ngale migqa: uma iqembu elincane logogo lingaba nomthelela kunqubomgomo yomphakathi lapho lihlelekile futhi lisebenza, nawe ungakwenza. Cabanga ngomthelela esingaba nawo ukube sonke singasebenza ndawonye. Ukukholelwa ekuvimbeleni amandla enuzi kuye kwabhidlika, kodwa izikhali zisekhona, futhi isidingo somnyakazo onamandla wokuziqeda siyakhula unyaka ngamunye odlulayo.
Februwari 6. Ngalolu suku ngo-1890, u-Abdul Ghaffar Khan wazalwa. U-Abdul Ghaffar Khan, noma u-Bacha Khan, wazalelwa eNdiya elawulwa yiBrithani emndenini ocebile owawunamalungelo omhlaba. U-Bacha Khan wabikezela ukuphila kokunethezeka ukuze akhe inhlangano engenalo udlame, ebizwa ngokuthi “I-Red Shirt Movement,” eyayinikezelwe ekuzimeleni kwamaNdiya. U-Khan wahlangana no-Mohandas Gandhi, iqhawe lokungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova, futhi u-Khan waba omunye wabeluleki bakhe abaseduze, okwaholela ebunganeni obuzohlala kuze kube sekubulaweni kukaGandhi ngo-1948. U-Bacha Khan wasebenzisa ukungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova ukuze athole amalungelo amaPashtun ePakistan, futhi waboshwa izikhathi eziningi ngenxa yezenzo zakhe zesibindi. NjengomSulumane, uKhan wasebenzisa inkolo yakhe njengesikhuthazo sokuthuthukisa umphakathi okhululekile nokuthula, lapho izakhamuzi ezimpofu kakhulu zizonikezwa usizo futhi zivunyelwe ukukhuphuka ngokomnotho. UKhan wayazi ukuthi ukungabi nabudlova kudala uthando nozwelo kuyilapho ukuvukela okunobudlova kuholela kuphela esijezisweni esinzima nenzondo; ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezingenabo ubudlova, nakuba kunzima kwezinye izimo, kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokukhiqiza ushintsho ngaphakathi kwezwe. Umbuso wamaNgisi wesaba isenzo sikaGandhi noBacha Khan, njengoba kwabonisa lapho ababhikishi abangaphezu kuka-200 ababenokuthula, abangahlomile bebulawa ngesihluku ngamaphoyisa aseBrithani. I-Massacre e-Kissa Khani Bazaar yabonisa unya lwamakoloni aseBrithani futhi yabonisa ukuthi kungani uBacha Khan alwela inkululeko. Engxoxweni ngo-1985, uBacha Khan wathi, "Ngikholelwa ekungabini kodlame futhi ngithi akukho ukuthula noma ukuthula okuzokwehlela emhlabeni kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa ukungabi nabudlova, ngoba ukungabi nabudlova kuwuthando futhi kuvusa isibindi kubantu."
Februwari 7. Ngalolu suku, uThomas More wazalwa. USanta Thomas More, isazi sefilosofi esingumKatolika esiyiNgisi nombhali, wenqaba ukwamukela iSonto LaseSheshi laseSheshi elisha, futhi wanqunywa ikhanda ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso ngo-1535. UThomas More wabhala futhi. Utopia, incwadi ebonisa isiqhingi esiphelele ngokomqondo esikwazi ukuzimela futhi esisebenza ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Okwengeziwe uhlola izimiso zokuziphatha kuyo yonke incwadi ngokuxoxa ngemiphumela yezenzo ezinhle. Wabhala ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uthola imivuzo kuNkulunkulu ngokwenza izinto ezinhle nezijeziso ngokwenza okubi. Abantu bomphakathi wase-Utopian babambisana futhi behlala ngokuthula ngaphandle kobudlova noma izingxabano. Nakuba abantu manje sebebheka umphakathi we-Utopian uThomas More awuchaza njengephupho elingenakwenzeka, kubalulekile ukulwela lolu hlobo lokuthula. Izwe njengamanje alinalo ukuthula futhi alinalo udlame; kodwa-ke, kubaluleke ngendlela emangalisayo ukuzama ukudala umhlaba onokuthula, ophelele. Inkinga yokuqala okufanele inqotshwe yisenzo sempi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zayo. Uma singakha a world beyond war, umphakathi we-utopia ngeke ubonakale ungavamile futhi izizwe zizokwazi ukugxila ekuhlinzekeni izakhamuzi zazo esikhundleni sokusebenzisa imali ukwakha amabutho. Imiphakathi yama-Utopian akufanele nje ilahlwe njengento engenakwenzeka; kunalokho, kufanele zisetshenziswe njengenhloso ehlangene yohulumeni bamazwe kanye nabantu ngabanye. UThomas More wabhala Utopia ukukhombisa izinkinga ezazikhona emphakathini wonke. Ezinye sezilungisiwe. Abanye badinga.
Februwari 8. Ngalolu suku ngo-1690, isibhicongo sase-Schenectady senzeka. Isibhicongo saseSchenectady kwakuwukuhlasela kwedolobhana lamaNgisi labesifazane ikakhulukazi nezingane okwenziwa iqoqo lamasosha aseFrance namaNdiya ase-Algonquian. Lesi sibhicongo senzeke phakathi neMpi Yenkosi uWilliam, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMpi Yeminyaka Eyisishagalolunye, ngemva kokuhlasela okungapheli kwezindawo zamaNdiya ngamaNgisi. Abahlaseli bashise izindlu kulo lonke leli dolobhana futhi babulala noma bavalela cishe wonke umuntu emphakathini. Sebebonke, bangu-60 abantu ababulewe phakathi nobusuku, okuhlanganisa nabesifazane abangu-10 nezingane ezingu-12. Omunye owasinda, lapho elimele, wagibela esuka eSchenectady waya e-Albany ukuze atshele abanye ngokwenzekile endaweni. Minyaka yonke lapho kukhunjulwa lesi sibhicongo, umphathi-dolobha waseSchenectady ugibela ihhashi esuka e-Schenectady eya e-Albany, ehamba ngendlela efanayo nowasinda. Isikhumbuzo saminyaka yonke siyindlela ebalulekile yokuba izakhamizi ziqonde ukwesabeka kwempi nodlame. Amadoda, abesifazane, nabantwana abangenacala babulawa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Idolobhana laseSchenectady lalingakulungele ukuhlasela, futhi abazange bakwazi ukuzivikela kumaFulentshi nama-Algonquians ababeziphindiselela. Lesi sibhicongo besingagwemeka ukube izinhlangothi zombili bezingakaze zibe nempi; ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi impi ibeka engcupheni wonke umuntu, hhayi nje labo abalwa phambili. Ize iqedwe impi izoqhubeka ibulale abangenacala.
Februwari 9. Ngalolu suku ngo-1904, iMpi YaseRussia-Japanese yaqala. Ngasekupheleni kwe-19th nokuqala kwe-20th Emakhulwini eminyaka, iJapane, kanye nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu, zazama ukwenza izingxenye ze-Asia zibe amakoloni ngokungemthetho. Njengemibuso yamakoloni yaseYurophu, iJapane yayizothatha isifunda futhi ifake uhulumeni wamakoloni wesikhashana owawuzoxhaphaza abantu bendawo futhi ukhiqize izimpahla ukuze kusizakale izwe elibusa amakoloni. Bobabili iRussia neJapan bafuna ukuthi iKorea ibekwe ngaphansi kwamandla ezwe lawo, okwaholela ekuxabaneni kwamazwe womabili enhlonhlweni yaseKorea. Le mpi yayingewona umzabalazo wokulwela inkululeko yiKorea; kunalokho, kwaba ukulwa kwamandla amabili angaphandle ukunquma isiphetho saseKorea. Izimpi zamakoloni ezicindezelayo njengalena zacekela phansi amazwe afana neKorea ngokwepolitiki nangokomzimba. IKorea izoqhubeka nokubamba izingxabano ngeMpi YaseKorea ngawo-1950. IJapane yanqoba iRussia eMpini YaseRussia-YaseJapane futhi yagcina ukulawula kwamakoloni phezu kwenhlonhlo yaseKorea kwaze kwaba ngu-1945 lapho i-United States neSoviet Union inqoba amaJapane. Sekukonke, kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi kwabangu-150,000 abafa ekupheleni kwempi yaseRussia-Japanese, kuhlanganise nokufa kwabantu abangu-20,000. Le mpi yamakoloni yathinta izwe laseKorea elalibuswa amakoloni ngaphezu kwabahlaseli ngoba ayizange ilwe emazweni aseJapane noma aseRussia. Ukwenziwa kwamakholoni kuyaqhubeka namuhla kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi i-United States ijwayele ukulwa nezimpi zama-proxy ngokuhlinzeka ngezikhali zokusiza amaqembu athile. Kunokuba isebenzele ukuqeda impi, i-United States iyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali ezimpini emhlabeni wonke.
Februwari 10. Ngalolu suku ngo-1961, isiteshi somsakazo i-Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, saqala ukusebenza kude nolwandle eduze neGreat Britain. Lesi siteshi besiphethwe uDkt. John Hasted, usosayensi we-athomu eLondon University, ongumculi nongoti kwezomsakazo ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Umsakazi, uLynn Wynn Harris, wayengunkosikazi kaDkt. John Hasted. UDkt. Hasted wabambisana nesazi sezibalo nesazi sefilosofi uBertrand Russell eKomitini Yezikhali Zenuzi, iqembu elalilandela ifilosofi kaGandhi yokungalaleli umphakathi okungenabudlova. I-Voice of Nuclear Disarmament yasakazwa esiteshini somsindo se-BBC ngemuva kuka-11pm phakathi kuka-1961-62. Yakhuthazwa eLondon yiKomidi lokulwa nempi le-100 ngenkathi linxusa abantu ukuthi bajoyine imibuthano yabo. UBertrand Russell wasula njengomongameli weKomiti Yezikhali Zenuzi ukuze abe umongameli weKomidi Labayikhulu. IKomidi labayikhulu lenza imibhikisho emikhulu yokuhlala phansi, eyokuqala yayo yenzeka ngo-February 100, 100 ngaphandle koMnyango Wezokuvikela eWhitehall. , futhi kamuva eTrafalgar Square nasesikhungweni sangaphansi kwamanzi sase-Holy Loch Polaris. Lokhu kwandulelwa ukuboshwa nokuqulwa kwamacala amalungu angu-18 eKomiti Yekhulu, amahhovisi awo ahlaselwa izikhulu Zegatsha Elikhethekile, futhi amalungu ayisithupha aholayo abekwa icala lokwakha uzungu ngaphansi koMthetho Wezimfihlo Ezisemthethweni. U-Ian Dixon, uTerry Chandler, uTrevor Hatton, uMichael Randle, uPat Pottle, noHelen Allegranza batholakala benecala futhi bagqunywa ejele ngo-February 1961. IKomidi labe selihlakazwa laba amaKomiti ezifunda angu-32. I-London Committee ye-100 yayisebenza kakhulu, yethula umagazini kazwelonke, Isenzo Sokuthula, ngo-April 1963, kamuva Ukuphikiswa, 1964.
Februwari 11. Ngalolu suku ngo-1990, uNelson Mandela wakhululwa ejele. Uqhubekile wadlala indima enkulu ekuqedeni ngokusemthethweni ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Ngosizo lwe-US Central Intelligence Agency, uNelson Mandela waboshwa ngamacala okuvukela umbuso, futhi wahlala ejele kusukela ngo-1962-1990; nokho, wahlala engumholi osebenzayo wenhlangano emelene nobandlululo. Ngemva kweminyaka emine ekhululwe ejele, wakhethwa njengomongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, okwamvumela ukuba aphasise umthethosisekelo omusha, okwenza kube namalungelo alinganayo ezombusazwe kwabamnyama nabamhlophe. UMandela wagwema ukuphindiselwa futhi waphishekela iqiniso nokubuyisana ngezwe lakhe. Wathi wayekholelwa ukuthi uthando bunganqoba ububi nokuthi wonke umuntu kumelwe ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekulweni nokucindezelwa nenzondo. Imibono kaMandela ingafinyezwa kulesi sicaphuno esilandelayo: “Akekho umuntu ozalwa ezonda omunye ngenxa yebala lesikhumba sakhe, noma isizinda sakhe, noma inkolo yakhe. Abantu kumelwe bafunde ukuzonda, futhi uma bengafunda ukuzonda, bangafundiswa ukuthanda, ngoba uthando luza ngokwemvelo enhliziyweni yomuntu kunokuphambene nalo.” Ukuze kuqedwe impi futhi kwakhiwe umphakathi ogcwele ukuthula, kufanele kube nezishoshovu ezinjengoNelson Mandela ezizimisele ukunikela impilo yazo yonke ngenxa yalo mgomo. Lolu usuku oluhle lokugubha isenzo esingenalo udlame, idiplomacy, ukubuyisana, kanye nobulungiswa bokubuyisela esimweni.
Februwari 12. Ngalolu suku ngo-1947, kwashiswa ikhadi lokuqala lesikhathi sokuthula e-United States. Kunombono oyiphutha ovamile wokuthi ukuphikiswa kohlaka kwaqala ngeMpi yaseVietnam; empeleni, abaningi baye baphikisana nokubuthwa kwezempi kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo e-US Civil War. Amadoda alinganiselwa ku-72,000 500 aphikisana nalolu hlelo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, futhi ngemva kwempi, abantu abafanayo abaningi bathatha ukuma bashisa amakhadi abo okubuthela. IMpi Yezwe II yayisiphelile futhi kwakungekho uhlaka olusha olwaluseduze, kodwa ukushisa amakhadi abo okusalungiswa kwakuyisitatimende sezombangazwe. Cishe amaqhawe ezempi angama-1776 azo zombili izimpi zomhlaba ashise amakhadi awo eNew York City naseWashington, DC ukuze akhombise ukuthi ngeke abambe iqhaza noma akhuthaze udlame oluqhubekayo lwebutho laseMelika. Abaningi balab’ omakadebona benqaba umlando omude wokungenelela ngobudlova kwaboMdabu baseMelika nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele kusukela kwazalwa i-United States. I-United States ibilokhu isempini kusukela ngo-XNUMX, futhi iyisizwe esiboshwe ngokujulile ngobudlova. Kodwa izenzo ezilula ezifana nokushiswa kwamakhadi asalungiswa zikhulume ngamandla kuhulumeni wase-US ukuthi izakhamizi ngeke zamukele izwe elihlala lisesimweni sempi. I-United States isempini njengamanje, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi izakhamizi zithole izindlela zokusungula ezingenalo udlame zokuveza ukungavunyelwa kwazo ngezenzo zikahulumeni wazo.
Februwari 13. Ngalolu suku ngo-1967, bephethe izithombe ezinkulu zezingane zaseVietnam zaseNapalmed, amalungu angu-2,500 eqembu elithi Women Strike for Peace agasela ePentagon, efuna ukubona “ojenene abathumela amadodana ethu eVietnam.” Abaholi abangaphakathi kwePentagon baqale bakhiya iminyango futhi benqaba ukuba ababhikishi bangene. Ngemva kwemizamo eqhubekayo, bagcina bevunyelwe ukuba bangene, kodwa abazange bavunyelwe ukuhlangana nojenene ababehlele ukuhlangana nabo. Kunalokho, bahlangane nokhongolose ongazange anikeze izimpendulo. Iqembu le-Women Strike for Peace lifune izimpendulo kubaphathi ezingeke zinikeze incazelo, ngakho banquma ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokuyisa impi eWashington. Ngalolu suku nezinye, uhulumeni wase-US wenqabile ukuvuma ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamagesi anobuthi angekho emthethweni empini yokulwa namaVietnam. Ngisho nezithombe zezingane zaseVietnam ezinama-napalmed, abaphathi bakaJohnson baqhubeka nokubeka icala kuNorth Vietnamese. Uhulumeni wase-United States waqamba amanga ezakhamuzini zawo ukuze aqhubeke nalokho akubiza ngokuthi “impi emelene nobukhomanisi,” naphezu kokubona miphumela kanye nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu labantu abalimalayo. Inhlangano ye-Women Strike for Peace yabona ubuze bempi eVietnam futhi yafuna izimpendulo zangempela zokuthi ingxabano izoqedwa kanjani. Amanga nenkohliso kwabhebhethekisa iMpi YaseVietnam. Laba babhikishi bebefuna izimpendulo kojenene ngaphakathi ePentagon, kodwa abaholi bezempi baqhubeka nokuphika ukusetshenziswa kwamagesi anobuthi naphezu kobufakazi obuningi. Nokho iqiniso lavela futhi alisaphikiswa.
Februwari 14. Ngalolu suku ngo-1957, i-Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) yasungulwa e-Atlanta. I-Southern Christian Leadership Conference yaqala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuba uhlelo lwamabhasi e-Montgomery luhlukaniswe yi-Montgomery Bus Boycott. I-SCLC yagqugquzelwa yi-Rosa Parks futhi yagqugquzelwa abantu abafana no-Martin Luther King Jr. owasebenza njengesikhulu esikhethiwe. Inhloso eqhubekayo yenhlangano ukusebenzisa imibhikisho engenalo udlame kanye nesenzo ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omphakathi nokuqeda ukucwasa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SCLC ifuna ukusabalalisa ubuKristu njengoba lokho ekholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela yokudala indawo enokuthula kubo bonke abantu kulo lonke elase-United States. I-SCLC iye yazabalaza isebenzisa izindlela ezinokuthula ukuletha uguquko emazweni Angaboshiwe, futhi ibe nempumelelo enkulu kakhulu. Kusekhona ukucwasa ngokwebala, okomuntu siqu kanye nesakhiwo, futhi izwe alilingani, kodwa kube nentuthuko enkulu ekuhambeni komphakathi kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ukuthula akuyona into ezokwenzeka emhlabeni ngaphandle kwabaholi abafana neSCLC ababambe iqhaza ukuze kudaleke ushintsho. Njengamanje, kunezahluko namaqembu ahlobene kulo lonke elase-United States, awasekho eNingizimu kuphela. Abantu ngabanye bangajoyina amaqembu afana ne-SCLC, ekhuthaza ukuthula ngenkolo futhi engenza umehluko wangempela ngokuqhubeka nokwenza okulungile. Izinhlangano zezenkolo ezifana ne-SCLC zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuhlukaniswa nokuthuthukisa izindawo ezinokuthula.
Februwari 15. Ngalolu suku ngo-1898, umkhumbi waseMelika obizwa ngokuthi i-USS Maine waqhuma echwebeni laseHavana, eCuba. Izikhulu zase-US namaphephandaba, ezinye zazo ebezilokhu ziphumela obala ngezaba zokuqalisa impi iminyaka ngokushesha zasola iSpain, yize bungekho ubufakazi. ISpain iphakamise uphenyo oluzimele futhi yazibophezela ekuthobeleni isinqumo sanoma yimuphi umxazululi weqembu lesithathu. I-United States yancamela ukugijimela empini eyayingeke ithethelelwe ukube iSpain yayinecala. Uphenyo lwase-US eminyakeni engama-75 sekwephuzile kakhulu lwaphetha, njengoba kwenza uprofesa wase-US Naval Academy ngaleso sikhathi uPhilip Alger (embikweni owawucindezelwe impi ekhanukelayo uTheodore Roosevelt) ukuthi Maine cishe ngokuqinisekile lacwila ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi nangengozi. Khumbula iMaine futhi uye esihogweni neSpain kwakuyisikhalo sempi, esakhuthazwa inqwaba yezikhumbuzo ezibonisa izingcezu zomkhumbi kulo lonke elase-United States kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa esihogweni esinamaqiniso, umuzwa, ukuthula, inhlonipho, kanye nabantu baseCuba, ePuerto Rico, ePhilippines, naseGuam kwakuyinto engokoqobo. EPhilippines, izakhamuzi ezingu-200,000 1,500,000 kuya ku-XNUMX XNUMX XNUMX zabulawa ubudlova nezifo. Iminyaka eyikhulu nanhlanu emva kosuku Maine Ngokucwila, umhlaba wabhikishela ukuhlasela okuholwa yi-US e-Iraq ngosuku olukhulu kakhulu lombhikisho womphakathi emlandweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izizwe eziningi zayiphikisa impi, futhi iZizwe Ezihlangene zenqaba ukuyigunyaza. I-United States yaqhubeka noma kunjalo, yephula umthetho. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokufundisa umhlaba ngamanga ezimpini kanye nokumelana nempi.
Februwari 16. Ngalolu suku ngo-1941, incwadi yomfundisi eyafundwa kuwo wonke amapulpiti eBandla laseNorwegian yayala abazalwane ukuba “bame baqine, beholwa yizwi likaNkulunkulu… Ngokwengxenye yalo, iBandla labingelela bonke abalandeli balo “ngenjabulo yokukholwa nesibindi eNkosini noMsindisi wethu.” Le ncwadi yayihlose ukugqugquzela abantu baseNorway ukuba bamelane nenhloso yokuthatha amaNazi iSonto Likahulumeni LaseLuthela laseNorway, ngemva kokuhlasela kweJalimane izwe ngo-April 9, 1940. ISonto nalo lathatha ezalo izinyathelo eziqondile ukuze livimbele ukuhlasela kwamaNazi. NgeSonto lePhasika, 1942, incwadi eyathunyelwa yiBandla kubo bonke abefundisi yafundwa ngokuzwakalayo cishe kuwo wonke amabandla. Isihloko esithi “Isisekelo Sesonto,” sanxusa wonke umfundisi ukuba ashiye isikhundla sokuba umfundisi weSonto Lombuso—isenzo iSonto elalazi ukuthi sasiyobenza bashushiswe futhi baboshwe ngamaNazi. Kodwa iqhinga lasebenza. Lapho bonke abefundisi besula, abantu babasekela ngothando, ngokwethembeka nangemali, okwaphoqa iziphathimandla zesonto lamaNazi ukuba ziwashiye amasu okubasusa ezifundeni zabo. Nokho, ngokusula, iSonto Lombuso lahlakazwa futhi kwahlelwa isonto elisha lamaNazi. Kwaze kwaba ngo-May 8, 1945, lapho ibutho laseJalimane lizinikela, lapho amasonto aseNorway ayengabuyiselwa esimweni sawo esingokomlando. Noma kunjalo, incwadi yabefundisi eyafundwa emapulpiti aseNorway eminyakeni engaphezu kwemine ngaphambili yayidlale indima yayo ebalulekile. Kwakubonise futhi ukuthi abantu abavamile bangalindelwa ukuba bathole isibindi sokumelana nengcindezelo futhi bavikele izindinganiso abazibona zibalulekile ebuntwini babo.
Februwari 17. Ngalolu suku ngo-1993, abaholi bemibhikisho yabafundi yango-1989 eChina bakhululwa. Iningi laboshwa eBeijing lapho ngo-1949, eTiananmen Square, uMao Zedong wamemezela “iRiphabhulikhi Yabantu” ngaphansi kombuso wamanje wamaKhomanisi. Isidingo sentando yeningi yeqiniso sikhule iminyaka engamashumi amane kwaze kwaba yilapho abaseTiananmen, Chengdu, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Changsha, kanye nezinye izifunda zethusa umhlaba njengoba izinkulungwane zabafundi zabulawa, zalimala, kanye/noma zaboshwa. Naphezu komzamo weChina wokuvimba abezindaba, abanye bathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Fang Lizhi, uprofesa wesayensi yezinkanyezi, wanikwa indawo yokukhosela e-US, futhi wafundiswa eNyuvesi yase-Arizona. Wang Dan, oneminyaka engu-20 ubudala oyisikhulu somlando weYunivesithi yasePeking, waboshwa kabili, wadingiswa ngo-1998, futhi waba umcwaningi oyisimenywa e-Oxford, nosihlalo we-Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. Chai Ling, umfundi we-psychology oneminyaka engu-23 uphunyuke ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi ecashile, waphothula e-Harvard Business School, futhi waba isikhulu esiphezulu ekuthuthukiseni izingosi ze-inthanethi zamanyuvesi. Wu'er Kaixi, umgadli oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala ukhuze uNdunankulu uLi Peng kumabonakude kazwelonke, wabalekela eFrance, wabe esenza izifundo zezomnotho eHarvard. Liu Xiaobo, umgxeki wezincwadi owasungula "Umqulu 08," i-manifesto efuna amalungelo abantu ngabanye, inkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nokhetho lwamaqembu amaningi, ubanjelwe endaweni engadalulwanga eduze kwaseBeijing. Han Dongfang, isisebenzi sikaloliwe esineminyaka engu-27 esiza ekusunguleni i-Beijing Autonomous Workers' Federation ngo-1989, inyunyana yokuqala ezimele yabasebenzi eShayina yamaKhomanisi, waboshwa futhi wadingiswa. U-Han wabalekela e-Hong Kong, futhi waqala i-China Labor Bulletin ukuze avikele amalungelo abasebenzi base-China. Indoda eqoshwe ngevidiyo ivimba ulayini wamathangi ayikaze ikhonjwe.
Februwari 18. Ngalolu suku ngo-1961, isazi sefilosofi/isishoshovu saseBrithani u-Bertrand Russell oneminyaka engu-88 ubudala wahola imashi yabantu abangaba ngu-4,000 eya eTrafalgar Square yaseLondon, lapho kwakwethulwa khona izinkulumo eziphikisana nokufika kweMelika yase-Polaris umkhumbi-ngwenya ohlome ngezikhali zenuzi wethula imicibisholo ecitshwayo. Ababemasha babe sebedlulela eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela waseBrithani, lapho uRussell aqopha khona umyalezo wokukhononda eminyango yesakhiwo. Kwalandela umbhikisho wokuhlala phansi emgwaqweni, owathatha cishe amahora amathathu. Umcimbi wango-February wawungowokuqala owawuhlelwe iqembu elisha labalweli bama-nuke, “iKomiti Ye-100,” uRussell ayekhethwe njengomongameli walo. IKomidi lahluke kakhulu kuMkhankaso osungulwe yi-UK Wokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali Zenuzi, lapho uRussell asula khona njengomongameli. Esikhundleni sokuhlela amamashi alula asemgwaqweni abalandeli bephethe izimpawu, inhloso yeKomidi bekuwukwenza izenzo ezinamandla nezidonsa amehlo zokungalaleli umphakathi ongenalo udlame. URussell wachaza izizathu zakhe zokumisa iKomiti esihlokweni esikumagazini New Statesman ngo-February 1961. Ngokwengxenye, wathi: “Ukube bonke labo abangavumelani nenqubo kahulumeni bebengase bahlanganyele emibhikishweni emikhulu yokungalaleli komphakathi bangenza ubuwula bukahulumeni bungenzeki futhi baphoqelele labo okuthiwa izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba bavume ngezinyathelo ezingenza abantu baphile. ” IKomidi labayi-100 lenze umboniso walo osebenza kahle kakhulu ngoSepthemba 17, 1961, lapho livimbe ngempumelelo amakhanda e-pier kusizinda sangaphansi kolwandle i-Holy Loch Polaris. Nokho, ngemva kwalokho, izici ezihlukahlukene zabangela ukwehla kwawo ngokushesha, okuhlanganisa ukungezwani ngezinhloso zokugcina zeqembu, ukwanda kokuboshwa kwamaphoyisa, nokuzibandakanya emikhankasweni esekelwe kwezinye izinkinga ngaphandle kwezikhali zenuzi. URussell naye wesula eKomitini ngo-1963, futhi inhlangano yahlakazwa ngo-October 1968.
Februwari 19. Ngalolu suku ngo-1942, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II yaseJalimane ithatha iNorway, othisha baseNorway baqala umkhankaso ophumelelayo wokumelana nobudlova obuhleliwe bokuthatha amaNazi uhlelo lwemfundo yezwe. Ukuthatha umbuso kwakunqunywe umhlanganyeli wamaNazi owayenedumela elibi, uVidkun Quisling, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNgqongqoshe-Mongameli waseNorway owamiswa ngamaNazi. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, inyunyana yothisha ekhona yayizohlakazwa futhi bonke othisha babhaliswe ngoFebhuwari 5, 1942 neNyunyana Yothisha YaseNorway eholwa ngamaNazi. Nokho othisha banqabile ukukhonjwa indlela, bawushaya indiva umnqamulajuqu wangoFebhuwari 5. Babe sebelandela ukuhola kweqembu lomshoshaphansi elimelene nobuNazi e-Oslo, elathumela bonke othisha isitatimende esifushane ababengasisebenzisa ukuze bamemezele ukwenqaba kwabo bebonke ukubambisana nesidingo samaNazi. Othisha bekumele bakopishe bese bethumela isitatimende kuhulumeni waseQuisling, kunamathiselwe amagama nekheli labo. Ngo-February 19, 1942, iningi lothisha baseNorway abangu-12,000 200,000 lase likwenzile lokho kanye. Ukusabela kukaQuisling ethukile kwaba uku-oda izikole zaseNorway ukuthi zivalwe inyanga yonke. Nokho, leso senzo senza abazali abathukuthele ukuba babhalele uhulumeni izincwadi ezingaba ngu-1,300 1942 zokukhalaza. Othisha ngokwabo baqhuba amakilasi ngokudelela ezindaweni ezizimele, futhi izinhlangano ezizimele zakhokha imiholo elahlekile emindenini yothisha besilisa abangaphezu kuka-XNUMX ababoshwa futhi bagqunywa ejele. Bevuma ukwehluleka kwezinhlelo zabo zokuduna izikole zaseNorway, ababusi bobuFascist bakhulula bonke othisha ababeboshiwe ngo-November XNUMX, futhi isimiso semfundo sabuyiselwa eNorway. Isu lokumelana nesixuku esingenalo udlame laliphumelele ukulwa nemiklamo ecindezelayo yamandla angenaluzwela.
Februwari 20. Ngalolu suku ngo-1839, iCongress yaphasisa umthetho owenqabela ukulwa eSifundeni sase-Columbia. Ukuphasiswa kwalo mthetho kugqugquzelwe ukukhala komphakathi ngengxabano yango-1838 eBladensburg Dueling Grounds eMaryland, ngaphesheya nje komngcele we-DC. Kulowo mqhudelwano, uKhongolose odumile waseMaine ogama lakhe lingu-Jonathan Cilley wayedutshulwe wabulawa elinye ilungu leCongress, uWilliam Graves waseKentucky. Ukuqulwa kwecala kubhekwe njengento embi kakhulu, hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuthi kwakudingeka izingxoxo ezintathu zomlilo ukuze kuqedwe, kodwa ngoba owasinda, uGraves, akazange ahlukunyezwe isisulu sakhe. Ungene emqhudelwaneni ukuze avikele isithunzi somngane wakhe, umhleli wephephandaba laseNew York ogama lakhe linguJames Webb, uCilley ayembize ngenkohlakalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-House of Representatives yakhetha ukungawagxeki ama-Graves noma amanye ama-Congressmen amabili abekhona ku-duel, nakuba ukulwa kwase kuphambene nomthetho e-DC nasezifundeni nasezifundeni eziningi zaseMelika. Esikhundleni salokho, yethula umthethosivivinywa “owayezokwenqabela ukupha noma ukwamukela ngaphakathi kweSifunda sase-Columbia, inselele yokulwa nempi, kanye nokujeziswa kwayo.” Ngemuva kokuphasiswa kwayo yiCongress, lesi silinganiso safinyelela isidingo somphakathi sokuvinjelwa kwe-due, kodwa akwenzanga okuncane ukuqeda lo mkhuba. Njengoba babehlale benza njalo kusukela ngo-1808, abahlukumezi baqhubeka nokuhlangana endaweni yaseBladensburg eMaryland, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, nokho, ukulwa kwawa futhi kwehla ngokushesha kulo lonke elase-US Owokugcina kwamanye amashumi amahlanu nanye eBladensburg lwaliwa ngo-1868.
Februwari 21. Ngalolu suku ngo-1965, ungqongqoshe we-African-American Muslim kanye nesishoshovu samalungelo abantu uMalcolm X wabulawa ngezibhamu ngesikhathi elungiselela ukukhuluma ne-Organisation of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), iqembu lezwe ayelisungule ngonyaka owandulela lowo. izame ukuxhuma kabusha abantu base-Afrika baseMelika namagugu abo ase-Afrika kanye nokusiza ukusungula ukuzimela kwabo kwezomnotho. Ekulweleni amalungelo abantu abamnyama, uMalcolm X waveza imibono eyahlukene. Njengelungu le-Nation of Islam, wagxeka abamhlophe baseMelika ngokuthi “odeveli” futhi wakhuthaza ukuhlukana ngokobuhlanga. Ngokuphambene noMartin Luther King, wanxusa abantu abamnyama ukuba bazithuthukise “nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekayo.” Ngaphambi kokushiya i-Nation of Islam, wahlambalaza le nhlangano ngokwenqaba kwayo ukulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa kwabamnyama kanye nokubambisana nosopolitiki abamnyama bendawo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo abantu abamnyama. Ekugcineni, ngemva kokubamba iqhaza ku-1964 Hajj eya eMecca, uMalcolm wafika ekuboneni ukuthi isitha sangempela sama-Afrika aseMelika kwakungewona uhlanga olumhlophe, kodwa ubuhlanga ngokwalo. Wayebone amaSulumane “ayo yonke imibala, kusukela kwamhlophe anamehlo aluhlaza kuya kuma-Afrika anesikhumba esinsundu,” esebenzelana njengabantu abalinganayo futhi waphetha ngokuthi inkolo yobuSulumane ngokwayo yayiyisihluthulelo sokunqoba izinkinga zobuhlanga. Ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi uMalcolm wabulawa amalungu ehlelo le-American Nation of Islam (NOI) ayehlubuke kulo unyaka owedlule. Izinsongo ze-NOI ngokumelene naye zase zishubile kwaholela ekubulaweni kwakhe, futhi amalungu amathathu e-NOI alahlwa yicala lokubulala. Kodwa-ke, ababili kwabathathu abasolwa ngokuba ngababulali bahlale bemsulwa, futhi amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo afaka ukungabaza ngecala elibekwe bona.
Februwari 22. Ngalolu suku ngo-1952, uMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseNyakatho Korea wasola amasosha ase-US ngokulahla izinambuzane ezinegciwane eNyakatho Korea. Phakathi neMpi YaseKorea (1950-53), amasosha aseShayina nawaseKorea abelokhu ehlushwa izifo ezibulalayo ezinqunywe ngendlela eshaqisayo njengengxibongo, ikholera, nesifo. Abangamashumi amane nane asebevele bashonile bahlolelwe i-meningitis. I-US iphikile noma yisiphi isandla ezimpini zebhayoloji, yize abaningi abazibonela ngawabo beza ngaphambili kubandakanya nentatheli yase-Australia. Abezindaba bomhlaba wonke bameme uphenyo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngenkathi i-US kanye nabalingani bayo beqhubeka nokubiza lezi zinsolo ngomgunyathi. I-US ihlongoze uphenyo lwe-International Red Cross ukuze kususwe noma yikuphi ukungabaza, kodwa iSoviet Union kanye nabalingani bayo benqaba, baqinisekisa ukuthi i-US yayiqamba amanga. Ekugcineni, uMkhandlu Wokuthula Womhlaba wamisa Ikhomishana Yesayensi Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yamaqiniso Ngokuphathelene Nempi Yamagciwane eChina naseKorea enososayensi abavelele, kuhlanganise nesazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo saseBrithani esaziwayo kanye nesazi sesono. Ucwaningo lwabo lusekelwe ofakazi bokuzibonela, odokotela, kanye neziboshwa ezine ze-American Korean War eziqinisekise ukuthi i-US yayithumele impi yebhayoloji isuka ezinkundleni zezindiza e-Okinawa eyayigcwele iMelika iya eKorea kusukela ngo-1951. Umbiko wokugcina, ngo-September ka-1952, wabonisa ukuthi i-US yayisebenzisa. izikhali zebhayoloji, kanye ne-International Association of Democratic Lawyers ishicilele le miphumela “Embikweni Wobugebengu base-US eKorea.” Lo mbiko wembula ukuthi i-US yayithathe ukuhlola kwangaphambili kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaseJapane okwavezwa ecaleni elaqhutshwa yiSoviet Union ngo-1949. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-US yabiza lokhu kuhlolwa ngokuthi “inkulumo-ze enonya nengenasisekelo.” Nokho, amaJapane atholakala enecala. Futhi-ke, kwaba njalo ne-US
Februwari 23. Ngalolu suku ngo-1836, iMpi Ye-Alamo yaqala eSan Antonio. Impi yaseTexas yaqala ngo-1835 lapho iqembu lezifiki zase-Anglo-American kanye noTejanos (abaxube baseMexico namaNdiya) bathumba iSan Antonio eyayingaphansi kombuso waseMexico, bethi le ndawo “eTexas” iyizwe elizimele. UJenene waseMexico u-Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna wabizwa, futhi wesabisa amasosha "ngeke athathe iziboshwa." Umkhuzi waseMelika kuChief Sam Houston waphendula ngokuyalela izifiki ukuthi zihambe eSan Antonio njengoba abangaphansi kuka-200 babedlulwa kakhulu ngebutho lamasosha angu-4,000 aseMexico. Iqembu lenqaba, labalekela endaweni yezindela zaseFrancisca elakhiwe ngo-1718 eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Alamo. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, ngoFebhuwari 23, 1836, amasosha angamakhulu ayisithupha aseMexico afa empini njengoba ahlasela futhi abulala izifiki eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu. Ibutho laseMexico libe selithungela izidumbu zalezi zifiki ngomlilo ngaphandle kwe-Alamo. UGeneral Houston wabutha ibutho elisekela labo ababulawa empini yabo yenkululeko. Inkulumo ethi "Khumbula i-Alamo" yaba umhlangano wabashayisibhakela baseTexas, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva yamabutho ase-US empini eyeba indawo enkulu kakhulu eMexico. Ngemva kokubulawa kwabantu e-Alamo, amasosha aseHouston anqoba ngokushesha ibutho laseMexico eSan Jacinto. Ngo-Ephreli ka-1836, iSivumelwano Sokuthula saseVelasco sasayinwa nguGeneral Santa Anna, futhi iRiphabhulikhi entsha yaseTexas yamemezela ukuzimela kwayo eMexico. I-Texas ayizange ibe ingxenye ye-United States kwaze kwaba nguZibandlela ka-1845. Yandiswa empini eyalandela.
Februwari 24. Ngalolu suku ngo-1933, iJapane yahoxa eNhlanganweni Yezizwe. INhlangano yayisungulwe ngo-1920 ngethemba lokulondoloza ukuthula emhlabeni ngemva kweNgqungquthela Yokuthula YaseParis eyaqeda iMpi Yezwe I. Amalungu okuqala ayehlanganisa: I-Argentina, i-Australia, iBelgium, iBolivia, iBrazil, iCanada, iChile, iChina, iColombia, iCuba, iCzechoslovakia. , Denmark, El Salvador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. Ngo-1933, iNhlangano yakhipha umbiko ithola iJapane inephutha ngokulwa eManchuria, futhi yacela ukuhoxiswa kwamasosha aseJapane. Ummeleli waseJapane u-Yosuke Matsuoka uphikise okutholwe yilo mbiko ngesitatimende: “… IManchuria ingeyethu ngelungelo. Funda umlando wakho. Sayibuyisa iManchuria eRussia. Sikwenze lokhu eyikho namuhla.” Wathi iRussia neChina babangela “ukukhathazeka okujulile nokukhathazeka,” futhi iJapane yazizwa “iphoqelekile ukuba iphethe ngokuthi iJapane namanye amalungu alolu phiko anemibono ehlukene ngendlela yokufinyelela ukuthula eMpumalanga Ekude. Uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi iManchuria iyindaba yokufa nokuphila eJapan. "IJapan ibilokhu iyinsika yokuthula, ukuhleleka kanye nenqubekela phambili eMpumalanga Ekude futhi izohlale ikhona." Wabuza, “Ingabe abantu baseMelika bangavuma ukulawula okunjalo kwePanama Canal Zone; ingabe amaNgisi ayengayivumela ukuba ilawule iGibhithe?” I-US neRussia bamenyiwe ukuthi baphendule. Naphezu kokusekelwa okushiwo, i-US, eyayiqeqeshe iJapane ku-imperialism, ayizange ijoyine iNhlangano Yezizwe.
Februwari 25. Ngalolu suku ngo-1932, ummeli ovelele waseBrithani, owesifazane, umshumayeli, kanye nesishoshovu sokuthula sobuKristu uMaude Royden washicilela incwadi eLondon. I-Daily Express. Isayinwe ngokubambisana izishoshovu ezikanye naye ezimbili, le ncwadi ihlongoze lokho okungenzeka kube umkhankaso wokuthula omkhulu wekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili. Ngaphansi kwemibandela yayo, uRoyden nozakwabo ababili babezohola izisebenzi zokuzithandela "Ibutho Lokuthula" labesilisa nabesifazane baseBrithani baye eShanghai, lapho babezozama ukumisa ukulwa kwamabutho aseShayina nawaseJapane ngokuzingenela bengahlomile phakathi kwabo. Ukulwa phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili kwakusaqhubeka futhi, ngemva kokuthula isikhashana ngemva kokuhlasela kweManchuria amabutho aseJapane ngo-September, 1931. Esikhathini esithile ngaphambili, uRoyden wayethule umqondo “weButho Lokuthula” entshumayelweni yakhe ebandleni lakhe eBandleni LaseLondon. ibandla. Lapho wayeshumayele: “Abesilisa nabesifazane abakholelwa ukuthi kuwumsebenzi wabo kufanele bazinikele ngokuzithandela ukuze bangahlomile phakathi kwamasosha.” Ugcizelele ukuthi isicelo sakhe sibhekiswe kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokufanayo, nokuthi amavolontiya kufanele acele iNhlangano Yezizwe ukuba ibathumele bengahlomile endaweni yezingxabano. Ekugcineni, isinyathelo sikaRoyden samane sanganakwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe futhi sanyatheliswa emaphephandabeni. Kodwa, nakuba i-Peace Army ingakaze ihlangane, amadoda nabesifazane abangaba ngu-800 bavolontiya ukujoyina izikhundla zayo, futhi kwasungulwa umkhandlu Wezempi Wokuthula owahlala iminyaka eminingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo kaRoyden walokho akubiza ngokuthi “amabutho okuthula athusayo” uthole ukuqashelwa kwezemfundo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengepulani lakho konke ukungenelela okwalandela ngalokho manje osekuhlonzwa “njengamabutho okuthula angahlomile.”
Februwari 26. Ngalolu suku ngo-1986, uCorazon Aquino wathatha amandla ngemva kokuvukela okungenabudlova kwasusa uFerdinand Marcos ePhilippines.. UMarcos, ophinde waqokwa njengomongameli wasePhilippines ngo-1969, wavinjwa ihlandla lesithathu, futhi wamemezela ngendelelo umthetho wezempi olawula amasosha, ukuhlakazwa kweCongress, kanye nokuboshwa kwabaphikisana naye kwezepolitiki. Umgxeki wakhe ovelele, uSenator Benigno Aquino, uchithe iminyaka eyisikhombisa ejele ngaphambi kokuba abe nesifo senhliziyo. Wayemangalelwe ngamanga ngokubulala, walahlwa yicala futhi wagwetshwa intambo lapho i-United States ingenela. Njengoba ephulukisa e-US, u-Aquino wanquma ukubuyela ePhilippines ukuze asuse uMarcos emandleni. Imisebenzi nemibhalo kaGandhi yamgqugquzela ukuthi angabi nabudlova njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokunqoba uMarcos. Nokho, njengoba u-Aquino efika ePhilippines ngo-1983, wadutshulwa wabulawa amaphoyisa. Ukufa kwakhe kwakhuthaza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasekeli ababengena emigwaqweni befuna “Ubulungisa Kuzo Zonke Izisulu Zokucindezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nobuphekula Bezempi!” Umfelokazi ka-Benigno u-Corazon Aquino, uhlele umhlangano e-Malacanang Palace ngosuku lwenyanga eyodwa yokubulawa kuka-Aquino. Njengoba amaMarines edubula esixukwini, ababhikishi abanokuthula abangu-15,000 baqhubeka nemashi yabo besuka esigodlweni baya eMendiola Bridge. Kwalimala amakhulu kwashona abayishumi nanye, nokho le mibhikisho yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho uCorazon engenela ukhetho lokuba ngumongameli. Lapho uMarcos ethi unqobile, uCorazon wacela ukungalaleli komphakathi ezweni lonke, futhi abayizigidi eziyi-1.5 basabela “ngoMbuthano Wokunqoba Kwabantu.” Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, iCongress yase-United States yalugxeka ukhetho, futhi ivotela ukunciphisa ukusekelwa kwezempi kuze kube yilapho uMarcos esula esikhundleni. IPhalamende lasePhilippine layihoxisa imiphumela yokhetho enenkohlakalo, lase limemezela umongameli waseCorazon.
Februwari 27. Ngalolu suku ngo-1943, iGestapo yamaNazi eBerlin yaqala ukuqoqa amadoda angamaJuda ayeshade nabesifazane abangewona amaJuda, kanye nezingane zabo zesilisa. Njengoba sebebonke abangaba ngu-2,000 12, la madoda nabafana babegcinwe esikhungweni somphakathi samaJuda eRosenstrasse (Rose Street), kusalindwe ukudingiselwa emakamu okusetshenzelwa kuwo aseduze. Nokho, imikhaya yabo “eyingxubevange” yayingaqinisekanga ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi la madoda ayengeke abhekane nesiphetho esifanayo nezinkulungwane zamaJuda aseBerlin asanda kudingiselwa ekamu lokufa lase-Auschwitz. Ngakho-ke, ngamanani akhulayo ahlanganiswe ikakhulukazi amakhosikazi nomama, amalungu omndeni ayehlangana nsuku zonke ngaphandle kwesikhungo somphakathi ukuze aqhube umbhikisho omkhulu kuphela womphakathi wezakhamuzi zaseJalimane phakathi nayo yonke impi. Amakhosikazi eziboshwa ezingamaJuda ahlabelela, “Sibuyisele abayeni bethu.” Ngesikhathi onogada bamaNazi bekhomba isixuku ngezibhamu, saphendula ngokumemeza sithi “Umbulali, umbulali, umbulali….” Esaba ukuthi ukubulawa kwamakhulu abesifazane baseJalimane phakathi neBerlin kungase kubangele iziyaluyalu phakathi kwezingxenye ezibanzi zezakhamuzi zaseJalimane, uNgqongqoshe wamaNazi Wenkulumo-ze uJoseph Goebbels wayala ukuba kukhululwe amaJuda wesilisa ashadile. NgoMashi 25, bonke ngaphandle kwabangu-2,000 kwabangu-XNUMX ababeboshiwe base bekhululiwe. Namuhla, isikhungo somphakathi saseRosenstrasse asisekho, kodwa isikhumbuzo esibaziwe esibizwa ngokuthi "I-Block of Women” yakhiwa epaki eliseduze ngo-1995. Umbhalo wayo ufundeka kanje: “Amandla okungalaleli komphakathi, amandla othando, anqoba ubudlova bobushiqela. Sibuyisele amadoda ethu. Abesifazane babemi lapha, behlula ukufa. Amadoda angamaJuda ayekhululekile.”
Februwari 28. Ngalolu suku ngo-1989, amaKazakh angu-5,000 avela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene abamba umhlangano wokuqala we-Nevada-Semipalatinsk Anuclear Movement-oqanjwe kanjalo ukukhombisa ubumbano nemibhikisho yase-US ephikisana nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi endaweni e-Nevada. Ekupheleni komhlangano, abahleli baseKazakh base bevumelene ngohlelo lokusebenza lokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi eSoviet Union futhi basungula umgomo wokugcina wokuqeda izikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke. Lonke uhlelo lwabo lwasakazwa njengencwadi yezikhalazo futhi ngokushesha lwathola amasignesha angaphezu kwesigidi. Inhlangano ye-anuclear yayiqale ezinsukwini ezimbili kuphela ngaphambili, lapho imbongi kanye nelungu leCongress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union icela izakhamuzi ezikhathazekile ukuthi zihlanganyele embhikishweni wokulwa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi endaweni eseSemipalatinsk, isifunda sokuphatha saseSoviet. Kazakhstan. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi kwaqedwa esivumelwaneni sase-US/Soviet esasayinwa ngo-1963, ukuhlola okungaphansi komhlaba kwahlala kuvunyelwe futhi kwaqhubeka endaweni yase-Semipalatinsk. Ngo-February 12 no-17, 1989, kwavuza uketshezi olukhipha imisebe kulesi sikhungo, kwabeka ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ezihlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane ezinabantu abaningi engozini. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezenzo ezathathwa yinhlangano ye-Nevada-Semipalatinsk, iSupreme Soviet, ngo-August 1, 1989, yacela ukuba kumiswe konke ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa yi-United States neSoviet Union. Futhi ngo-August 1991, uMongameli waseKazakhstan wavala ngokusemthethweni isikhungo saseSemipalatinsk njengendawo yokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi wasivulela izishoshovu ukuze zivuselelwe. Ngalezi zinyathelo, ohulumeni baseKazakhstan naseSoviet Union baba ngabokuqala ukuvala indawo yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi noma kuphi emhlabeni.
Februwari 29. Ngalolu suku lwe-leap ngo-2004, i-United States yathumba futhi yasusa uMongameli waseHaiti. Lolu wusuku oluhle okumele sikhumbule ngalo ukuthi izinsolo zokuthi imibuso yentando yeningi ayilwi nentando yeningi ishaya indiva umkhuba wentando yeningi yaseMelika yokuhlasela nokuketula amanye amademokhrasi. Inxusa laseMelika uLuis G. Moreno kanye namalungu ahlomile ezempi yase-US bahlangane nomongameli odumile waseHaiti uJean-Bertrand Aristide lapho ehlala khona ekuseni ngoFebhuwari 29. Ngokusho kuka-Moreno, impilo ka-Aristide yasongelwa abaphikisi baseHaiti, wabe esecela isiphephelo. Inguqulo ka-Aristide yangalolo suku ekuseni yangqubuzana kakhulu. U-Aristide wathi yena nomkakhe babethunjwe amasosha ase-US njengengxenye yokuketula umbuso okwathola amandla amaqembu asekelwa yi-US Aristide wadingiselwa e-Afrika, futhi wazama ukuxhumana nezikhulu zezombusazwe zase-US Afrika-America. UMaxine Waters, ukhongolose waseCalifornia, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi u-Aristide wathi: “Umhlaba kumelwe wazi ukuthi kwakuwukuketula umbuso. Ngithunjiwe. Ngikhishwe ngenkani. Yilokho okwenzeka. Angizange ngisule. Angizange ngihambe ngokuzithandela. Ngaphoqeleka ukuba ngihambe.” Omunye, u-Randall Robinson, owayeyinhloko yenhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu iTransAfrica, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi “umongameli okhethwe ngokwentando yeningi” “wayethunjwe” yi-United States “ekhomishini [yaseMelika] yokuketula umbuso,” wengeza, "Lena into esabekayo ukucabanga." Ukuphikiswa kwezenzo zase-US ezibikwe yiCongressional Black Caucus, nabameleli baseHaiti e-US kwaholela ekukhululweni kokugcina kukaMongameli u-Aristide eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, kanye nasekuqashelweni kobugebengu i-United States eyalenzile.
Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.
Thenga okubhaliwe, noma PDF.
Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.
Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.
Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.
Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.
Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.
Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.
Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.
